Future cost scenarios for reduction of ship CO2 emissions

International shipping is a significant contributor to Global Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions, responsible for approximately 3% of global CO₂ emissions. The International Maritime Organization is currently working to establish GHG regulations for international shipping and a cost effectiveness approach has been suggested to determine the required emission reductions from shipping. To achieve emission reductions in a cost effective manner, this study has assessed the cost and reduction potential for present and future abatement measures based on new and unpublished data. The model used captures the world fleet up to 2030, and the analysis includes 25 separate measures. A new integrated modelling approach has been used combining fleet projections with activity-based CO₂ emission modelling and projected development of measures for CO₂ emission reduction. The world fleet projections up to 2030 are constructed using a fleet growth model that takes into account assumed ship type specific scrapping and new building rates. A baseline trajectory for CO₂ emission is then established. The reduction potential from the baseline trajectory and the associated marginal cost levels are calculated for 25 different emission reduction measures. The results are given as marginal abatement cost curves, and as future cost scenarios for reduction of world fleet CO₂ emissions. The results show that a scenario in which CO₂ emissions are reduced by 33% from baseline in 2030 is achievable at a marginal cost of USD 0 per tonne reduced. At this cost level, emission in 2010 can be reduced by 19% and by 24% in 2020. A scenario with 49% reduction from baseline in 2030 can be achieved at a marginal cost of USD 100 per tonne (27% in 2010 and 35% in 2020). Furthermore, it is evident that further increasing the cost level beyond USD 100 per tonne yield very little in terms of further emission reduction. The results also indicate that stabilising fleet emissions at current levels is obtainable at moderate costs, compensating for fleet growth up to 2030. However, significant reductions beyond current levels seem difficult to achieve. Marginal abatement costs for the major ship types are also calculated, and the results are shown to be relatively homogenous for all major ship types. The presented data and methodology could be very useful for assisting the industry and policymakers in selecting cost effective solutions for reducing GHG emissions from the world fleet.     

远洋航运船舶的CO2减排和能效管理实务

随着人类社会的不断进步,人类对大自然的影响也达到了前所未有的程度。进入21世纪,随着极端天气的频繁出现,使人们对气候变化的影响认识的更为深刻。旨在解决温室气体排放的《联合国气候变化框架公约》于1992年5月在纽约的联合国总部通过,并于1994年生效。国际海事组织也积极投入制定远洋航运业CO2减排政策的制定中,并推出了SEEMP、EEDI和EEOI等措施,并在MAPPOL附则6修正案中要求强制执行SEEMP和EEDI,并于2013年1月1日起生效。本文介绍了CO2减排的相关国际政策法规以及远洋航运业内的专业标准,并对SEEMP和EEOI在航运公司的具体应用,并对能效管理进行简要说明。     

铟电极上电催化还原CO2

采用电镀法制备了In/Cu、In/Fe电极.用电化学测试方法考察了上述电极对CO2在0.2 moL/L的KHCO3溶液中还原反应的电催化活性,并对反应主要产物及电流效率进行分析.实验结果表明,基体上电镀铟有利于CO2的电催化还原,电还原产物主要是甲酸;在几种电极中,In/Cu电极的电催化活性最高,在-1.8 V时获得甲酸的电流效率为32.2%.最后展望了基体电镀的研究方向.     

In及In-Sn电极电还原CO2的研究

CO2电还原技术在降低"温室效应"、缓解能源危机及消除密闭环境的CO2等方面都有很重要的意义.本文利用电沉积的方法制备了用于电还原CO2的In及In-Sn电极,在三电极测试体系及电解槽中,对所制备的电极进行活性及稳定性测试.在常温常压和2 000 A·m-2的电流密度下,所制备的In和In-Sn电极(43 cm2)电还原CO2,生成HCOOH的速率分别达到0.585 L·h-2,0.922 L·h-2.在40 h的电解测试中,两者皆具有较好的稳定性.In-Sn较In具有更高的CO2电还原活性,是一类更具应用前景的电极.     

