浅埋暗挖法设计理论论述

王梦恕院士在多年工程实践和理论研究的基础上,著成我国第一部全面系统论述"浅埋暗挖法"理论、设计、施工的专著--<地下工程浅埋暗挖技术通论>,对浅埋暗挖技术的理论基础、工程理念、设计与施工方法进行了全面论述.浅埋暗挖设计理论其创新点可以概括为隧道埋深的界定及荷载计算、隧道断面型式确定、邻近地下工程及其穿越方式、断面衬砌设计、结构防水设计、结构设计计算、预支护设计及网构钢拱架设计,并提出了浅埋暗挖法理论设计原则,形成了一套完整的浅埋、超浅埋隧道与地下工程设计、施工理论体系.     

浅埋偏压隧道施工技术

为全面提升隧道施工质量,需要进一步优化与完善浅埋偏压隧道施工技术,以有效降低隧道施工风险。基于此,以徐家坝隧道工程设计和施工为例,对浅埋偏压隧道形成原因进行分析,并对浅埋偏压隧道施工中的常见问题进行分析,在此基础上提出浅埋偏压隧道施工优化策略,以期更好地解决浅埋偏压隧道施工难题。     

浅埋暗挖法在隧道施工中的应用研究

本文针对浅埋暗挖法施工作业管理,首先概述了浅埋暗挖法施工原则及技术要求,进而结合浅埋暗挖法施工工艺特点,详细论述了浅埋暗挖法施工阶段控制管理技术,可以为浅埋暗挖法隧道施工作业管理提供合理的参考。     

三车道大断面浅埋隧道施工技术分析

为了进一步明晰和完善三车道大断面浅埋隧道施工技术,介绍该类型隧道的特点及大断面浅埋隧道施工技术的作用,指出三车道大断面浅埋隧道施工技术要点,包括前期准备工作、开挖技术、支护技术、土方回填技术、隧道内设备安装技术和隧道内路面施工技术。在此基础上提出三车道大断面浅埋隧道施工质量控制措施,以及施工过程中的施工监测、环境保护和安全管理等措施,旨在为后续施工实践提供参考。     

山区高速公路隧道浅埋段关键施工技术

随着我国山区高速公路隧道建设的迅速发展,浅埋或超浅埋隧道在隧道工程建设中频频出现,浅埋隧道施工过程中的防塌施工技术就显得尤为重要。文章结合水平山隧道浅埋段施工实例,介绍了该隧道浅埋段施工过程中采用的双层超前注浆小导管超前支护形式、三台阶七步开挖方法及防止钢拱架下沉的技术措施,其经验和方法可供类似隧道工程设计与施工参考。     

公路隧道工程中的浅埋地段施工技术研究

隧道工程浅埋段施工过程中的防塌施工技术至关重要,需做好相关辅助施工、监控量测、超前预报与施工技术研究工作。文章分析了公路隧道浅埋段施工技术方案,并以广西平田隧道工程为例,介绍了浅埋段施工情况。     

高速公路隧道洞口浅埋段施工技术探析

在隧道施工中针对稳定性较差的洞口浅埋段采取改善和提高洞口围岩自稳能力的方法,如预注浆、洞口土方刷坡、预支护以及锚网喷等技术,以此提高高速公路隧道洞口浅埋段的施工质量和施工安全性。结合施工实例,分析高速公路隧道洞口浅埋段的施工技术,包括围岩加固技术、开挖技术,以供相关工程参考。     

隧道浅埋暗挖富水段施工技术研究

为提高隧道浅埋暗挖富水段施工技术水平,以实际隧道项目为例,研究隧道浅埋暗挖富水段施工技术难点,阐述隧道项目浅埋暗挖段采用的施工技术,证明其安全性和可行性,为后续相关项目提供参考。     

浅埋暗挖隧道监控量测信息的分析与反馈

浅埋暗挖施工仍然遵循新奥法原理,施工中以量测指导设计和施工。本文以北京地铁五号线蒲黄榆车站浅埋暗挖隧道施工监控量测为例,介绍监控量测信息的分析、反馈及如何指导设计和施工。     

高速公路隧道浅埋段地表深层注浆施工技术

铜锣山隧道廖家沟浅埋段地质条件差、水量大,同时布置有两座竖井、一个人行横洞,防止廖家沟浅埋段洞内涌水和坍塌是该段施工的关键.该浅埋段采用地表注浆施工取得了较好的效果.文章在介绍地表注浆的施工方法及效果检查的基础上总结了施工参数,并围绕地表深孔注浆的操作事项作了重点阐述,可为同类工程施工提供参考.     

