Simulation of Dynamical Behaviour of a Front Wheel Suspension

Abstract

A MacPherson front wheel suspension and its components are modelled with the finite element method. Nonlinearities due to both the geometry and the characteristics of the components (springs, dampers and bushings) are considered. The force due to a given compression/elongation of the spring strut is calculated and compared with experimental results. Kinematical results, change in track width and camber angle, are also shown and compared with experimental results. Good agreement between numerical and experimental results is obtained.     

车辆传动装置部件温度的热网络计算方法

分析了车辆液力机械传动装置内部摩擦生热与传热过程,建立了完整的传动装置热网络模型,提出了基于热网络法的传动装置部件温度计算方法,确定了总体计算流程.对某型车辆液力机械传动装置部件温度进行了计算,得到了部件温度的详细分布,预测了传动装置中关键部件温度随大气环境温度的变化规律.计算结果与试验值符合较好,证实了该方法的有效性.     

On the interest of integrating vehicle dynamics for the ground propagation of vibrations: the case of urban railway traffic

This paper presents a complete numerical model for studying the vertical dynamics of the vehicle/track interaction and its impact on the surrounding soil, with the emphasis on vehicle modelling. A decoupling between the track and the soil is proposed, due to the difficulty of considering all the subsystem components. The train/track model is based on a multibody model (for the vehicle) and a finite element model (for the track). The soil is modelled using an infinite/finite element approach. Simulations of both models are carried out in the time domain, which is better able to simulate the propagation of the vibration waves and to take into account the possible nonlinearity of a component. The methodology is applied in the case of an urban tram track and validated with the available experimental data. Models for the tram, the track and the soil are described. Results from the complete model of the vehicle and a simple model, based on an axle load, are compared with experimental results and the benefits of a complete model in the simulation of the ground vibration propagation induced by railway vehicles are demonstrated. Moreover, a parametric study of the vehicle wheel type is conducted, which shows the advantage of a resilient wheel, for various rail defects.     

An improved dynamic model of friction draft gear with a transitional characteristic accounting for housing deformation

A white-box friction draft gear model has been developed. All components of the draft gear are considered. The distinctive feature of the model, as compared to its predecessor, is the transitional characteristic, which accounts for the effect of elastic deformations of the draft gear housing on the position of the friction wedge system components under loading. The adjustment of the model parameters for improved agreement with experimental data is discussed. The new model can be used in the simulation of shunting impacts for single cars and car groups represented by detailed finite-element models. An example of the simulation is presented and compared with experimental data obtained using a shunting hump test stand.     

The design of a hold-off device to improve the lateral comfort of rail vehicles

ABSTRACT

Rail vehicles negotiating curves or in crosswinds are subjected to high lateral forces which provoke high displacements of the lateral suspension. As these displacements need to be limited due to gauging restrictions these forces cause the lateral suspension to reach the bumpstops and consequently the passenger comfort is significantly jeopardized. The paper presents the design of a pneumatic system that allows limiting the lateral displacement during curve negotiation (hold-off device). It describes the different phases of the design process starting from the definition of requirements to be fulfilled. The main components and the effect of their characteristics on the overall performance of the centring system are studied, and completed with an experimental analysis of the centring system. Finally, the described methodology is applied to a typical high speed rail vehicle. The results prove that the concept of a centring system which uses the same technology and components that are used in rail vehicles for the pneumatic height control system of secondary suspensions is possible. This fact is particularly interesting as the market offers this kind of components and has proven their reliability during many hours of service therefore the new hold-off system will be based on in-service validated components.     

