大型集装箱船锚缆机刹车短工期修理安排

考虑到集装箱船靠泊时间短,为提高维修效率,改进大型集装箱船锚缆机刹车片更换修理安排,使得该工程从原来的每船至少靠泊4次才能完成修理,变为每船靠泊1次就完成修理,缩短了修理工期,节约了修理费用。     

Simulation optimization of the berth allocation in a container terminal with flexible vessel priority management

ABSTRACT

Solving the berth allocation problem (BAP) in ports is not trivial where the berth resources are limited and various sizes of vessels arrive with dramatically dissimilar loads. Especially in real scenarios, arriving vessels are accepted for a berth with the first come first served (FCFS) priority rule. This study proposes a decision support system coupled with a simulation optimization module based on the swarm-based Artificial Bee Colony optimization algorithm for solving the BAP. The proposed methodology was implemented for the Izmir port in Turkey. To investigate the influences of the vessel priorities on the BAP, four different experimental scenarios based on the single (SQM) and multiple queue models (MQM) were coupled with FCFS and proposed hybrid queue priority (HQP) rule. The results indicated that SQM scenarios were superior to MQM scenarios in a manner of minimizing the average vessel waiting times and the implementation of a dynamic berth allocation strategy for the MQM significantly decreases the vessel waiting times. Results of the SQM also imply that utilization of the HQP approach further minimizes the average vessel waiting times and increases the berth utilization and port throughput without yielding excessive waiting times for the larger vessels compared with the FCFS priority rule.     

Neural network-based fuel consumption estimation for container ships in Korea

ABSTRACT

Due to the outstanding strength of advanced machine-learning techniques, they have become increasingly common in predictive studies in recent years, particularly in predicting ship energy performance. In constructing predictive models, prior studies have mostly employed vessels’ technical parameters to establish machine-learning algorithms. To bridge this research gap and enable wider applications, this paper presents the design of a multilayer perceptron artificial neural network (MLP ANN) as a machine-learning technique to estimate ship fuel consumption. We utilized the real operational data from 100–143 container ships to estimate fuel consumption for five different container ships grouped by size. We compared the performance of two ANN models and two multiple-regression models. Four input parameters (sailing time, speed, cargo weight, and capacity) were included in the first ANN and the first regression model, while the other two models only consider two inputs from physical function. The mean absolute percentage error of the ANN models with four inputs was the smallest and less than those in extended statistical models, demonstrating the MLP’s superiority over the statistical model. The MLP ANN model can thus be applied to confirm the effectiveness of the slow-steaming method for achieving energy efficiency.     

Voyage-based statistical fuel consumption models of ocean-going container ships in Korea

ABSTRACT

Accurately estimating fuel consumption of ships is crucial for shipping companies, port authorities, and environmental protection agencies. The bottom-up approach is becoming increasingly popular because it can estimate ship fuel consumption by accounting for ship activity conditions, such as changes in voyage speed, time, and distance; however, its use is still limited when estimating ship fuel consumption. Ship-specific information, such as the daily fuel consumption rate for main and auxiliary engines for every vessel, is expensive to gather, and generally not collected from private shipping companies. To address this research gap, we develop simplified and composite ship fuel consumption models for ocean-going container ships by size using a regression model. To estimate the fuel consumption models for container ships, we rely on ship activity data, including average speed and sailing time, distance, and actual fuel consumption for main and auxiliary engines. This information is obtained from a major container shipping company in Korea. We estimate and validate the parameters associated with fuel consumption for five different container ship sizes, all of which are smaller than the Post-Panamax container ship (15,000 TEU and above).     

大潮差海域环境系泊船舶漂移分析及对策

针对某集装箱泊位多次出现系泊船舶漂移情况,在现场调研和分析的基础上利用排除法初步确定了主要影响因素。根据现场实测水文、地形等资料,采用船舶系泊水流数学模型和物理模型对该集装箱泊位的水流分布及船舶漂移过程进行了模拟试验。根据试验结果研究了大潮差海域环境下系泊船舶漂移的主要影响因素和机理,并据此提出了有关工程措施和建议。     

A continuous berth template design model with multiple wharfs

ABSTRACT

Berth planning plays an important role in improving the efficiency of a container terminal. This study focuses on the berth template problem (BTP), which determines the berthing windows of the calling ships within a planning horizon (e.g. a week) in a cyclical way. As a mid-term tactical decision problem, BTP provides the decision support for a terminal operator to negotiate the contracts with the shipping lines. This study develops an integer programming (IP) model aiming to minimize the total deviation, given the ship-dependent target times preferred by the shipping lines. To validate the model and illustrate the benefits of its use, we perform a numerical experiment based on operational data of a specific container terminal in Southeast Asia. Two IP-based heuristic methods are developed to take into account the decision framework of terminal operators in reaction to demand increases. The experiment results indicate that the model and the solution approaches can enhance the resource utilization and operational efficiency of container terminals.     

