Maritime safety and the ISM code: a study of investigated casualties and incidents

In 1993, the International Maritime Organization adopted the International Safety Management (ISM) Code which requires all shipping companies operating certain types of vessels to establish safety management systems. Nevertheless, two decades later, maritime safety remains a concern. This article studies 94 maritime cases investigated by the Maritime Accident Investigation Branch in the UK. By providing an analysis of reported casualties and incidents, it highlights current challenges in maritime safety. For each casualty and incident, the study reviews the underlying causal factors. These causal factors are then coded according to the functional sections of the ISM Code, covering various aspects of safety management. To investigate human and organizational factors involved in the casualties and incidents, the human factor analysis and classification system (HFACS) is applied to code the same data. Finally, the relative seriousness of casualties and incidents is considered to discuss the findings from ISM Code and HFACS reviews. The study found that the main challenges pertain to the development of plans for shipboard operations, local shipboard management, and the ability of the company to verify when such practices deviate from best practices or required standards.     

加强设备安全管理确保船舶安全运营

船舶安全管理是船公司管理的主要部分,设备安全管理是贯穿船公司安全管理的一项重要内容,是一项综合系统性管理工作。做好船舶设备安全管理工作,可以从建立完善设备安全管理体制、加强船员管理力度、加强和推行质量管理、重视设备维修保养工作以及培育企业安全文化等方面开展工作。     

Shipboard safety: exploring organizational and regulatory factors

ABSTRACT

How vessel crews perceive safety on board (shipboard safety) is a useful indication for the general safety level. In this study a theoretical model was explored, involving factors that could possibly influence shipboard safety. Based on a survey questionnaire (n = 244), safety climate, shipowner efficiency demands and regulatory activities were investigated as influencing factors. Structural equation modelling gave support to the theoretical model and the findings illustrate that simultaneous involvement of various levels of the maritime system (crews, shipowners, regulators) can be effective for safety improvements. The study indicates that shipboard safety is affected by actions and prioritization by external actors through safety climate. It suggests that the maritime industry will profit from monitoring safety climate as part of the ongoing risk considerations, as a supplement to reactive parameters such as accident statistics.     

舰艇管路系统的抗冲击性能弹性评估方法

舰艇管路系统的抗冲击安全性能是其生命力要素的重要组成部分,因此对舰艇管路的抗冲击设计分析方法的需求也十分迫切.本文以火力发电厂汽水管路设计计算方法为原理,对容易破坏的管路部件的应力增强系数进行验证性计算,提出了多点支撑管路系统的冲击载荷输入方法,给出了管路系统的抗冲击性能评估方法.通过试验,验证了评估方法具有足够的安全系数,可以作为舰艇管路系统抗冲击性能的评估方法.     

Safety culture on board six Swedish passenger ships

This paper presents the results of a Swedish study on maritime safety culture. The study aims to increase knowledge about the characteristics of safety culture in the maritime setting and about the relationship between safety culture and organizational climate. Such knowledge can be vital in the process of developing and improving safety culture. The paper reports the results of safety culture assessments on board six Swedish passenger ships in international traffic, using observations, questionnaires, and interviews focussing on 508 employees who completed the questionnaires. The results of the assessments revealed a generally good existing safety culture. Differences in individuals' safety culture perceptions were found between ships, vessel type (high-speed craft versus Ropax), and hierarchical working position. Important relationships between organizational climate and safety culture were also found. A comparison with other transport sectors where the same safety culture assessment had been applied yielded that passenger shipping has an average safety culture score level that falls between air traffic control and airport ground handling. The method of assessment, which can be used by shipping companies and vessel crews, identified specific areas of concern in the safety culture that could support continuous improvements of safety and safety culture.     