Energy and wear optimisation of train longitudinal dynamics and of traction and braking systems

Traction and braking systems deeply affect longitudinal train dynamics, especially when an extensive blending phase among different pneumatic, electric and magnetic devices is required. The energy and wear optimisation of longitudinal vehicle dynamics has a crucial economic impact and involves several engineering problems such as wear of braking friction components, energy efficiency, thermal load on components, level of safety under degraded or adhesion conditions (often constrained by the current regulation in force on signalling or other safety-related subsystem). In fact, the application of energy storage systems can lead to an efficiency improvement of at least 10% while, as regards the wear reduction, the improvement due to distributed traction systems and to optimised traction devices can be quantified in about 50%. In this work, an innovative integrated procedure is proposed by the authors to optimise longitudinal train dynamics and traction and braking manoeuvres in terms of both energy and wear. The new approach has been applied to existing test cases and validated with experimental data provided by Breda and, for some components and their homologation process, the results of experimental activities derive from cooperation performed with relevant industrial partners such as Trenitalia and Italcertifer. In particular, simulation results are referred to the simulation tests performed on a high-speed train (Ansaldo Breda Emu V250) and on a tram (Ansaldo Breda Sirio Tram). The proposed approach is based on a modular simulation platform in which the sub-models corresponding to different subsystems can be easily customised, depending on the considered application, on the availability of technical data and on the homologation process of different components.     

后张法预应力混凝土箱梁摩阻试验研究

预应力损失的合理确定是预应力混凝土结构设计的关键问题之一。基于采用后张法的20m预应力混凝土空心板和30m预应力混凝土小箱梁张拉过程中纵向预应力损失实测,对其摩阻损失和锚固损失进行了分析。结果表明：金属波纹管的孔道摩阻系数和偏差系数与国内现行的公路桥规（JTGD62—2004）[1]和铁路桥规（TB10002．3—99）[2]规定一致;对于配置曲线（直线）预应力跨径≤30m（50m）的预应力混凝土梁,采用一端张拉比两端张拉更能减小预应力损失;采用PTI《后张预应力混凝土手册》和现行公路桥规（JTGI）62—2004）给出的锚固损失计算方法进行锚固损失分析,具有较高的精度。     

新概念汽车模型风洞试验研究

用模型风洞对新概念车在不同横摆角下纵对称面上压力系数、整车气动力和气动力矩的变化以及纵对称面尾部流态分布进行了试验研究。通过和同等试验条件下典型汽车的气动性能对比,由于新概念车良好的外部流线,其气动性能明显优于典型汽车。     

Vehicle Dynamic Analysis and Evaluation of Continuously Controlled Semi-Active Suspensions Using Hardware-in-the-loop Simulation

A semi-active suspension system with continuously variable damper is greatly expected to be used mainly in the future as a high-performance suspension system due to its cost-effectiveness, light weight, and low energy consumption. In this paper, to develop a suitable control logic for the semi-active suspension system, the hardware-in-the-loop simulation is performed for the experimental continuously variable damper combined with a quarter-car model, and the simulation results are compared for passive, on/off controlled, and continuously controlled dampers in the aspects of ride comfort and driving safety, assuming each damper to be installed on the vehicle.     

The Use of GPS Based Velocity Measurements for Measurement of Sideslip and Wheel Slip

Summary This paper details a novel method for measuring three key vehicle states – wheel slip, body sideslip angle, and tire sideslip angle – using GPS velocity information in conjunction with other sensors. Based on initial noise data obtained from the system components, a prediction of the accuracy of the angle measurements is obtained. These results demonstrate that the errors due to stochastic noise in the GPS signal are below one degree for meaningful vehicle speeds and approach a tenth of a degree at highway speeds. Hence the limiting factor for measuring these states is not the GPS receiver, but the manner in which other implementation issues – such as bias elimination, off-axis dynamics and dead-reckoning during loss of satellite visibility – are handled. Subsequent experiments validate both the error analysis and the methodology for obtaining the measurements. The experimental results for this preliminary implementation of GPS-based state estimation compare favorably to theoretical predictions, suggesting that this technique has potential for future implementation in vehicle diagnostic and, ultimately, safety systems.     

