An analysis of the overcapacity problem under the decentralized management system of container ports in Japan

This article is concerned with an analytical summary of how the Japanese container ports have been taking place overcapacity problem in a systematic way. It focuses on institutional aspects of the overcapacity problem from the viewpoint of accounting cost and opportunity cost. The first issue arises due to the port authority's accounting system and insufficient disclosures of financial statements of port business to the port users and taxpayers. The second issue is inherently related to resource allocation between the state government and local governments through the budget system and income distribution programmes. Since a proper allocation of economic resources in the port sector as a whole will depend on investment decisions being taken within a coherent framework for ensuring that costs are passed on to port users, these issues are closely related to each other in reality. Although the budget system is completely controlled by the state government, the local governments have authoritative power over port planning, financing, and management, which is assured by the Ports and Harbours Law. The overcapacity problem appears to be an inevitable result.     

金融危机下沿海集装箱运输港口聚类分析

选择我国沿海十大集装箱港口,根据金融危机以来2008-2009年各港口集装箱吞吐量增长特点,通过统计分析软件SPSS,应用聚类分析方法,将我国沿海主要集装箱港口进行分类,进而分析和总结各类集装箱港口在金融危机期间的集装箱运输特点,据此提出沿海集装箱港口可以从大力拓展箱源、完善集疏运体系和优化港口软环境3方面应对金融危机所带来的负面效应,并总结不同类型的集装箱运输港口在每一方面的策略偏向,为当前国内集装箱港口在经济逐步复苏期更好更快发展提供决策上的参考.     

Analysis of the continuous berth allocation problem in container ports using a genetic algorithm

The optimal usage of berths plays a key role in raising the efficiency of container terminals. The berth allocation problem in a container terminal is defined as the feasible allocation of berths to incoming ships such that the total time that elapses between the arrival of the ships to their exit from their berths is minimized. In the transportation literature, the latter problem is usually formulated as a mixed integer programming model. Optimization methods, like the branch and bound algorithm, are efficient ways to solve this model but become absolutely unusable when the size of the problem increases. An advanced search method such as GA may be suited to such a situation. In this paper, a genetic-based algorithm is proposed for the problem. Computational results for two test problems (a small and a large-sized problem) are also presented. The results from the small test are also compared with the results obtained from the branch and bound algorithm.     

综合可视化GPS控制系统在大型集装箱港口的应用

介绍了全球卫星定位系统(GPS)在国际先进集装箱港口轮胎吊上的应用情况,以及其可以实现的基本功能,并对其与港口其他运行子系统融合后所构成的综合可视化GPS控制系统进行了分析和介绍。     

Groups in DEA based cross-evaluation: An application to Asian container ports

In container port performance evaluation, a group of ports in one country is always significantly different from a group of ports in another country. This is noticed as the heterogeneity of port performance. It is therefore necessary to further investigate the impact of the different groups on efficiency evaluation of ports. The cross-evaluation method is a DEA extension tool to identify best performing DMUs and to rank DMUs using cross efficiency scores linked to all DMUs. A factor that possibly reduces the usefulness of the cross efficiency evaluation method is that cross efficiency scores may not be unique due to the presence of alternative optima. Doyle and Green 1 Doyle, J and Green, R. 1994. Efficiency and cross efficiency in DEA: Derivations, meanings and uses. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 45: 567–578. [Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar] propose the use of secondary goals to deal with the non-uniqueness issue by the aggressive/benevolent model formulations. This article extends the model of Doyle and Green by considering the groups of DMUs in the determination of final cross efficiency. A new approach based on cross efficiency evaluation method is developed and applied to efficiency analysis of 28 container ports from 12 countries in Asia. A comparative study between traditional and newly proposed methods is conducted.     

Port competitiveness from the users' perspective: An analysis of major container ports in China and its neighboring countries

The objective of this paper is to explore the relative importance of factors that determine container port competitiveness from the users' perspective. Three groups of port users – shipping liners, forwarders and shippers – are considered in this paper. The importance of the various factors is determined on the basis of survey results from the industry experts and then obtained via the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Furthermore, we use the results to evaluate ports in Mainland China, Hong Kong and other Asian cities. Given our results, operators of our sample ports could benchmark their performance with their competitors and identify the areas that they need to improve.     