Safety culture on board six Swedish passenger ships

This paper presents the results of a Swedish study on maritime safety culture. The study aims to increase knowledge about the characteristics of safety culture in the maritime setting and about the relationship between safety culture and organizational climate. Such knowledge can be vital in the process of developing and improving safety culture. The paper reports the results of safety culture assessments on board six Swedish passenger ships in international traffic, using observations, questionnaires, and interviews focussing on 508 employees who completed the questionnaires. The results of the assessments revealed a generally good existing safety culture. Differences in individuals' safety culture perceptions were found between ships, vessel type (high-speed craft versus Ropax), and hierarchical working position. Important relationships between organizational climate and safety culture were also found. A comparison with other transport sectors where the same safety culture assessment had been applied yielded that passenger shipping has an average safety culture score level that falls between air traffic control and airport ground handling. The method of assessment, which can be used by shipping companies and vessel crews, identified specific areas of concern in the safety culture that could support continuous improvements of safety and safety culture.     

中压舰船接地方式与人体安全性分析

中压电力系统在舰船上的应用给舰船人员的安全性提出了新的要求,为此在建立人体模型的基础上,分析两种不同接地方式人体触电的危害,并给出了相应的安全措施.     

多种破坏因素下舰船电力系统三维战损综合评估

分析武器攻击产生的4种主要破坏因素对设备的损伤机理,对船体和电力系统进行三维数字建模,采用Matlab编程进行蒙特卡罗模拟多种常规武器攻击。考虑多种破坏因素,提出武器多次命中时电力系统各部分损伤概率和损伤等级的计算方法。利用层次分析法确定权重,综合评估电力系统的损伤,提出电力系统的设计及防护建议。     

舰载直升机起降安全性分析及其评估

针对舰载直升机起降的安全问题,论文从四个方面分析其影响因素,开展了基于模糊综合评判的舰载直升机起降安全评估分析.该评估体系分为三层,运用模糊综合评判建立判断矩阵并计算评价向量,最后通过计算被评价对象的评价等级量化值,并得出了可供舰载机起降决策的评价结果.     

舰载双冗余以太网系统数据监测技术及实现

现代新型舰载作战系统普遍采用双冗余以太网技术．网络系统正常运行是发挥作战系统效能的基础,而网络数据监测采集则是维护网络正常运行的重要手段。结合舰载作战系统双冗余以太网环境,讨论在VxWorks下利用双Intel系列网卡完成数据监测的方法,并以此实现了网络数据监测采集系统。经测试及实际应用表明,该系统具备良好的性能和可靠的特性。     

泉金航线(泉州段)通航风险分析与评价

结合泉金航线(泉州段)通航环境实际情况,运用定性和定量相结合的方法对该航线通航风险进行评价,并得到通航风险级别和影响通航风险主要因素,提出相应通航安全保障措施。     

一种无变频器式舰船交流电力推进系统稳态特性分析

为提高舰船电力推进系统功率密度,降低振动噪声,提出了一种基于永磁同步电机的无变频器式舰船交流电力推进系统。该系统将永磁同步电机作为推进电机,原动机与电励磁发电机直连,发电机与推进电机通过电缆直连。通过原动机调速实现推进电机转速调节,通过发电机励磁调节实现推进电机电压调节。建立了该电力推进系统静态数学模型,推导了系统主要电气量与发电机励磁电流及推进电机负载转矩间的函数关系,分析了系统的静态稳定性条件,分析了不同转速工况下和电机参数匹配条件下各电气量随发电机励磁电流的变化规律。数字仿真结果验证了所建立的静态数学模型及理论分析结果的准确性。     

单船动态风险评估模糊推理系统的设计与模拟

对在航船舶进行动态的风险评估,分析影响船舶安全航行的风险因素,构建了船舶风险评估模型,定义了各项风险因素的隶属函数,并参考专家经验建立模糊推理规则.按照建立的模型,在MATLAB平台上运用模糊推理系统构建风险评估系统,并应用该系统对在航船舶进行定量风险评估.实例证明,该系统能够合理地评估在航船舶的整体风险水平,为驾驶员决策提供参考,具有应用潜力.     