The taxi industry: working conditions and health of drivers,a literature review

The taxi industry plays an important role in urban transportation systems, both in economic and mobility terms. In the case of the former, it provides employment for a large number of people and circulates significant amounts of money. In the case of the latter, it is a flexible means of transportation capable of arriving at any destination. Although the way the taxi industry is organised varies across countries and even within countries, some factors are shared at varying latitudes of the globe. Working conditions, habits, health, and exposure to road crashes have been a subject of interest for researchers from various disciplines, including medicine, psychology, and economics. However, much of this research focuses on a part of the problem and is not mutually referential. A review of the literature may be useful not only to researchers of diverse disciplines but also to industry representatives and those public officials responsible for transportation, road safety and health policy. This article provides a comprehensive review of the working conditions of taxi drivers, their relationship to road risk exposure and their consequences on the health of workers. It also includes information on coping strategies and protective behaviors. The review is based on a Scopus database search. The search covered the period from 1990 to 2015. This initial search was complemented with other database searches, which yielded some additional studies. Our goal was to summarise existing knowledge, identify possible lines of research and suggest some practical recommendations. It would be important (a) to reduce the workload, establish adequate time for breaks, and provide access to healthcare, (b) to implement actions to promote and maintain healthy habits, (c) to diagnose, detect and treat indicators of occupational fatigue and stress, and (d) to develop programs that make it possible to evaluate work concerns and broaden coping strategies to foster positive changes.     

沈阳地铁降低造价的总体思路

开展降低地铁造价的讨论具有重大的现实意义,文章以提倡建设节约型沈阳地铁为背景,对如何切实有效地降低地铁造价的总体思路进行了研究和分析,指出树立科学发展观、充分地开展项目前期研究策划工作、合理确定投资规模、加强规划控制、采用先进设计理念、设备立足国产化及地产化、加强地铁建设项目管理等是降低地铁造价的有效措施。     

Parking management for promoting sustainable transport in urban neighbourhoods. A review of existing policies and challenges from a German perspective

ABSTRACT

The organisation of parking is a key challenge to more sustainable mobility in urban areas, as its pricing and availability affect the rates of private car ownership and use. However, changing parking policies is a challenging issue for local politicians and planners because residents frequently oppose changes or restrictions to conditions they have taken for granted such as on-street parking in a public space. The aim of this paper is firstly to assess how the parking policy of an urban neighbourhood can be structured to contribute to more sustainable mobility and to increase liveability in the neighbourhood. The second aim is to apply the policies reviewed to an example neighbourhood. For this purpose, we systematically reviewed academic literature and identified five types of relevant parking policies: (i) maximum parking requirements, (ii) physical detachment of residence and parking space, (iii) residential parking permits and the limitation of available parking space, (iv) performance-based pricing and (v) parking as a demand management strategy. We discovered that most research focuses on econometric models about parking and that studies rarely address the effects of parking on the quality of life in neighbourhoods. Therefore, we need further research regarding the relationship of parking and liveability. We conclude that for the implementation of such parking policies in an example neighbourhood, the municipality needs to develop a mobility vision for its city. It has to understand parking as a tool for transportation demand management to increase the acceptance of parking policy concepts and to avoid spillover problems. Finally, in the German case, as in most other countries, states and municipalities need to redesign their legal frameworks to be able to manage parking supply better and to react to changes related to digital developments and parking. The findings have implications for other European neighbourhoods regarding the transfer from research to local circumstances and applications for the whole city.     

Can induced traffic be measured by surveys?