基于模拟减少集装箱船待港时间的实用方法(英文)

The main challenge for container ports is the planning required for berthing container ships while docked in port.Growth of containerization is creating problems for ports and container terminals as they reach their capacity limits of various resources which increasingly leads to traffic and port congestion.Good planning and management of container terminal operations reduces waiting time for liner ships.Reducing the waiting time improves the terminal’s productivity and decreases the port difficulties.Two important keys to reducing waiting time with berth allocation are determining suitable access channel depths and increasing the number of berths which in this paper are studied and analyzed as practical solutions.Simulation based analysis is the only way to understand how various resources interact with each other and how they are affected in the berthing time of ships.We used the Enterprise Dynamics software to produce simulation models due to the complexity and nature of the problems.We further present case study for berth allocation simulation of the biggest container terminal in Iran and the optimum access channel depth and the number of berths are obtained from simulation results.The results show a significant reduction in the waiting time for container ships and can be useful for major functions in operations and development of container ship terminals.     

大风天气下洋山港超大型船舶撤离泊位方法研究

根据洋山港自然、地理条件,运用目前在航道论证方面已经比较成熟的船舶操纵模拟器,有针对性地对大风天气下靠泊超大型船舶安全撤离泊位方法进行了研究;根据所选8000 TEU超大型集装箱船舶的模拟船型撤离泊位进行模拟实验的结果和在对实验数据充分、系统分析的基础上,提出了超大型船舶安全撤离泊位的具体方法,为洋山港超大型集装箱船舶在大风天气下安全撤离泊位提供比较科学的参考依据。     

关于在欧盟集装箱码头有效进行安全生产管理的研究

为应对集装箱船舶的日益大型化趋势,集装箱码头需不断购置新型岸桥（QC）、场桥（RMG或RTG）、跨运车（SC）、内拖车（YT）,不断提高装卸效率以满足船公司的作业要求,随着码头设备、人员数量的不断增加,码头操作环境也日益复杂,如果不能及时有效地管理好人/机安全,极易发生人员伤亡和机械损坏等安全事故。2010年6月,中远正式接管希腊比雷埃夫斯集装箱码头公司（PCT）,在中远集团的安全理念的指导下,PCT迅速建立了三级安全管理架构,严格按照国际劳工组织（ILO）的《码头安全和健康》（Safety and Health in Ports）指导原则以及欧盟和希腊有关保障码头生产安全和员工健康的法律、法规,结合PCT实际情况有效实施了各项加强生产安全和员工健康的措施,切实保障了PCT 的生产安全和员工健康。四年来,尽管PCT的操作量和操作效率屡创新高,但生产安全形势始终保持良好。该公司副总经理孙凯根据自己在希腊集装箱码头从事安全生产管理的经验,从国际、欧盟和希腊有关码头安全生产管理法律法规的解读、码头安全生产管理架构的建立、码头人/机安全保障规则的要点以及PCT有效进行安全生产管理的主要经验等方面加以阐述,以期为国内外其它码头的生产安全管理提供参考。     

A break-even model for evaluating the cost of container ships waiting times and berth unproductive times in automated quayside operations

