Citizen Participation and Collaborative Environmental Management in the Marine Oil Trade of Coastal Alaska

This study compares the contributions to policy change made by two Regional Citizens’ Advisory Councils that participate in the environmental management of the marine oil trade in coastal regions of Alaska. Both councils are remarkably well-funded and long-enduring examples of citizen participation in environmental policy. This study finds that both councils have applied their substantial funding resources to make significant contributions to policy change (policy contributions) in the marine oil trade of coastal Alaska. This study also finds that both councils have greatly magnified their policy contributions through collaborative efforts with many other organizations active in the marine oil trade of Alaska. Therefore, the overall policy contributions of the councils result from the joint application of council resources and collaborative efforts.     

对接国家战略 推进上海海洋工程产业创新发展

21世纪是海洋的世纪,加快海洋资源开发和利用成为世界各主要海洋国家发展的战略取向,开发和利用海洋油气资源特别是深海油气资源已作为国家的重要战略举措之一。为对接"发展海洋经济,建设海洋强国"的国家战略,上海市船舶与海洋工程学会在分析和研判海洋工程产业国内外发展现状与趋势的基础上,深刻剖析了上海海洋工程产业现状与基础、优势与问题,探讨其产业转型升级可能产生的影响及带来的机遇。提出了推进上海海洋工程产业升级发展总体思路、目标与原则,优先部署海洋工程重点发展的方向与项目,推动海洋工程产业领域发展的对策和建议。     

The Role of Indigenous Resurgence in Marine Conservation

Abstract

Indigenous peoples’ efforts toward environmental conservation are indivisible from their cultural identity and their social and political organizations. Indigenous resurgence, including the reinvigoration and reestablishment of Indigenous ways of living, are linked to the management, restoration, and conservation of marine and coastal ecosystems around the world. However, there remains a significant gap in the recognition and support of Indigenous governance systems in international policy discussions regarding conservation work. As a way to address this gap, we offer an analysis of marine Indigenous community-led conservation initiatives from around the world that were recipients of the UNDP Equator Prize, framed by initial research on Indigenous-led conservation in British Columbia, Canada. We highlight specific Indigenous governance strategies undertaken by such communities that foster both marine resource conservation and stewardship. The strategies we identified included practicing Indigenous traditional resource management, protection of traditional territories, Indigenous-led actions of environmental conservation, and data collection and monitoring. We also identified networking and collaboration with non-Indigenous supporters, as was reinvestment into education and capacity-building within the community. We conclude with concrete policy suggestions drawn from these cases that can help strengthen the leadership and self-determination of Indigenous peoples on local resource and environmental issues, and aid in much broader conservation efforts globally.     

Sectoral and Territorial Cooperation in the European Demonstration Programme on ICZM

The search for integration among economic sectors and territorial administrations has become one of the defining features of coastal management initiatives in recent years. A wide range of ideal dimensions to integration has been described in the literature, with two common elements being horizontal and vertical integration involving, among others, the wide range of administrative actors in the coastal zone. Examination of the European demonstration projects in ICZM suggests that integration efforts on the ground start more modestly, with efforts to engage a range of different formal and informal stakeholders in a cooperative process aimed toward development of a set of common goals and a strategy for the coast. While institutional contexts vary greatly between different countries within Europe, in most countries integration between sectoral and territorial planning is not possible within a single administrative level. However, the direct involvement in local ICZM initiatives of key actors from central administrations is often impracticable. This article suggests actions could be taken at more central levels of government in order to simplify the institutional context in which local ICZM is developed.     