This paper addresses the feasibility of measuring induced traffic by means of appropriately designed surveys. The problems which confront any attempt to measure induced traffic are described and discussed. They include: inherent variability of traffic data, difficulty in establishing what would have happened in the absence of the scheme, uncertainties in the attribution of cause and difficulty in determining the most appropriate time to conduct surveys. Some of these problems have no solution while others can be reduced with an appropriate programme of surveys and control studies. Calculations are made of the sample sizes required to achieve various levels of target accuracy. It is concluded that, given an appropriate programme of traffic counts including control studies and extensive screenlines, it should be possible at relatively modest cost and with reasonable precision, to measure the increases in traffic associated with a scheme and to identify how much of that increase is due to rerouteing. Any further disaggregation of this extra traffic into that which is due to change of mode, change of destination and increased frequency, is much more problematic. The basic traffic counts would need to be supplemented by a programme of public transport surveys, registration plate marking and/or roadside interviews, which would add very considerably to the cost of the exercise. However, even with considerable expenditure, adequate precision may be difficult to achieve and attribution of cause impossible to make.     

An agent-based multimodal simulation model for capacity planning of a cross-border transit facility

Cross-border transit facilities constitute major public investment, and thus must serve the long-term needs of the communities, such as providing access to schools and businesses, contributing to a shared regional culture and lifestyle, fostering international trade, and supporting jobs for the region’s residents. Numerous studies have been conducted to evaluate the economic implications of vehicular flow delays at border crossings, however none of the studies focused on assessing cross-border flow of bus passengers and pedestrians. Since pedestrians are considered to be autonomous, intelligent, and perceptive, it is a challenging task to predict pedestrian movement and behavior in comparison to vehicular flows which follow a specific set of traffic rules. This paper presents a multiagent based multimodal simulation model to evaluate the capacity and performance of a cross-border transit facility. The significance of this research is the use of dynamic mode choice functionality in the model, which allows an individual person to make instantaneous choices between available modes of transportation. The scope of interest of the paper is limited to simulating access interface, circulation areas, ancillary and processing facilities. The developed model was calibrated to ensure realistic performance, and validated against specific performance criteria such as throughput per processing facility. In order to demonstrate the applicability of the developed simulation model, capacity and operational planning of a pedestrian transit facility was performed. The relative performance of alternative design or configuration was evaluated using the level of service criteria. Lastly, the effectiveness of each proposed capacity or operational improvement strategy was compared to the “do-nothing” scenario.     

What Moves Us? An Interdisciplinary Exploration of Reasons for Traveling

Abstract

We review a number of theories of motivation, and typologies of motivations, in psychological theory and in application to a variety of specific contexts, including shopping, eating, leisure, tourism, and travel. A recurring theme is the distinction between extrinsic (instrumental, utilitarian, functional) and intrinsic (autotelic, hedonic, experiential) motivations. We suggest that travel is a behavior to which intrinsic motivations apply, and that focusing exclusively on the extrinsic motivations to travel runs the risk of substantially underestimating the demand for travel, and the resistance to policies attempting to reduce it or to technologies (notably, information and communication technologies) expected to (partly) replace it. We offer a number of suggestions for improving standard travel surveys to help obtain the data needed to explore intrinsic motivations more fully. As better data become available, travel behavior models can be refined to partly account for such motivations. We believe that the resulting insights will be extremely valuable to policy-makers, planners, and behavioral scholars.     

Does green transportation promote accessibility for equity in medium-size U.S. cites?

The link between accessibility and social equity attracts much attention for promoting sustainability. However, there is no comprehensive approach to elevate the role of accessibility in evaluating transportation system over social equity by considering the variety of urban opportunities and population groups from green transportation perspective. Our goal is to develop such a framework to evaluate transportation equity by focusing on accessibility via transit and cycling. Applying the framework to Fresno, California, and Cincinnati, Ohio with different development patterns, we delineate service areas at block-group level with five time-thresholds. The service area is used to count the number of urban opportunities: jobs, dining, churches, libraries, parks, multi-use paths, schools. We then use statistical comparison and geographical mapping to identify accessibility gap to these opportunities between advantaged and disadvantaged groups defined by income, property value, education, vehicle ownership, race, and age. The results indicate the extent of differences in accessibility is sensitive to threshold specification of grouping population. The findings suggest that the efficiency of transit service needs to be improved to reach the same level of cycling, while they do help with the accessibility for economically disadvantaged neighborhoods. Considering school enrollment, the accessibility to opportunities in Fresno performs differently while students in Cincinnati benefit from good accessibility to most resources. The results of accessibility to multi-use paths highlight the need of providing more efficient green transportation facilities for less wealthy neighborhoods. Variation in accessibility between groups underscores the importance of developing policies to meet the needs of diverse social groups.     