新形势下海事口岸管理工作对策

海事口岸管理工作是海事管理机构的一项重要职责,随着口岸的迅速发展,海事口岸管理遇到新的挑战。该文分析目前海事口岸管理面临的新形势以及海事口岸管理存在的突出问题,并提出新形势下加强海事口岸管理工作的对策。     

基于因子分析的集装箱干线港陆域纵深统计模型

针对国内外主要集装箱港口,总结了其陆域功能及其重要的平面尺度--陆域纵深.运用因子分析方法,选取影响陆域纵深的主要指标,构造出陆域纵深影响指标评价模型,计算出各集装箱码头的因子得分,并以此为基础进行聚类分析,将所选的集装箱码头分为3种情况,分别对其陆域纵深进行分析研究,得出了各种情况下陆域纵深的取值范围.     

Operational performance evaluation of major container ports in the Asia-Pacific region

If international container ports are to gain a proper appreciation of their various advantages, disadvantages and potential opportunities in a globally competitive environment, it is essential that they conduct effective evaluation of their operational performance. The present study applies five models of data envelopment analysis (DEA) to acquire a variety of complementary information about the operational efficiency of major container ports in the Asia-Pacific region and to identify trends in port efficiency. The study first establishes the causes of inefficiency on the basis of efficiency value analysis. Slack variable analysis is then used to identify potential areas of improvement for inefficient ports. This is followed by the utilization of return to scale analysis to assess whether each port is in a state of increasing, decreasing, or constant return to scale. Finally, a sensitivity analysis is conducted to identify which input or output variables have larger weights in terms of efficiency. The results provide valuable information for port managements in their attempts to establish competitive strategies for the future and to improve their resource utilization for ongoing improvements in operational efficiency.     

试论港口工程环境保护管理规范体系的建立

文章总结国内港口工程环境保护管理现状与存在问题,探讨建立港口工程环境保护管理规范体系的意义和可依托的技术条件,对该规范体系的建立提出了初步的构想和需要解决的关键技术问题。     

Concepts of strategic commercial location: the case of container ports

A World that shrinks with progressive improvements in transportation and communications is a fact of 20th century life. The shrinking process can produce new patterns and perceptions of strategic location. In this paper we are looking specifically at nodes in transportaion system. In the ligth of transportation progress, we re-consider some of the time-worn ideas about centrality, accessibility, gateway locaations, junction, transit points, and the like. Do some of these notions become irrelevant in the modern transport age? Is it a questions f shifting geographical scale? Do we need more sophisticated concepts of strategic location? We suggest the answer 'yes' to all three questions. Our illustrations come from an examination of the world's top-ranked container ports. We give primary emphasis to the external geographical relationships of the ports, that is to situational aspects (not to say, however, that sitefeatures are inconsequetial). We are interested in the seaports users' —i.e., carriers and shippers—perceptions of strategic location. Readily available container throughput data provide and initial platform for empirical research but also give proof that some commercial interests find these ports strategically important to their system.     

国内集装箱港口的现状与发展趋势

集装箱运输以其高效、便捷、安全等特点,赢得了运输市场,成为现代交通运输工具的重要组成部分,越来越受到世人的瞩目。到目前为止,我国港口己建成几百个专用集装箱泊位,其装卸设备和技术先进,工艺自动化程度不断提高,2004年吞吐量突破了6000万TEU,并将持续高速增长,随着船舶的大型化以及现代物流业的发展,集装箱港口将进一步向深水化、大型化、信息化、多功能化的方向发展,并已初步形成全球集装箱运输中心。     

Dynamic programming of port position and scale in the hierarchized container ports network

A hierarchized container ports network, with several super hubs and many multilevel hub ports, will be established, mainly serving transshipment and carrying out most of its business in the hub-spoke mode. This paper sums up a programming model, in which the elementary statistic units, cost and expense of every phase of any shipment are the straight objects, and the minimum cost of the whole network is taken as the objective. This is established based on a dynamic system to make out the hierarchical structure of the container ports network, i.e. the trunk hub and feeder hubs can be planned in a economic zone, then the optimal scale vector can also be obtained for all container ports concerned with the network. The vector is a standard measurement to decide a port's position and their scale distribution in the whole network.     

