The exclusive economic zone: criteria and machinery for the resolution of international conflicts between different users of the EEZ

It is highly probable that one of the results of the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea will be the recognition of a new jurisdictional zone—the exclusive economic zone (EEZ). This 200-mile zone will be used for a variety of potentially conflicting purposes by both the coastal state and non-coastal states and it is therefore important to ensure that the new convention emerging from the conference should establish criteria and make provision for machinery for the resolution of the international conflicts between different users which will undoubtedly arise. This paper contains a critical analysis of the latest draft articles under consideration at the Conference and considers the criteria by reference to which disputes might be resolved.     

The continental shelf and the exclusive economic zone: the problem of delimitation at UNCLOS III

If the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea succeeds in adopting a new Caracas Convention on the Law of the Sea, it is likely to embody detailed provisions on the delimitation of both the continental shelf and the new zone, the exclusive economic zone. In this paper, the most recent draft of these rules—contained in the Revised Single Negotiating Text—is subjected to a detailed and critical scrutiny which leads to the conclusion that the Sixth Session of the Conference still has a great deal of work to do before agreement can be reached on a satisfactory set of rules.     

The continental shelf and the exclusive economic zone: the problem of delimitation at UNCLOS III

If the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea succeeds in adopting a new Caracas Convention on the Law of the Sea, it is likely to embody detailed provisions on the delimitation of both the continental shelf and the new zone, the exclusive economic zone. In this paper, the most recent draft of these rules—contained in the Revised Single Negotiating Text—is subjected to a detailed and critical scrutiny which leads to the conclusion that the Sixth Session of the Conference still has a great deal of work to do before agreement can be reached on a satisfactory set of rules.     

《国际安全与环保拆船公约》对我国拆船业的影响与对策

IMO已经决定2009年5月在香港外交大会上通过《国际安全与环保拆船公约》，这将会对世界拆船业产生巨大的影响。文中首先简单介绍了拆船公约及其特点，紧接着介绍了我国拆船业的发展情况，并分析了拆船公约给拆船业带来的机遇和挑战，最后提出了对拆船公约实施后促进拆船业可持续发展的几点对策。     

一种不对称稳性曲线积分计算方法

当有初始横倾时,稳性曲线是不对称的,但负值横倾角区间的函数值与正值横倾角区间的函数值的关系无人探求。当对不对称稳性曲线在始于负值的横倾角区间进行积分计算面积时,以前的做法是直接求出负值横倾角区间的函数值,再进行数值积分。本文经过推导证明,在用数值积分对不对称稳性曲线下的面积进行计算时,自变量为负值的区间的积分可转化到正值区间进行计算,并推导出了转化公式,并且得到结论：不对称稳性曲线是一个奇函数和一个偶函数的线性组合。按照推导出的公式,可在NAPA软件中编程方便地实现美军标DDS079-1破舱稳性衡准的计算。     

Study on the form factor and full-scale ship resistance prediction method

To consider the resistance component due to hull geometry, the International Towing Tank Conference (ITTC) adopted the resistance test method in 1978, introducing the form factor concept with two basic assumptions, i.e., the form factor of a model ship is the same as that of a full-scale ship and the form factor is independent of ship speed. However, it is not only very difficult to determine the form factor using the ITTC ’78 method, but also there have been questions regarding the basic assumptions. Therefore, the authors carried out three basic studies on the form factor concept and proposed a new extrapolation procedure for the prediction of full-scale ship resistance performance. The validity of the proposed procedure is being investigated by comparing sea trial and model test results. The results of this investigation will be presented in the near future.     

Risk zone of wrack hitting marine structure simulated by 2D hydraulic model

The wrack or the ship out of control will drift with flow.One of the most important factors that drive the ship is flow current which moves circularly in tidal area.The wrack from same place always drifts in different ways if the start time is different.So,during the ship drifting period,the drift trace is also determined by both wave and wind forces.The drift direction is limited by water depth which must be deeper than ship draft. These marine structures that can not afford the hit of wrack or will destroy the wrack must be well considered when they are placed near harbor and waterway or other water area with ship running.The risk zone should be consulted according to tide and weather conditions to protect structures and ships in necessary.A method is presented here to simulate the risk zone by 2D numerical hydraulic model with tidal current,wave,wind and water depth considered.This model can be used to built early-warning and protect system for special marine structure.     