船载铲斗挖掘机作业监视仪的设计与实现

分析船载铲斗挖掘机作业监视仪的功能特点、工作原理和结构组成,介绍角度信号的产生和采集,铲斗挖掘机作业工况软件仿真的实现。针对船载铲斗挖掘机作业的现状,提出以传感器信号采集模块和工控机为核心设计船载铲斗挖掘机作业监视仪,替代人工肉眼观察或摄像头监视的落后方法,提高船载铲斗挖掘机作业的可靠性和安全性。     

A trial application of FSA methodology to the hatchway watertight integrity of bulk carriers

Formal safety assessment (FSA) is a formal, structured and systematic methodology, aimed at enhancing maritime safety, including protection of life, property and marine environment, by using risk and cost–benefit assessments. For the application of this methodology to the rule-making process, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) presented the Interim Guidelines, which describe procedures of FSA and inputs/outputs of each procedure in detail. This paper basically deals with an application of FSA methodology according to the IMO's Interim Guidelines to the hatchway watertight integrity of bulk carriers, which was carried out as a cooperative research between Korean Register of Shipping and Seoul National University. As results of this application study, 18 hazards are identified and 32 risk control measures are devised to reduce the associated risks. Potential risks, costs and benefits when some Risk Control Options are introduced are evaluated in monetary unit of US $. Finally, some discussions and recommendations based on experiences are also given for both future work and better application of this FSA methodology to the rule-making process.     

舰船舷侧防护结构水下接触爆炸动响应分析研究

舰船舷侧防护结构在接触爆炸载荷作用下的动响应问题是舰船抗爆抗冲击设计的重要组成部分。根据国外水面舰船防护结构形式,在某单层舷侧舰船模型基础上增设舷侧防护隔壁结构,并应用国际上通用的动力有限元程序ABAQUS对其进行水下接触爆炸系列数值仿真实验,考核舷侧防护结构对舰船抗爆抗冲击性能的影响。通过结果的对比分析发现,增设舷侧防护结构后较明显改善了船体外板的损伤情况,且防护隔壁仅发生了少量的塑性变形没有产生破口,从而达到了保护内部机舱等重要舱室的目的,并以防护结构双层隔舱内填充液体抗冲击性能最佳。     

高速公路养护维修作业区危险因素分析

国内高速公路养护维修作业区事故是交通管理部门亟待解决的一个问题。文中研究了国外高速公路养护维修作业区的事故规律,通过对国外文献中高速公路作业区事故危险因素分析法的综述,建立完善的作业区危险因素体系。结合事故数据,分析国内作业区事故特点,并有针对性地提出了安全管理对策。     

模拟器中船舶搁浅危险性评价方法的研究

在航海模拟器中,如何对模拟训练的过程实时、连续地进行航行安全评价一直是急待解决的重要课题。通过建立狭水道航行船舶搁浅危险性定量分析的数学方法,提出了基于大型船舶操纵模拟系统的狭水道航行船舶搁浅危险性评价模型。该模型能实时、连续地评价航行于狭水道等受限水域船的搁浅危险性,是一种对航海模拟训练评价的较客观、科学的方法。     

Accident precursors and safety nets: leading indicators of tanker operations safety

Leading indicators, one type of accident precursor, are conditions, events or measures that precede an undesirable event and that have some value in predicting the arrival of the event, whether it is an accident, incident, near miss, or undesirable safety state. Leading indicators are associated with proactive activities that identify hazards and assess, eliminate, minimize and control risk. An empirical analysis of leading indicators of safety for an international energy transportation company was undertaken, utilizing a previously validated research model. Quantitative safety performance and qualitative safety culture data were obtained from 943 participants on 37 vessels from three fleets in the organization. Organizational, vessel and individual safety factors and leading indicators were identified and an analysis of fleet, vessel, and individual safety cultures was undertaken. The results indicate that individual and vessel-level leading indicators can provide important input to an organization's continuous safety measuring and monitoring systems.     

船舶通信导航设备配套综合设计分析

基于IMO在船舶通信导航综合领域提出的决议要求,在提高了船舶的航行安全的同时,也给船舶通信导航生产厂家和船厂的配套设计提出了新的挑战。本文介绍和分析已经生效或即将强制生效的几个船舶通讯导航设备的规范,以期对船舶通讯导航设备配套方案的选择和设计提供参考。