基于资源整合的日本集装箱港口改革重组

近10年来,曾在日本国民经济中具有战略地位的港口部门出现国际竞争力下降的态势,集装箱吞吐量增长缓慢.因此最近日本推出了基于资源整合的一揽子港口新政,旨在通过改革重组使日本集装箱港口重获在东亚地区的竞争优势,谋求港口经济的复兴.对该新政进行探讨,并指出其对我国京津冀都市圈港口群一体化的借鉴意义.     

珠江三角洲石油化工港口吞吐能力缺口分析

目前珠江三角洲地区的石油化工需求逐年加大，库区考虑石油化工产品集疏运量的情况下面向全社会服务，其码头的扩建竞争将进一步加大。就珠江三角洲石油化工港口吞吐能力缺口进行了分析，得到2005年、2010年珠江三角洲石油化工港口吞吐能力缺口数，为对该地区石油化工码头的建设规模提供依据。     

The changing role of ports in supply-chain management: an empirical analysis

As integrated supply-chain management (SCM) is now at the epicentre of business transformation, firms are breaking down boundaries between internal functions, as well as between the enterprise itself and key partners in the value chain (e.g. customers, distributors, suppliers and carriers). One of the main goals of such new management approach is to get everyone in the supply chain into a common platform of logistics transactions and information systems.

Against such background, the aim of this work is to analyse how and if port operators can face the challenge of higher integration, on the assumption that the higher the integration between the actors the higher the competitiveness of the whole supply chain.

Accordingly, we adopted an SCM approach in the analysis of the port of Le Havre in Renault's supply chain. More specifically, we referred to the Lambert tri-dimensional model based on supply chain's structure (actors), key business processes and links between actors. The field work—which mainly consisted of semi-structured interviews to Renault, logistics and port operators, and, finally, to the Le Havre Port Authority—was crucial to gather the needed information.     

The MED rule: the interdependence of container throughput and transhipment volumes in the Mediterranean ports

The aim of the present paper is to explain the Mediterranean Transhipment Rule by a mathematical model showing the relationship between the diversion distance and the transhipment volumes, as well as the relationship to the total container traffic volume. Thus, the formula was applied to the figures achieved in 1994, 1995 and 1996. To conform with 1994, 1995 and 1996 data the formula was slightly altered so as to forecast transhipment volumes in the Mediterranean ports. By applying the formula to the figures achieved by some Mediterranean ports, the estimations were done which describe reliably enough that the transhipment volumes depend on the diversion distance and the total traffic throughput. In short, the volume of cargo transhipped in a single port is an inverse linear function of the distance of the port from the main-line vessels' route transiting the Mediterranean, and a linear function of the port container traffic volumes.     

关于对我国部分港口船舶交通管理系统运行管理现状的思考

多年来,我国致力于发展VTS系统,在全国沿海各主要港口相继建立了具有一定先进技术水平的VTS,使我国对船舶交通安全管理具备了较高水平的硬件环境。文章针对船舶交通管理系统运行工作中普遍存在的一些问题进行了广泛而深入的探讨和研究。     

“两港一航”集装箱电子标签应用示范研究

介绍了集装箱电子标签的国内外发展概况和其应用示范的意义,同时介绍了集装箱电子标签系统的设计思路和关键技术,最后总结了集装箱电子标签系统的创新点。     

Impact of container chassis management practices in the United States on terminal operational efficiency: An operations and mitigation policy analysis

Existing policies designed to mitigate the environmental and social impacts of truck queuing at maritime terminals often focus on congestion problems outside of the terminal gate, targeting a reduction in the waiting and turn time of trucks as the measure of success. This paper evaluates the impact that intra-terminal truck and equipment movements have on the terminal’s overall performance and the implications that these movements have on the effectiveness of current mitigation policies. Through a simulation of terminal processes occurring at Southern California ports it is shown that measures driving reductions in truck turn times impose greater operational loads on terminal equipment, essentially transferring savings in truck turn time rather than eliminating it in terms of the overall system. Consequently, the paper finds that total truck and cargo handling equipment movement and operational time constitutes a more accurate measure of the effectiveness of policies seeking to mitigate the impacts of truck operations at marine terminals.