基于现场检测数据的海工混凝土强度经时变化规律研究

混凝土的强度是直接影响结构承载力的重要参数，其经时变化规律是建立结构抗力变化模型的基础。针对海洋环境下混凝土结构受环境和荷载共同作用，随服役时间推移而出现的劣化损伤问题，本文共收集110例中国南方沿海服役1～35 a港口码头的检测案例，以混凝土实测数据为基础，采用相关分析和回归分析对海工混凝土强度随时间变化规律开展研究，明确了回弹法和钻芯法检测混凝土强度的相关性，获得了混凝土强度经时变化的计算模型，为海工混凝土结构安全性评估提供重要参考依据。     

惠州港水域船舶溢油污染预防的研究

惠州港为珠三角地区重要船载化学危险品港口,面临着严峻的船舶溢油和化学品泄漏污染的威胁,加强惠州港危管防污能力建设,消除安全隐患,杜绝船舶溢油事故发生显得尤为重要。文中着重针对惠州港水域船舶溢油风险与污染防控展开分析论述,并提出相关建议。     

对安全因素与安全管理的再认识

通过对安全因素、安全管理的分析和探讨,指出当前在船舶安全管理中容易被忽视的问题和解决办法,并提醒人们,在强调安全管理中人的因素的同时,决不可忽视对管理本身的剖析和诊断;而发挥每个人的主观能动性、激发每个人的智慧和积极性,有效地控制人为失误,这本身就是管理的任务所在,对安全管理有参考价值。     

溢油对海洋生态系统的损害研究进展

海上溢油污染规模不断扩大,造成了严重的生态破坏和巨大的经济损失,研究者在溢油事故发生后利用实验研究溢油对各种海洋生物的影响,主要集中于对海洋生物种群的致死和致突变机理的研究。文章在对这些研究进行综述的基础上,对溢油海洋生物损害研究的实用性进行阐述,并提出了溢油实验室研究的发展方向和建立毒性数据库的必要性。     

Coastal Ecosystems and Agricultural Land Use: New Challenges on California's Central Coast

This article uses the Central Coast region of California as a case study to examine the challenges of protecting coastal ecosystems near areas of intensive agricultural production. Coastal water quality and biodiversity are greatly impacted by regional land use. Agricultural land use can have significant impacts on water quality through erosion and the runoff of agricultural chemicals. While the Central Coast region of California is a center for intensive agricultural production, it is also home to the largest marine sanctuary in the United States. This combination has resulted in intensive efforts from government agencies and conservation organizations to reduce pollution associated with agriculture. Efforts have focused on education and incentives, but are recently facing increasing challenges stemming from new standards created by the produce industry in response to food safety concerns. Personal interviews with crop growers were used to explore these challenges and to better understand the range of possible environmental impacts resulting from new food safety standards. Results indicate that substantial management changes are taking place that are likely to impact regional water quality and wildlife. This case study also explores the role of policy networks in shaping management decisions and illustrates how certain approaches to addressing agricultural pollution may be vulnerable to external policy changes.     

大功率船用柴油机空气电机启动过程瞬态特性仿真

为提升大功率船用柴油机启动性能,采用GT-power软件建立船用柴油机稳态模型,增加空气电机启动系统模块,构建柴油机启动过程瞬态模型。基于仿真结果,分析环境排气背压、润滑油温度和压缩空气系统参数等对柴油机启动性能的影响规律。仿真结果可为基于空气电机启动的大功率船用柴油机的系统参数设计和性能评估提供依据。     

故障模式及影响分析方法在船舶主推进系统中的应用

采用故障模式及影响分析方法对船舶系统进行可靠性或安全性分析,并以燃油系统为研究对象,找到系统可能的故障模式、发生故障的原因、故障对局部及最终的影响等,以提高船舶系统的可靠性。     

基于船舶电力系统的光伏并网发电实验平台设计及评价

随着石油资源的枯竭和环保要求的不断提高,将太阳能光伏发电应用于船舶是目前绿色船舶发展的一个重要方向。将光伏电能与船舶电网进行并网运行是提高能源利用效率和电网可靠性的重要途径。针对船舶平台及其电网的典型特点,设计完善了一套能够开展光伏电能与船舶电网并网运行的实验平台。分别从实验平台的基本组成、运行模式和评价指标这三个方面进行了详细论述,对船用光伏并网系统的设计和研究提供了重要的依据。     

Coastal Resources as an Engine of Economic Growth and Reduction of Poverty in West Africa: Policy Considerations