CO2 emission statistics for the world commercial fleet

The purpose of this paper is to present an analysis of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions of the world commercial fleet. The analysis is based on the Lloyds-Fairplay world ship database for 2007 and produces various emissions statistics of the following major ship types: bulk carriers, crude oil tankers, container vessels, product/chemical carriers, LNG carriers, LPG carriers, reefer vessels, Ro-Ro vessels and general cargo ships. A separate analysis is carried out for small vessels under 400 GRT and for passenger vessels. The main outputs from this analysis for each ship type-size bracket are the emitted grams of CO₂ per tonne-km and an estimate of the total CO₂ produced in a year. The methodology for estimating these statistics is described, and a comparison with other studies is made.     

不同电解液离子对CO2电还原的影响

研究了纯水、KHCO3溶液、Li2CO3溶液、K2SO4溶液、K2CO3溶液及不同浓度KHCO3溶液做电解液时对CO2电还原的影响,初步探讨了电解液中存在不同离子时CO2电还原的反应机理.试验结果表明,CO2还原效果为:纯水＜饱和Li2CO3溶液＜K2SO4溶液＜K2CO3溶液＜KHCO3溶液,且随KHCO3溶液浓度的增大呈现出抛物线趋势.最适合的电解液为0.2 mol/L的KHCO3溶液.     

金属电极电还原CO2的研究进展

CO2电还原技术在降低"温室效应"、缓解能源危机及消除密闭环境的CO2等方面都有很重要的意义。综述了金属电极在水溶液、有机溶剂以及熔融体中电还原CO2的研究现况,包括各类金属在电还原CO2过程中所表现出的反应活性以及生成相应产物的反应机理;介绍了电极、温度、压力、电极电位和电解质等因素对金属电极电还原选择性及法拉第电流效率的影响;展望了CO2电还原的未来研究方向及应用前景。     

电还原CO2铟电极的制备研究

通过在硫酸盐型镀铟液中电沉积铟来制备用于电还原CO2的阴极材料.利用正交实验的方法研究了铟电极的制备工艺.实验结果表明,制备铟电极较佳的工艺条件为:硫酸铟50 g/L,硫酸钠10 g/L,电流密度0.5A/dm2,温度25℃,pH值控制在2.0～2.7.该工艺制备的铟电极电还原CO2生成甲酸的电流效率达到39.2%,电解稳定性良好.     

Estimation of CO2 reduction for Japanese domestic container transportation based on mathematical models

This research discusses domestic feeder container transportation connected with international trades in Japan. Optimal round trip courses of container ship fleet from the perspective of CO₂ emission reduction are calculated and analyzed to obtain basic knowledge about CO₂ emission reduction in the container feeder transportation system. Specifically, based on the weekly origin–destination (OD) data at a hub port (Kobe) and other related transportation data, the ship routes are designed by employing a mathematical modeling approach. First, a mixed integer programming model is formulated and solved by using an optimization software that employs branch and bound algorithm. The objective function of the model is to minimize the CO₂ emission subject to necessary (and partially simplified) constraints. The model is then tested on various types of ships with different speed and capacity. Moreover, it is also tested on various waiting times at hub port to investigate the effect in CO₂ emission of the designated fleet. Both the assessment method of container feeder transportation and the transportation’s basic insights in view of CO₂ emission are shown through the analysis.     

In及In-Sn电极电还原CO2动力学参数测试

在三电极测试体系中对所制备的In及In-Sn电极分别进行了电还原CO2的动力学参数测试.通过极化曲线测试了这2种电极的电荷传递系数α及交换电流密度i0.In及In-Sn电极上电还原CO2的电荷传递系数分别为0.0695和0.0423,交换电流密度分别为0.463 A/m2和6.665 A/m2.通过交流阻抗谱测试了In及In-Sn电极电还原CO2的法拉第阻抗,分别为13.972 Ω和10.466 Ω,In-Sn电极上的表面电容大于In电极.测试结果说明了In-Sn电极的电活性要高于In电极,电极比表面积的不同可能是导致电极活性高低的重要原因.     

