Economies of container ship size: a new evaluation

Based on recent operation performance data, the earnings and costs of container service have been investigated in the context of two inches developed by the japanese and used elsewhere in East Asian shipping: charater base. Although the average size of container ships on the world's main trade routes has increased over the past two decades it is dangerous to generalize about the ecnomies of scale derived from larger ship size. The effects of ship's on voyage results vary in accordance with such factors as ship's purchase price, level of running costs, level of freight rates, voyage length, achieved load factors and accounting methods used for allocating fixed costs. The question of optimum vessel, therfore, has no generally applicable answer. Shipowners must compromise.     

对船舶抗碰撞性能分析中的两个因素的评述

从以往的对船舶的抗碰撞分析研究中,发现有两个因素在很多分析中被忽略,一个是船舶碰撞中最易破坏位置的选择,另一个是在某些船舶舷侧舱水存在时忽略了其对船舶抗碰撞性能的影响.通过对典型结构进行仿真分析,指出船舶最佳碰撞位置的选择并非一定位于通常所认为的强框架中心点处,而是取决于板与加强筋的相对刚度,以及撞击船撞头的形状,以及通过某FPSO双舷侧结构为例分析了在舷侧舱水存在的情况下,由于撞击的短时和水的惯性迟滞效应,使得提高了船舶的抗碰撞性能.对这两个因素的分析有助于今后更加完善的对船舶抗碰撞性能进行评估.     

Ultimate strength of container ships subjected to combined hogging moment and bottom local loads,Part 2: An extension of Smith's method

This paper is the second of two companion papers concerning the ultimate hull girder strength of container ships subjected to combined hogging moment and bottom local loads. The nonlinear finite element analysis in Part 1 has shown that local bending deformation of a double bottom due to bottom lateral loads significantly decreases the ultimate hogging strength of container ships. In this Part 2, extending Smith's method for pure bending collapse analysis of a ship's hull girder, a simplified method of progressive collapse analysis of ultimate hogging strength of container ships considering bottom local loads is developed. The double bottom is idealized as a plane grillage and the rest part of the cross section as a prismatic beam. An average stress-average strain relationship of plate/stiffened plate elements employed in Smith's method is transformed into an average stress-average plastic strain relationship, and implemented in the conventional beam finite element as a pseudo strain hardening/softening behaviors. The extended Smith's method is validated through a comparison with nonlinear finite element analysis.     

大型巡航救助船快速性研究

结合大型巡航救助船的功能需求和主尺度特点,对其快速性进行分析。采用计算流体力学(CFD)技术对原型方案的线型进行阻力性能计算。根据计算结果,分别对艏部轮廓线形状、球艏、呆木和支架进行优化,得到最终方案,该方案的阻力相比原型方案大幅减小。对最终方案进行模型试验,模型试验结果与CFD计算结果的吻合度良好,证明该船采用的线型优化方法是可靠、可用的。     

船舶首部结构入水砰击过程研究

对刚性船舶首部结构砰击过程进行仿真研究,分析砰击过程中的液面变化,以及船舶首部结构砰击压力与入水速度、结构曲率的关系。研究弹塑性首部结构入水砰击问题。针对弹塑性首部结构入水砰击过程中各个构件上的应力、变形、吸能等参数进行动态响应分析,对优化船舶首部结构形式和保证结构安全性具有十分重要的研究意义。     

The effects of slow steaming on the environmental performance in liner shipping

The environment issue is one of the significant challenges that the liner shipping industry has to face. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has set a goal to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from existing vessels by 20–50% by 2050 and develop the Energy Efficiency Operational Indicator (EEOI) as a measure for energy efficiency. To achieve this goal, IMO has suggested three basic approaches: the enlargement of vessel size, the reduction of voyage speed, and the application of new technologies. In recent times, liners have adopted slow steaming and decelerated the voyage speed to 15–18 knots on major routes. This is because slow steaming is helpful in reducing operating costs and GHG emissions. However, it also creates negative effects that influence the operating costs and the amount of GHG emissions at the same time.

This study started with the basic question: Is it true that as voyage speed reduces, the operating costs and CO₂ emissions can be reduced at the same time? If this is true, liners will definitely decelerate their voyage speed themselves as much as possible so that they can increase their profits and improve the level of environmental performance. However, if this is not true, then liners will concentrate just on increasing their profits by not considering environmental factors. This led the authors to set out three objectives: (1) to analyze the relationship between voyage speed and the amount of CO₂ emissions and to estimate the changes by slow steaming in liner shipping; (2) to analyze the relationship between voyage speed and the operating costs on a loop; and (3) to find the optimal voyage speed as a solution to maximize the reduction of CO₂ emissions at the lowest operating cost, thus satisfying the reduction target of IMO.     