This article synthesizes lessons and outcomes from the second international Coastal Zone Asia-Pacific conference (CZAP) on “Improving the Quality of Life in Coastal Areas,” held in Brisbane in September 2004. The conference theme was chosen as a follow-up from the first CZAP that identified priority actions in response to the increasing recognition of social issues in coastal management, particularly those aiming to improve the state of the coastal areas in the Asia-Pacific region. The second CZAP explored the “quality of life” theme by placing emphasis on rectifying coastal poverty, sustaining livelihoods, and protecting cultural heritage. Mechanisms to address these issues were explored through international agreements, participatory research, capacity building, and education, as well as the continuing need for integrated planning, environmental management, and effective monitoring and evaluation. A post-conference survey showed that the second CZAP resulted in 122 initiatives (82 underway and another 40 planned) to progress the improvement of quality of life in coastal areas. These initiatives ranged from the establishment of a unit that is responsible for river basin and coastal zone management by the Thua Thien Hue provincial government in Vietnam, to a collaborative on-ground livelihoods project between NGOs, government, and financial institutions on coastal zone management facilitated by the Asian Development Bank. However, the authors argue that two key challenges for ICM in the Asia-Pacific region remain. These challenges relate to the effective monitoring and evaluation of ICM initiatives, as well as matching future ICM initiatives to emergent priority areas.     

内河并列桥梁桥区水域船舶领域模型与通过能力研究

在现有船舶领域模型的基础上,根据内河并列跨河桥梁通航孔布置的特点,提出了适用于该桥区水域的船舶领域模型。利用该船舶领域模型,可计算得到代表船型船舶的通过能力,从而为桥梁建设、通航安全管理及海事纠纷处理提供依据。     

港口船舶溢油环境风险评价方法研究

在港口装卸作业以及船舶航行过程中,由于各种原因可能引发溢油事故,对周边海域环境造成损害。港口船舶溢油环境风险评价对船舶溢油的防治起到了积极的作用,但目前还有很多不完善的地方。通过对相关资料的分析研究,提出改进措施和建议,以期进一步提高港口船舶溢油环境风险评价工作的水平。     

曼恩和瓦锡兰船用二冲程双燃料发动机之比较

为加深对曼恩和瓦锡兰船用二冲程柴油-天然气双燃料发动机的了解,帮助船舶选择机型,文章从工作原理、燃气系统、点火油、尾气排放、经济性和安全性等方面对两机型进行比较,发现曼恩发动机在经济性和安全性方面稍具优势,但尾气排放方面却不如瓦锡兰环保。     

Lubrication and tribology in seawater hydraulic piston pump

Water hydraulic systems have provoked major interest because of the human friendly and environmental safety aspects. Piston pump is one of the most frequently used hydraulic units in recent engineering technique. In water hydraulic piston pump, poor lubrication is more likely to happen than in oil hydraulic one because of difference in properties between water and oil. So there are some key problems such as corrosive wear and erosion, which are investigated briefly. Many new materials have been developed, which give longer life expectancies with water without corrosion and erosion. A new type of seawater hydraulic piston pumps with better suction characteristics had been developed at HUST. Much of this research has concentrated on new materials, structure and experiments, which are also specially introduced.     

与溢油回收储存、输送设备相关的危险区域划分及管系布置的设计研究

基于当前海洋石油工业的迅猛发展,国际海事组织及各沿海水域国家的相关法规也进行了相应调整。例如,在海洋钻井区域或海洋油田炼油区域,规定了每个区域需配备一定数量具有溢油回收能力的平台守护船。为了研究在平台守护船溢油回收操作中,危险区域划分对管系设计的影响,通过理论分析及对相应规范的研究提出合理化设计方案,提升船舶的安全性能。     

新概念FPSO总体方案设计研究

在分析国内外现有FPSO的优劣性及研究影响FPSO性能的诸多因素的基础上,开发一种稳性更好、水动力性能优良、储油效率高、具有较大承载能力和甲板面积,更适合采用多点系泊的圆角倒棱台形FPSO(IQFP)浮体概念。利用这种新型概念,根据渤海海域某边际油田的海洋环境条件和油田生产要求,以浮体的稳性和运动性能为主要约束条件,运用交互式设计流程思想,经过反复调整,得到一座较优的IQFP总体方案设计实例。