装配式地铁车站预制构件加工质量检验与安装精度预测

为解决装配式地铁车站工程预制构件常因质量检验工作任务繁重且误差较大而造成质量不合格及无法精准安装的问题，将BIM+三维激光扫描技术应用于装配式地铁车站工程预制构件生产质量检验中，通过建立预制构件BIM模型与三维点云模型进行虚拟预拼装，检验加工精度，避免现场安装过程中因构件质量问题而造成浪费。运用灰色预测方法构建GM（1，1）灰色预测模型，预测装配式地铁车站多个预制构件拼装后的累计误差，并以此对虚拟预拼装检验结果进行对比验证。结果表明： 1）本次质量检验的7块构件加工误差均在规范允许范围内； 2）整环累计拼装误差为13.920 mm，其中，C1块与D块间拼装误差达4.150 mm，其他相邻块纵缝间隙均小于3 mm； 3）虚拟预拼装误差检验结果与GM（1，1）模型灰色预测结果拟合较好，最大偏差仅为0.407 mm。     

基于宏观断裂力学的CFRP薄壁结构耐撞性能研究及应用

为了研究碳纤维增强复合材料（Carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastics，CFRP）薄壁圆管在准静态轴向压溃过程的压溃失效形式和吸能特性，提出一种基于宏观断裂力学理论基础的本构模型。通过对比试验和仿真结果，发现比吸能和平均力误差均小于1%，这验证了宏观断裂力学分析方法的合理性。为了进一步研究复合材料在汽车前纵梁吸能部件中的应用，从耐撞性能和轻量化角度出发，对比了CFRP前纵梁和钢质前纵梁的仿真结果。结果表明，在相同前纵梁结构件中，CFRP前纵梁的能量吸收能力要大于钢质前纵梁的能量吸收能力。     

Vibrational characteristics of automotive transmission

A mathematical model of an automotive transmission is developed, that considers the flexibility of the shafts, bearings, and gear teeth, and gyroscopic effects of geared rotors. The transverse, torsional, and axial motions are strongly coupled due to helical gearing. The excitation forces acting on the automotive transmission are classified into first, second, and third grades, based on the magnitudes of the forces that are determined by the perturbation method. The excitation forces are caused by the mass imbalances among gears, misalignment of shafts, clearance and non-linear deformation of bearings, transmission errors, and the periodic variation of the gear mesh stiffness. A bench test on loading conditions is carried out for the third speed of the automotive transmission. The experimental results of vibration characteristics are compared with those from theoretical analysis. The results show good agreement, i.e., within a tolerance of 3.3%.     

Integration of experiment and hydrostatic fluid-structure finite element analysis into dynamic characteristic prediction of a hydraulically damped rubber mount

Hydraulically damped rubber mount (HDM) can effectively attenuate vibrations transmitted between an automotive powertrain and body/chassis and reduce interior noise in the car compartment. Predicting the dynamic characteristics of a HDM faces challenges due to fluid-structure interactions between the rubber spring and fluid in the chambers, nonlinear material properties of the rubber parts and turbulent flow in the chambers and fluid track linking chambers. In this paper, an experimental analysis and hydrostatic finite element (FE) modeling technique are integrated in a numerical simulation approach to modeling the dynamic characteristics of a HDM with a lumped-parameter HDM model. The dynamic characteristics of a typical HDM with a fixed decoupler are predicted and compared with experimental results, which verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Moreover, a parametric effect analysis is performed to demonstrate parameter influence on dynamic characteristic, which provides a concise design guideline for the parameter adjustments necessary for a HDM to meet the vibration isolation requirements of a powertrain mount system.     

Impact Loads due to Wheel Flats and Shells

A Finite Element (FE) model of vehicle-track system is employed to duplicate the experiments carried out by British Rail and CP Rail System. The theoretical results of the wheel/rail contact forces, rail-pad forces and strains in the rail showed very good correlation to the experimental data. Extensive results are compared with experimental data in the time domain for through validation of the developed model. The characteristics of the impact loads due to wheel flats and shells are investigated based on the validated FE model. The study shows that the shape and size of flat or shell, axle load, vehicle speed and rail-pad stiffness mainly affect the impact loads. Adding elastomeric shear pads on the wheelset bearing does not reduce the wheel/rail dynamic contact force but it may reduce the dynamic force on the bearing. Reducing rail-pad stiffness to a certain level on a concrete-tie track may significantly reduce the dynamic load and the force transmitted to the concrete tie.     

