Global supply chain and port/terminal: integration and competitiveness

Much has been said of the importance of port and terminal integration in the supply chain. Authors have stressed the importance of agility to the port environment, which involves being proactive along supply chains, facilitation of intermodal integration, as well as organizational integration and partnership between ports and users. Despite the well articulated importance of the issues, little has been offered in terms of conceptualizations and empirical evidence of what really is meant by port/terminal integration in the supply chain, how such integration can be measured and quantified as well as the extent to which different ports/terminals in the world are integrated in the supply chain and competitive performance implications arising thereof. This paper aims to make a contribution in this respect by (i) reviewing the relevant literature on supply chain integration and port integration in the supply chain, (ii) conceptualizing measures for port/terminal integration in the supply chain, (iii) empirically testing the influence of port/terminal integration in the supply chain on port competitiveness and (iv) outlining the significance and value of the study for port operators, shipping lines, transport providers and for further research.     

宁波港口供应链发展策略

为推动宁波港口产业发展,确定影响宁波港口供应链效率的主要因素,指出宁波港口供应链存在港口与物流区及临港产业互动不够,港口与航运企业、物流服务商合作松散,“大通关”未落到实处,港口集疏运网络有待完善,信息共享程度较低等问题;并由此提出通过构建港口物流服务供应链平台提高港口竞争力。     

港口服务供应链信息集成模式及协作机制*

供应链环境下客户需求的日益多样化和快速化对港口服务供应链提出了更高要求,信息系统是实现该目标的重要手段之一。为港口服务供应链设计一种具有柔性与响应性的信息集成模式和协作机制,以提高其竞争力。给出了港口服务供应链的内涵和基本结构。通过对直链管理、跨级管理、网状管理和集成管理等4种信息管理模式优缺点的比较,为港口服务供应链选择了适合的信息管理模式。设计了包含战略层、控制层和操作层的港口服务供应链的三层信息管理结构,给出了各层次间的工作逻辑,并指出了其运作的协作机制。     

A logistics and supply chain management approach to port performance measurement

Although there is widespread recognition of the potential of ports as logistics centres, widely accepted performance measurements for such centres have yet to be developed. The essence of logistics and supply chain management is an integrative approach to the interaction of different processes and functions within a firm extended to a network of organizations for the purpose of cost reduction and customer satisfaction [1]. The logistics approach often adopts a cost trade-off analysis between functions, processes and even supply chains [2]. This approach could be beneficial to port efficiency by directing port strategy towards relevant value-added logistics activities. This paper seeks to show that through conceptualizing ports from a logistics and supply chain management approach, it is possible to suggest a relevant framework of port performance. A proposed framework is tested in a survey of port managers and other international experts.     

A logistics and supply chain management approach to port performance measurement

Although there is widespread recognition of the potential of ports as logistics centres, widely accepted performance measurements for such centres have yet to be developed. The essence of logistics and supply chain management is an integrative approach to the interaction of different processes and functions within a firm extended to a network of organizations for the purpose of cost reduction and customer satisfaction []. The logistics approach often adopts a cost trade-off analysis between functions, processes and even supply chains []. This approach could be beneficial to port efficiency by directing port strategy towards relevant value-added logistics activities. This paper seeks to show that through conceptualizing ports from a logistics and supply chain management approach, it is possible to suggest a relevant framework of port performance. A proposed framework is tested in a survey of port managers and other international experts.     

基于AHP和DEA的港口供应链合作伙伴选择

提出用层次分析法(AHP)和数据包络法(DEA)相结合的方法对港口供应链合作伙伴进行选择,并通过应用算例给出了解决该问题的具体解法.该方法综合了AHP和DEA的优点,既体现决策者的主观意向,又反映了客观的信息,将定性分析和定量分析有机结合起来,能够很好地反映合作伙伴选择的客观情况,有利于正确做出港口供应链合作伙伴选择,保证港口供应链的成功运作.     

江苏港航供应链转型升级进展

为全面明确江苏港航供应链的发展阶段、特征及阻碍,采用数据分析法和比较分析法分析江苏港航供应链的现状及发展中存在的问题。研究发现:港航一体化取得重要进展,但质量和效益仍需大力提升;港航供应链不断拉长加粗,但高端供需亟待协同发力;节能减排效果持续显现,但绿色发展合力有待强化。应从绿色发展的理念落实、政策体系、工作机制、运营模式、监管督导等方面消除阻碍江苏港航供应链绿色转型的因素,促进其由中级阶段向高级阶段转型升级。     

Scenario analysis for supply chain integration in container shipping

Competition in the business world nowadays is largely between supply chains, rather than individual players only. The same situation exists in container shipping. The study looks into container shipping from an integrated perspective and investigates the nature and level of supply chain integration in container shipping. Based on empirical examinations of the world's top 30 container shipping lines, a scenario analysis is conducted. The paper aims to present the scenario analysis for examining supply chain integration in container shipping. It also aims to formulate strategic recommendations for liners to create and sustain competitive advantage. The scenario analysis is designed to allow more complete consideration of alternative possible outcomes and their implications on the research topic. It involves an evaluation of past and present events and provides a plausible discussion of what might occur in the future. It depicts four scenarios of supply chain integration in container shipping, namely, low integration, partner-focused integration, activity-focused integration and high integration. On the whole, research findings suggest that market situations favour those scenarios representing higher level of supply chain integration. Importantly, with reference to the scenario analysis, shipping lines should position themselves in an appropriate scenario and formulate strategic plans accordingly.     