耙吸挖泥船浅窄航道施工技术

针对耙吸挖泥船自身体积大、吃水深、不适宜浅窄水域施工的问题,进行了耙吸船浅窄航道施工技术研究。通过分析潮汐、水深条件、耙吸船特性、施工工艺等要素,得出结论：确保选定的船舶上线位置不仅要满足上线时刻的船舶航行挖泥水深需要,还要保证在施工航速下各个时段的船舶富余水深要求。该施工技术以船底富余水深为关键控制量,尽量延伸上线位置,保证可施工区段长度,逐渐拓展工作面,突破了耙吸船浅窄航道水域施工的技术瓶颈。     

基于CFD的船舶货舱通风数值模拟

以某集装箱船的货舱通风系统为研究对象,根据船舶舱室的通风系统的特点,采用合理的数值模拟方法,并利用拉格朗日粒子示踪的方法描述舱室中的气体流动状况.在此基础上,分析比较3种不同的通风设计方案,通过对比分析研究送风管上开孔朝向和数目对通风效果的影响,确定对通风最有利的方案.模拟结果表明,应用CFD技术进行通风系统分析,可以很好地从流场的分布特性以及空气粒子的运动追踪等方面来评估设计方案的优劣,为通风系统的设计、优化提供有力的工具.     

一种新型气囊式抗倾覆装置

当今,船舶防沉减摇的话题一直是人们所关心的。基于现有防沉减摇装置发挥作用存在一定局限性,提出一种新型气囊式抗倾覆装置。本文介绍了该装置的设计方案及功能原理,并对装置系统控制模块及气体发生模块做出了选型。最后以长江某客渡船为例,选取相应气囊尺寸,进行船舶稳性计算,得出气囊装置对船舶稳性的影响情况和船舶复原力臂的变化规律,证实了装置的可行性,同时为以后深入的研究工作提供理论基础。     

舰船厕所恶臭污染物治理方法

针对舰船厕所恶臭污染物净化效果不佳,长航期间空气质量差的现状,综述了现有多种恶臭污染物净化方法,对比分析各种方法在舰船厕所这一特定环境下的适用性,提出恶臭污染物源头治理和扩散过程净化相结合的综合治理方法,并给出实现工程化应用需要解决的重点问题.     

国外舰艇综合电力系统研究综述

舰艇综合电力系统实现了全舰能源的综合利用,是舰艇平台由机械化向电气化和信息化发展的必由之路,代表现代舰艇动力平台的发展方向.本文通过对国外舰艇综合电力系统应用现状、技术状态、军事意义及未来发展趋势进行分析梳理,供相关人员参考.     

Port and terminal selection by deep-sea container operators

This paper deals with the importance of port choice and container terminal selection for deep-sea container carriers. The paper focuses on the research question: on what basis do deep-sea container operators select container ports (strategy) and container terminals (financial reasons) in the Hamburg–Le Havre range over others? In answering this research question, three dimensions are addressed in detail: the buying decision characteristics; port choice strategy; and terminal selection. The results show that strategic considerations at company level are important. For port choice the most important criteria from a carrier's perspective are: availability of hinterland connections; reasonable tariffs; and immediacy of consumers (large hinterland). In addition to these criteria, shipping lines attach great value to often neglected factors, such as feeder connectivity, environmental issues and the total portfolio of the port. The study reveals that port selection and terminal selection are not the same with terminal selection criteria mainly depending on: handling speed; handling costs; reliability; and hinterland connections. The analysis also brought forward that the decision making is different per container carrier, per trade and per port type, implying that a one size fits all approach is not relevant.     

减摇复合船型首部构型设计与水池模型试验研究

船舶在波浪中航行时的纵向运动性能是衡量船舶综合航行性能的重要指标.为了改善船舶在波浪中的纵向运动性能,本文基于首部减摇组合附体技术对某型船首部构型进行改造并通过水池模型试验对其静水阻力和耐波性进行了分析研究.在分析该船作业及航区特点的基础上,通过船首部线型改造及减纵摇组合附体构型优化,给出适用于该船的首部构型方案.应用CFD软件和修正切片法进行水动力性能分析,并对船首构型方案进行优选.将优选出的性能较优复合船型方案和原船型开展水池模型静水阻力与耐波性对比试验分析,验证减摇复合船型的静水阻力性能与耐波性能.试验结果表明,改造后的复合船型减纵摇效果明显,对应实船四级海况18节航速下纵摇与首部加速度有义值较原船型降低15%以上;复合船型静水阻力有所增加,实船18节航速下静水阻力增加13.5%.     