Improving the State of Coastal Areas in the Asia-Pacific Region

Stresses impacting the coastal zone in the Asia-Pacific region are briefly reviewed under the headings of sustainable coastal activities, coastal ecosystem management, community/resource interactions, coastal resource economics and sustainability, coastal area planning, and integrated coastal policies. Recent contributions on mitigation of these stresses are introduced, with emphasis on the Coastal Zone Asia-Pacific Conference, held in Bangkok, May 2002, where various innovative approaches to research, education, information sharing, and coastal policies aiming at improving the state of the coastal areas were presented. These include the roles of community in integrated coastal management; tools and planning for management of coastal areas; education program and capacity building; and the establishments of national and regional frameworks for integrated coastal management. As appropriate information and its transfer are critical to these processes, an analysis is presented of the content of the database on coastal projects in the region, highlighting areas of research interests, funding sources, and achievements. Another database on coastal ecosystems, currently under development, is presented as an example of the type of resource that can be expected to help advance our knowledge and ability to improve the management of coastal areas. Overall, these tools should allow us, given the political will, to improve the state of coastal areas.     

对我国船舶配备保安员的若干思考和建议

介绍了船舶保安员概念、职责,以及2002年底召开的海上安全外交大会通过的ISPS规则对船舶保安员新的规定和要求。文章最后还就我国的海事界、航运界应采取的对策进行了若干探讨。     

班轮公会的衰落及航运联盟的发展

定期船经营出现以来的100多年时间中,班轮公会在维护航运秩序中发挥了重要作用。随着航运生产技术、运输组织技术、航运竞争方式的变革和进步,班轮公会已结束其历史使命,被新的竞争形式所取代,于20世纪末退出历史舞台,取而代之的是航运联盟、航运公司的合并与兼并等。     

Risk assessment: An introduction and critique

Abstract

Risk assessment is a methodology which has been used to evaluate the safety of major public projects, notably aerospace programs, liquefied natural gas import facilities, and nuclear power plants.

This article begins with a review of public attitudes toward risk and then describes the basic components of a risk assessment. Subsequent critical analysis suggests the pitfalls inherent in the technique, especially in regard to the establishing of a criterion of safety against which the results of a risk assessment will be compared. The author identifies three such criteria and rejects two of them, including the one most commonly used in federal government agency decision‐making, as unreliable or philosophically unacceptable.

The article concludes with comments on the applicability of risk assessment in coastal zone management.     

评析与探讨ILO新海事劳工公约

评析了国际海事劳工组织(ILO)通过的新的《海事劳工公约》、产生的背景、公约的构架与主要内容,探讨了公约的主要特点,公约将带来的影响和变化,以及公约生效后政府主管机关、船公司、海员以及有关航海院校、研究机构应采取哪些履约措施。指出各方面应重视公约的出台,并积极采取相应的行动,以满足即将生效的公约的要求,从而保障海员的基本权利,使海员在船工作更舒适、更安全、更“体面”。     

支持图形互操作的船舶协调会议系统

本文研究了在Internet环境下,支持图形互操作的船舶协调会议系统的设计原理和方法。分析了船舶设计过程中协调会议的需求和协调会议模块结构,讨论了实现异地图形数据互操作的三种途径,给出了一种协调会议控制模型和协调会议接口设计方案。     

Convection and the seeding of the North Atlantic bloom

Observations of vertical velocities in deep wintertime mixed layers using neutrally buoyant floats show that the convectively driven vertical velocities, roughly 1000 m per day, greatly exceed the sinking velocities of phytoplankton, 10 m or less per day. These velocities mix plankton effectively and uniformly across the convective layer and are therefore capable of returning those that have sunk to depth back into the euphotic zone. This mechanism cycles cells through the surface layer during the winter and provides a seed population for the spring bloom. A simple model of this mechanism applied to immortal phytoplankton in the subpolar Labrador Sea predicts that the seed population in early spring will be a few percent of the fall concentration if the plankton sink more slowly than the mean rate at which the surface well-mixed layer grows over the winter. Plankton that sink faster than this will mostly sink into the abyss with only a minute fraction remaining by spring. The shallower mixed layers of mid-latitudes are predicted to be much less effective at maintaining a seed population over the winter, limiting the ability of rapidly sinking cells to survive the winter.     