The planning, design and development of a container terminal with optimum size and capacity and with a minimum capital cost is fundamentally dependent upon the loading and discharging operations at the quayside. The quayside function of container terminals is dependent basically on the number of berths available to service the incoming container ships. The objective of the container terminals dealing and admitting the ongoing ship calls is to provide immediate berth and loading and discharging services to the container ships with a minimum costly waiting time and a maximum efficiency. Previously terminal planners used to build extra berths to provide service. During the last two decades the terminal operators have adopted automation technologies in loading and discharging operation of the container ships as an alternative to designing extra berths. Ship owners naturally expect least waiting times for their container ships. On the other hand, it is also natural for port operators in a container terminal with costly facilities to see a high berth occupancy and productivity at the quayside. This study uses queuing theory to find a break-even point as a way of evaluating the cost of container ship waiting times and the cost of berth unproductive service times for container terminals aiming to automate their quayside operation. The analysis illustrates that automation devices installed on conventional Quayside Cranes (QSCs) significantly reduce the turnaround time of the container ships calling at the ports. It argues, however, that there should be a balance between the cost of berth unproductive service times and the cost of vessel waiting times. The study introduces a break-even point to be considered as a benchmark for calculating such a balance. The analysis in this study can be used as a decision tool for the operators of container terminals in the medium to small ports to appraise the feasibility of an investment in automation or expansion of the quayside facilities.     

偏好泊位约束下的集装箱港口离散泊位分配问题*

在集装箱码头中,泊位调度系统是影响码头作业调度的重要环节,而泊位分配问题又是其首要问题。为了揭示 泊位偏好对泊位分配问题的影响,重点从集装箱码头泊位分配问题和基于船舶泊位偏好问题两方面展开研究,为对泊位分 配和泊位偏好进行协同优化配置,建立泊位偏好约束下的多目标混合整数数学模型。并且采用CPLEX进行求解。通过算例 说明模型的有效性,并通过实验分析船舶对泊位的偏好的影响。结果对港口具有的实际应用价值,拓展了对离散型靠泊计 划的研究。     

Fatigue assessment of ship structures based on equivalent wave probability (EWP) concept (1st report): Proposal of EWP concept and its verification by 8600TEU container ship's onboard hull monitoring

A long-term fatigue assessment method based on EWP concept is proposed. ‘Equivalent wave probability (EWP)’ is the fictitious (H_S, T_m)'s joint probability distribution function (JPDF), for which the frequency distribution of the stress variance R², f(R²), calculated by spectral fatigue assessment agrees with the observed one. By choosing probability function p(R²) to fit f(R²), the R²'s statistical model (R2SM) which represents the relation between the EWP parameters and R²'s population parameters is developed, and the Bayesian inference, which can estimate the EWP parameters from the measured R² data is developed. The EWP at the reference position (RP) can be determined by Bayesian inference from the measured R² through the R2SM at RP. To accurately estimate the measured f(R²) at the target position (TP) from the EWP at RP, an R2SM correction factor at TP, denoted by α_TP, is introduced in the process of assimilating R2SM. The resulting R2SM, which has been assimilated by Bayesian inference using measured data, is referred to as data-assimilated R2SM (DAR2SM). The fatigue assessment using EWP at RP as the input of DAR2SM at TP is called Bayes-EWP-DAR2SM analysis. The validity of Bayes-EWP-DAR2SM analysis is verified by using the long-term (about four years) multi(12)-position hull monitoring (HM) data of an 8,600TEU container ship. The fatigue damages estimated by Bayes-EWP-DAR2SM based solely on the stress history of a single sensor are in agreement with measurements with sufficient accuracy, independent of the chosen data assimilation period. This demonstrates that the multi-position fatigue assessment solely through HM at one RP based on EWP concept is realized.     

基于多目标混沌云粒子群算法的泊位-岸桥分配研究

为了提高集装箱港口泊位-岸桥分配效果和优化效率,以集卡运距和船舶在港时间最小为优化目标,建立了多目标离散泊位-岸桥分配模型,利用混沌云粒子群算法对泊位-岸桥分配模型进行求解,开发了粒子可行-整数化处理模块,内嵌于混沌云粒子群算法进化中,制定了粒子编码规则,设计了多目标函数的粒子历史极值和全局极值的计算方法,提出了基于混沌云粒子群优化算法求解多目标离散泊位-岸桥分配模型的新方法,数值算例结果证明了该模型和算法的可行性和实用性。     

“The Geography of Maritime Transport–Space as a Perspective in Maritime Research and Development”

Emissions from commercial shipping are currently the subject of intense scrutiny. Among the top fuel-consuming categories of ships and hence air polluters are container vessels. The main reason is their high service speed. Lately, speed reduction has become a very popular operational measure to reduce fuel consumption and can obviously be used to curb emissions. This paper examines such an operational scenario. Since time at sea increases with slow steaming, there is a parallel and strong interest to investigate possible ways to decrease time in port. One way to do so is to reduce port service time. Another possible way to minimize disruption and maximize efficiency is the prompt berthing of vessels upon arrival. To that effect, a related berthing policy is investigated as a measure to reduce waiting time. The objective of reducing emissions along the maritime intermodal container chain is investigated vis-à-vis reduction in operational costs and other service attributes. Some illustrative examples are presented.     