基于物理缩比模型试验的舰船静电场特性分析

基于水下电场试验系统,测量和分析了模拟海水环境中舰船物理缩比模型的腐蚀相关静电场,考察了舰船静电场的分布特性,并对不同辅助阳极位置及输出电流强度情形静电场特征进行对比分析,为基于电场特征控制的舰船隐身设计提供理论参考.     

The choice of ship size on deep-sea general cargo routes †

The introduction of unit load methods, particularly the cellular container system, has been associated with a large increase in ship size on some of the world's major general cargo routes. In this sector, ship size is determined by a set of interactions between handling performance, route length, traffic flow, itinerary, requirements for frequent and regular service, port costs and general system organization. This paper explores these relationships to identify major influences and to consider the prospects for further growth.     

船舶垫块蓝油拂配质量检测

垫块蓝油拂配质量与船舶主机等设备的工作稳定性相关,在船舶设备装配期间应对蓝油拂配质量进行检测,以确保装配环节满足工艺要求。采用机器视觉方法对船舶垫块蓝油拂配质量进行检测,获得蓝油拂配图像并进行裁剪,基于OpenCV框架对图像进行处理和计算,并标注每个部分的蓝油拂配比例,以实现船舶垫块蓝油拂配质量的快速检测。     

船舶抗冰碰撞舷侧结构加强方案及优化设计

本文介绍了船-冰碰撞数值仿真中涉及的关键技术,以船舶肩部舷侧区域与棱角冰发生碰撞作为计算工况,对所选船舶舷侧与冰体碰撞进行数值仿真,根据舷侧响应特征指出其进行结构加强的必要性.由此提出几种舷侧常规加强方案,通过分析各自与冰体接触区域船体外板上受到的平均应力以及碰撞过程中船体结构发生塑性破坏的程度,指出结构仍然存在的问题以及后续加强的方向.最后,设计了2种新型舷侧结构并对其进行优化,验证了其具有较优的抗冰碰撞性能,得到了抗冰碰撞舷侧结构设计的相关结论.     

基于角速率匹配法的船体变形实船测量技术研究

针对船体变形测量技术大多处于理论仿真的局限性,提出了基于实船试验的船体变形测量技术,考虑到测量速度的需要及静态变形角缓慢变化的特征,推导了基于角速率匹配法"准静态"模型。采用Kalman滤波技术对Mochalov模型和"准静态"模型下的变形角进行了估计,从实船试验的角度验证了船体变形的产生原因,拓展了"准静态"模型适用范围,进一步分析了舵操作对船体变形角的影响。试验结果表明,"准静态"变形角对缓变静态变形角跟踪效果良好,提高了静态变形角的测量精度,为光纤陀螺船体变形测量技术的实际应用奠定了坚实的基础。     

Determinants of container port choice in Spain

For the economic and financial evaluation of port investment projects, it is important to know the demand function of a port's services. The objective of this study is to establish such a demand choice function for the Spanish container port services. The function is derived from the coefficients of a port choice model, for which a multinomial logit model is used and of which the coefficients are estimated with regression analysis. The variables tested concern inland transport cost, ocean transport costs and broad proxy variables for quality of service. Information on container import and export flows for 2007 is obtained from the Spanish Treasury Department. The linear regression analysis is based on differences of utilities of alternative routings of containerised cargoes compared to those routed via the port of Valencia. The obtained results are satisfactory in terms of model fit. The estimated coefficients can be used to assess the impact of changes in costs of container flows routed via a port on a port's market share. A demand choice function for the port can be derived by systematically doing so. An example is presented for the port of Valencia.     

大型半潜船球首设计及阻力性能对比分析

在船速较低的肥大型船舶上,安装球鼻艏会在很大程度上降低船舶受到的阻力,球艏对艏部型线有缓和的作用,使船舶艏部水流发生改变,减少艏底漩涡,从而降低形状阻力,进而改善船舶的水动力性能。根据设计的10万吨级半潜船船型的船模静水阻力试验情况,该船舶船首由直立型改为球鼻艏型式,通过对原型和改进后的船型的阻力试验结果进行对比,检验了新船型的减阻性能,同时对船尾伴流场进行了研究,发现船首形状改变对尾部半流场影响不大