Driving to save time or saving time to drive? The enduring appeal of the private car

Use of the private car is often viewed as highly problematic. It is regularly associated with global physical, social and ecological harms such as climate change and the high incidence of lifestyle diseases, including heart disease. Attempts to address these problems generally include provision for day-to-day physical mobility based on alternatives to the private car. Labelled alternative transport, these modes include public transport, walking and cycling. Yet the private car continues as the preferred way to travel in many cities. A deeper understanding of this preference can reveal under explored sites of resistance to alternative transport modes.This paper contributes to these understandings by examining the role the car as a time saving device plays in sustaining automobility. Its central proposition is that individual decisions to drive are not necessarily motivated by the desire to save time. The paper draws on empirical evidence on the journey to work in Australia’s largest city, Sydney. Using a systematic process of trip substitution analysis, a group of people were identified who could use alternative transport to get to work in the same amount of time it currently takes them to drive. These people then participated in a series of in-depth interviews where deeper attachments and motivations for private car use were explored.This approach has enabled development of the multi-layered understanding that informs the central proposition that individual decisions to drive are not necessarily motivated by the desire to save time. Instead, automobility is sustained by appeals to flexibility and autonomy, as well as the interminable pull of the sensory experience provided by the cocoon of the car. This way of thinking about resistance to alternative transport exposes a series of inconsistencies between the expectations of those planning for, and those anticipated to one day use, alternative transport.     

A simulation-based vessel-truck coordination strategy for lighterage terminals

Lighterage contributes significantly to the maritime industry since thousand tons of necessary supplies have to be delivered to mother vessels anchored near sea every day. A single lighter waits to receive cargoes from multiple suppliers at the berth, while the trucks wait for their turns to enter the terminal. Due to the limited space, the terminal operation becomes vulnerable to the lack of coordination of their arrivals. In this study, despite a traditional industry, we are interested in applying the emerging technologies to improve the operation efficiency. We develop a simulation-based coordination strategy to construct coordinated schedules for both the lighters and suppliers to reduce congestions in the lighterage terminal The discrete event simulation model is developed based on understanding the real-world terminal in Singapore, and the controlled arrival method, determining coordinated arrival schedules of trucks, is introduced and embedded to the simulation model. The simulation model is tuned up with a benchmark setting of 6-month historical data. To find the optimal strategy, an advanced bi-objective simulation optimization algorithm is employed. According to our findings, the proposed strategy could significantly improve the efficiency of both lighters and trucks in various indicators. At the end, a mobile application prototype is proposed to deliver the coordinated schedules to different parties, and improve the communication between parties.     

Great Britain adults’ opinions on cycling: Implications for policy

In its neglect of cycling, the transport policy history of Great Britain is typical of many car-dependent societies. Policy inertia with respect to sustainable travel may be driven by the assumptions that, firstly, most households have access to the use of a car and are keen to preserve the mobility advantages the current system offers them, and secondly that environmental and health considerations should be subjugated to economic priorities. Thus, in spite of warm words about cycling, pro-car policies tend to dominate.Set against this policy backdrop, and taking the stance that public opinion can influence policy change, this paper reports the results of two large scale surveys of opinions regarding the practice of cycling and its role within society, carried out amongst samples of adults representative of Great Britain, in 2010 and 2013. Results indicated broadly positive opinions relating to cycling as part of society, albeit with these measures dropping slightly between 2010 and 2013. Opinions of cycling were found to be significantly linked to voting intention with, broadly speaking, a gradient of decreasing positivity when moving from the political left to right. These results imply a possible link of ‘surface’ opinions of cycling being influenced by underlying ‘deep-seated’ beliefs and values. These results are discussed in terms of policy options for pro-cycling groups wishing to influence the debate. Options include decoupling cycling from underlying belief systems and presenting simply as a form of everyday transport; promoting cycling as a solution to multi-social issues across health, the environment and economic considerations such as lower congestion; the pros and cons of de-marketing car usage; and finally, changing underlying belief systems. It is concluded that pro-cycling advocates may be pleased with the broad support of cycling’s contribution to society, but they may need to seek alliances with other environmental or health groups in order to turn these good intentions into genuine policy change.