单桨船模自航试验的相似准则与模拟方法

本文提出一种新的船模自航模型化方法以“消除”船－桨干扰总理２的惊工影响，首先讨论船－桨组合体绕流（平均流动）应满足的相似准则，其中引进了两个新的准则以联系船 尾流的特征；尾流宽度与速度亏损，讨论了满足这些准则的模拟条件和方法，给出满足相似条件的船模－实船性能关系式，最后讨论了新模拟方法在船旋螺旋桨空的与噪声模型试验中的应用。     

The response of the legal system to technological innovation in aquaculture: A comparative study of mariculture legislation in California,Florida and Maine

This article examines salt‐water aquaculture (mariculture) legislation in California, Florida, and Maine, as illustrative of one generic response of the law to aquacultural innovation. Unlike aquacultural legislation in other states, generally drafted to restrict leasing of coastal waters for specific existing technologies, the legislation studied represents a more flexible approach which would accommodate new technologies. Analysis of specific provisions of the three laws indicates the complexity of the issues involved and a variety of mechanisms selected for regulating mariculture, and identifies different state priorities and goals. This report concludes that whereas broadly drafted legislation exemplified by the statutes under study is more likely to accommodate new mariculture technologies than piecemeal legislation, there are a number of complex issues that must be identified and resolved in order to achieve the desired results. The failure of each of the states to respond fully to the broad range of issues involved may inhibit aquacultural innovation or unduly restrict nonaquacultural uses of the coastal zone.     

Underwater Cultural Heritage Policies of the United States Coastal Zone

Domestic management of historic shipwrecks and other Underwater Cultural Heritage (UCH) resources located in the United States coastal zone is extensively fragmented and a portion of it has significant implications in terms of international law. In the United States coastal zone, UCH (largely historic shipwrecks) falls under one of three general regimes, depending on where the resource is located and subject to specific and individual requirements: the General Maritime Law, the Abandoned Shipwreck Act, and the Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act, also known as the Marine Sanctuaries Act. After examining the development of and current status of these regimes, this article will suggest policies for a stronger, more coordinated federal management regime in United States coastal waters. It will specifically argue that a recent decision by the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit provides a well-designed paradigm that could be linked with pertinent aspects of the three identified regimes to create a unified coastal governance mechanism for sunken historic shipwrecks.     

第七届信息融合国际会议最佳及提名论文评述

2004年第七届信息融合国际学术会议评出了一篇最佳论文，同时另有两篇文章获得最佳论文提名。最佳论文提出了适用于无线传感器网络的融合决策规则；其中一篇提名论文研究TBM（Transferable Belief Model，TBM）框架下的联合跟踪和分类问题；另一篇则对JDL模型作了新的扩充。将对前两篇文章进行总结和评述。     

Dynamic programming of port position and scale in the hierarchized container ports network

A hierarchized container ports network, with several super hubs and many multilevel hub ports, will be established, mainly serving transshipment and carrying out most of its business in the hub-spoke mode. This paper sums up a programming model, in which the elementary statistic units, cost and expense of every phase of any shipment are the straight objects, and the minimum cost of the whole network is taken as the objective. This is established based on a dynamic system to make out the hierarchical structure of the container ports network, i.e. the trunk hub and feeder hubs can be planned in a economic zone, then the optimal scale vector can also be obtained for all container ports concerned with the network. The vector is a standard measurement to decide a port's position and their scale distribution in the whole network.     

Dynamic programming of port position and scale in the hierarchized container ports network

A hierarchized container ports network, with several super hubs and many multilevel hub ports, will be established, mainly serving transshipment and carrying out most of its business in the hub-spoke mode. This paper sums up a programming model, in which the elementary statistic units, cost and expense of every phase of any shipment are the straight objects, and the minimum cost of the whole network is taken as the objective. This is established based on a dynamic system to make out the hierarchical structure of the container ports network, i.e. the trunk hub and feeder hubs can be planned in a economic zone, then the optimal scale vector can also be obtained for all container ports concerned with the network. The vector is a standard measurement to decide a port's position and their scale distribution in the whole network.