航运减排国际法新动向

针对航运业减少温室气体排放这一国际海事组织内部目前讨论的热点问题,分析了航运业减少温室气体排放的现行国际法律框架、已提出的减排方案、国际法的新动向(欧盟对航运业减少温室气体排放可能采取的单边主义措施),以及中国的谈判立场。最后提出中国应当提早研究,在国际海事组织进行的减排谈判中寻求对中国航运业影响最小的航运减排方案。     

国际海运温室气体（GHG）减排浅析

以《联合国气候变化框架公约》（UNFCCC）为主要背景简要介绍全球温室气体排放现状、相关机制及面临的问题,进而对国际海事组织（IMO）在海运温室气体排放方面所采取的措施加以分析,最后结合国情对我国海运温室气体减排提出参考建议。     

船舶温室气体减排规则的发展与应对

温室气体排放已成为全球关注的热点。文章介绍了船舶温室气体减排规则的发展进程以及新船能效设计指数的出台和影响,并对减排措施进行了探讨,着重阐述了采用气体燃料这一措施的减排效果。     

对海事船舶节能减排的一点认识

基于海事船舶的管理及技术现状，文中从使用轻重油转化设备、使用化学添加剂、推广玻璃钢船型、采用经济航速、加强维护保养等方面分析了海事船舶节能减排的有效途径。     

船舶设计节能减排技术策略

跟踪节能减排国际公约规范发展动态,按照我国由造船大国向造船强国转变的总体发展思路,研究应对措施,梳理节能减排绿色环保共性研究的发展策略,为制定我国自己的绿色船舶配套规范标准提供参考。     

港口节能减排的措施与建议

0引言 2008年全国交通运输行业节能减排工作视频会议提出港口节能减排的主要目标：与2005年相比，到2010年和2020年，港口生产单位吞吐量综合能耗分别下降5％和10％。港口大型装卸设备几乎全部使用电能，抓好港口行业的节能降耗工作是我国交通行业节能工作的重点之一。     

基于PLC的船用SCR废气减排与综合利用

近年来,国家越来越重视对环境的保护,加强对各种交通工具的排放控制,通过一些措施对其进行废气减排。船舶作为一种大型的交通运输工具,在为交通运输业与经济发展做出巨大贡献的同时,也对自然环境造成了较大污染。船用柴油机会产生很多的含有氮氧化物的废气,事实证明这些氮氧化物对大气具有很大危害。而选择性催化还原系统(SCR系统)是一种专门针对氮氧化物的控制减排技术,可以有效的减少船舶柴油机废气中50%以上的氮氧化物。本文基于PLC技术,对船用的SCR废气减排与综合利用系统进行了系统的分析与研究。     

船舶节能减排思考

国际航运业是全球主要的温室气体排放大户之一,其排放的二氧化碳总量已超过许多《京都议定书》国家每年温室气体的排放量。特别是其二氧化硫和一氧化二氨的排放量分别占全球排放总量的10%和25％。根据IMO的温室气体研究报告,船舶排放的废气主要有：CO2、CH4、NOx、SOx。根据船舶燃料消耗的数据,IMO工作小组分别计算出2000年至2010年全球航运船舶的废气排放量,如图1、图2所示。     

海事船舶节能减排的探讨

文中结合海事船舶节能减排的工作实际,应用数据分析的方法,进行定性分析和定量分析,探讨车、船装备在使用过程中节能减排的有效途径。     

基于SCR系统的船舶排放设计和测试

文章以在建MT6023饱和潜水支持船四冲程柴油机的选择性催化还原(SCR)系统为对象,研究了SCR系统降低船舶氮氧化物(NO_x)排放的原理、系统组成、布置安装要求等,并总结分析了实船排放测试的要求和注意事项,为实船排放Tier Ⅲ取证提供了重要参考。