集装箱码头泊位资源动态配置优化

集装箱码头泊位系统是一个典型的排队系统,船舶可视为系统的服务对象即顾客.将泊位及与之对应的岸桥作为一个整体可视为船舶排队系统的服务台,优化配置泊位资源就是基于这一特殊的排队系统进行最优的泊位数量决策.在对集装箱码头服务系统特性分析的基础上,基于排队论对集装箱码头泊位规模的确定进了数学建模,并开发了模拟迭代算法,结合实例分析显示了模型及算法的有效性.     

集装箱船配载问题的粒子群算法研究

针对集装箱船配载优化中的Bay位优选问题,提出以倒箱量、重心横向偏移和初稳性高为目标,以箱位与Bay位的一致和Bay位重量为约束条件的数学模型,提出一种多目标离散粒子群算法(MODPSO)求解之,得到该算法优化后的Pareto解集和Pareto解迭代过程中的变化趋势图,为集装箱船配载问题提供多种方案以供备选,从而达到在提高集装箱船装载效率、节约装载成本和时间、使集装箱船获得稳定航行状态等目标间取得更好平衡的目的。     

A simulation model for gate operations in multi-purpose cargo terminals

ABSTRACT

A multi-purpose cargo terminal in a seaport contains necessary infrastructure to handle different types of cargo, such as container, dry bulk, general bulk, and Ro-Ro. Since such terminals generally have dedicated areas and equipment for different types of cargo, berth, and yard operations for each type of cargo can be considered separate. On the other hand, trucks that carry all types of cargo use the same gate structure to enter and leave the terminal. Therefore, a method to superimpose the traffic that is caused by different types of cargo is needed for the planning of gate investments and operations. Consequently, this paper has developed a simulation model for a multi-purpose terminal to estimate the gate traffic and determine the necessary gate infrastructure, so that it can be used as a decision support tool for terminal planners and operational managers.     

秦皇岛港西港区集装箱泊位改造工程施工技术综述

对秦皇岛港西港区集装箱泊位改造工程施工中采取的综合技术措施和新工艺进行系统的介绍.这些工艺和综合技术措施在集装箱泊位改造工程施工中取得了良好的效果。     

Verifying liner Shipping Alliance’s stability by applying core theory

The core is a vital concept in cooperative game theory and has been widely used in analyzing alliance’s stability. It is especially interesting to apply core theory in liner shipping market due to the latter’s exceptional characteristic of non-homogeneous cost curves as well as divisible and fluctuant demand. Having observed some new phenomena and trends in the industry, this paper studies the economic performance and stability of liner shipping alliance by applying core theory where business cooperation is partly realized by delivering joint-service with mega container ships. To demonstrate the core situation in liner shipping alliance, a cost function is first identified on the basis of two assumptions regarding cooperation: 1) sharing or pooling vessels and 2) deploying mega container ships if needed. Taking cost functions as basis, two conditions of approaching core may be groomed, i.e., collective rationality and individual rationality. The first condition is discussed from the perspective of market, while the second condition is studied within the alliance. Stability of liner shipping alliance is then observed based on these two conditions. An illustrative case study is conducted in order to show some implications and explicitly clarify the theory.     

Sail optimization for upwind sailing: application in a Tornado, the Olympic class catamaran

A study of a boat's motion is carried out in order to analyze the aerodynamic properties of the optimal sail for obtaining the maximum velocity when sailing to windward. The mechanics study shows the optimal C _L and C _D for a given sail and how the shape of the aerodynamic polar of the sail should be. A parametrical analysis of the aerodynamics of a sail is then carried out varying the maximum camber, position of the maximum camber in the chord direction and position of the maximum camber in the mast direction. The parametric analysis is done numerically with a vortex lattice method (VLM) and experimentally in a wind tunnel. The results show that the influence of the relevant parameters studied can be reduced to the variation of two parameters, A and B, defining the polar of the sail, C _D = B + A ² C _L ²; and the influence of parameters A and B on the maximum VMG obtainable are calculated.