Analysis of disc brake instability due to friction-induced vibration using a distributed parameter model

This paper deals with friction-induced vibration of a disc brake system with a constant friction coefficient. A linear, lumped, and distributed parameter model to represent the floating caliper disc brake system is proposed. The complex eigenvalues are used to investigate the dynamic stability, and, in order to verify simulations which are based on the theoretical model, an experimental modal test and dynamometer test are performed. The comparison of experimental and theoretical results shows good agreement, and the analysis indicates that modal coupling due to friction forces is responsible for disc brake squeal. Also, squeal type instability is investigated, using a parametric analysis. This indicates which parameters have influence on the propensity of brake squealing. This is helpful for validating the analysis model and establishing confidence in the experimental results of the modified system. These results may also be useful during system development or diagnostic analysis.     

Using multiple regression analysis to estimate the contributions of engine-radiated noise components

The respective contributions of combustion noise, mechanical noise, load-dependent noise and other engine noise components must be identified in order to devise effective measures for reducing diesel engine noise under full load operation. This paper describes a method for estimating the contributions of engine noise components using multiple regression analysis. With this method, the engine noise level is regarded as a criterion variable and the cylinder pressure level and engine torque as explanatory variables. The accuracy of this method has been confirmed by comparing the results with experimental data. Some examples of its application are also presented.     

Reliability-based sensitivity analysis of vehicle components with non-normal distribution parameters

Techniques from the perturbation method, fourth moment method, reliability-based design theory, and sensitivity analysis approach are employed to present a practical and efficient method for testing the reliability sensitivity of vehicle components with non-normal distribution parameters. With the condition that the first four moments of original random variables are known, the reliability sensitivity theory and cases are researched using the presented numerical method. The variation regularities of reliability sensitivity are obtained and the effects of design parameters on reliability of the vehicle components are studied. The sophisticated formulation provided in this paper is easily amenable to computational procedures. The respective program can be used to obtain the reliability sensitivity of vehicle components with non-normal distribution parameters accurately and quickly. The results obtained are perfect and the solutions compared very well with those from Monte Carlo simulation. The method presents a theoretic basis for the reliability design of the vehicle components.     

沉管隧道柔性接头压缩性能研究

柔性管节接头是沉管隧道的重要组成部分，接头的压缩性能决定了沉管接头的水密性能及安全性，但目前针对沉管隧道柔性接头压缩性能的研究相对缺乏，接头压缩性能参数的取值缺乏试验结果的支撑。基于此，以港珠澳大桥沉管隧道为研究背景，设计了几何比尺为1：10的隧道管节和接头模型，并进行了大比尺结构试验和止水带材性试验。通过对沉管隧道管节柔性接头逐级施加轴向荷载，试验获得了接头轴向位移随轴向荷载的变化曲线，并与止水带材性试验结果进行了对比分析，揭示了柔性接头的非线性压缩性能：接头压缩性能受GINA止水带自身压缩性能影响；相比材性试验，结构试验结果中接头压缩量普遍偏小2~3 mm，相对差异可达21%。为了进一步验证试验结果，分别建立了二维和三维止水带有限元模型，通过对比试验结果与有限元计算结果，分析并量化了试验中支座摩擦、止水带长度、形状及其横向约束等对试验结果的影响规律。量化分析结果显示，支座摩擦、止水带长度及横向约束对试验结果影响较小，可忽略不计，但止水带纵向尺寸对结构压缩性能影响较为显著，结果相差最大达到8.8%。最后基于试验结果提出了一种可用于模拟沉管接头压缩性能的简化力学计算模型，亦可应用于其他柔性接头的轴向力学分析。