港口供应链物流能力最优关系契约模型

港口供应链需要大量专用性物流能力,但又普遍存在着专用性物流能力投资不足的问题。通过港口供应链模型,分析了非合作与集中决策条件下能力投资,设计了最优关系契约,有效解决了港口供应链中专用性物流能力投资不足的问题。     

全球供应链视角的东亚港口物流服务绩效与趋势分析*

东亚港口基于旺盛的贸易运输需求而在全球供应链体系中崛起,同时也因为港口拥挤等问题而存在降低贸易成本的空间。首先从全球供应链视角解析港口物流服务格局,突出了东亚地区、特别是中国港口的地位,评价港口物流的综合绩效和竞争状态,然后对发展趋势做出预测。研究发现：东亚港口将通过持续投资实现供给需求的动态平衡;日本地震引致的全球供应链重组将使港口物流服务发生结构性变化,东亚将加强跨国港口物流合作以满足区域经济一体化的要求。     

港口干散货物流供应链信息协同运作模式分析

在国内外供应链管理研究及河北港口群煤炭业务现状调研分析的基础上,剖析现阶段港口煤炭供应链运营管理的问题。聚焦河北港口群煤炭供应链模式构建过程,梳理港口煤炭供应链管理流程,构建河北港口群供应链管理模式、物流协同模式、物流体系及物流供应链协同信息化支撑模式,解决制约港口煤炭供应链的信息共享不及时、信息流通不畅等问题。对港口煤炭供应链协同运作信息化体系进行总体框架设计,并选择典型平台建设探讨供应链协同运作信息化体系支撑实现模式,形成高效、科学、先进的河北港口群煤炭供应链管理模式。     

协同电子商务供应链管理集成原理分析

自20世纪90年代以来,随着电子商务的推广和协同电子商务的应用,集成供应链管理已经成为国内外的一个研究热点。本文详细介绍了供应链管理、供应链管理集成及协同电子商务等概念。文章系统分析了供应链集成的四个层次、供应链管理集成的基本思想,并在此基础上论述了协同电子商务与供应链管理之间的关系。     

Ship, port and supply chain security concepts interlinking maritime with hinterland transport chains

As maritime processes do no stop at sea ports, hinterland operations have to be considered and addressed as well. This becomes obviously on designing and managing seamless cargo and information flows from/to hinterland regions via sea ports from/to transcontinental markets. Nowadays, also security-related aspects need to be tackled in order to enable continuous flows corresponding to security legislations and technical requirements set up in the field of maritime and intermodal hinterland transport. Ensuring transport security within the European transport market requires both adequate security legislations and innovative concepts. While for the maritime sector, including sea ports, security regulations are already in force, hinterland operations (road, rail and Inland Waterway Transport) are only indirectly affected today, either on carrying out transports from/to sea ports or exporting commodities to overseas territories. This results in the need for innovative security strategies and concepts combining maritime with hinterland transport enabling seamless security processes.     

我国港舱企业发展综合运输供应链的问题及对策

改革开放以来,我国综合运输事业取得到长足进步,交通运输业已发展成为促进国家经济和社会发展的助推器。5大交通运输方式的基础设施建设全面推进,取得骄人的业绩（见表1）。     

港口物流柔性供应链稳定性评估模型分析

稳定性是影响海洋港口物流柔性供应链运营效率的关键因素,因此在此背景下,构建了一个稳定性综合评估模型。该模型综合多种方法,首先利用主成分分析方法从供应链稳定性评估体系中筛选出模型构建指标,然后利用层次分析法计算指标权重,最后利用模糊综合评价法对港口物流柔性供应链稳定性进行评估。结果表明:本模型对上海港外高桥港区10年间的港口物流柔性供应链稳定性进行评估,得出的稳定评估结果与实际结果完全一致,同时证明了本模型的可行性与准确性。     

基于FAHP-模糊层次分析法的港口综合竞争力评价

港口的综合指标及吞吐货物的集疏运能力是反映港口竞争力的重要表现。借助于模糊层次分析法,以构建港口竞争力评价方法,为港口客观恰当了解和评价自身竞争力及相对水平提供了参考价值,港口可以以此作为分析和寻找自身薄弱环节的措施,有针对性地进行改进。结合实例对方法的有效性和实用性进行验证。     

Activities,resources and inter-organizational relationships: key factors in port competitiveness

In the last decade, the port economics literature has given great emphasis to the Supply Chain Management approach as the new paradigm for the definition of port competitiveness. SCM supports the development of partnerships between the actors of the supply chain and considers the integration of activities and resources along business processes as source of competitive advantage. Nevertheless, the application of SCM approach to the port is particularly compiex given the traditional hostile relationships between port actors. In the effort to overcome such complexity, some authors have considered ports as Logistics Service Providers and interpreted their role within supply chains through the integrative practices undertaken by Global Players–mainly Shipping Companies and Terminal Operators–in the supply of integrated logistics services. Even tough these actors are crucial for the port competitiveness, they determine a passive role of port in the new competitive scenario. The definition of a potential and pro-active role of port in the supply chains is the objective of this paper that presents, through a literature review on SCM and port competitiveness, a new framework for port competitiveness. According to this framework, that is based on the value constellation concept value is generated by joint effort of port actors in the satisfaction of clients' needs, through the exploitation of different I mterdependencies (serial, pooled and reciprocal) between supply chains. In this context, Port Authority has a I fundamental role in identifying those resources–the so called critical assets–that encourage the development of inter-organisational relationships between port actors in the value generation process.     

造船供应链与物流服务供应链的对接研究*

针对造船供应链与物流服务供应链(LSSC)对接的问题,基于演化博弈论分析了造船供应链与LSSC对接的动态演化。研究结果表明:合作成本、超额收益、奖惩系数、收益分配系数、成本分摊系数和背叛收益等都会对造船供应链和LSSC的对接产生影响。通过调整这些参数的大小,可以实现二者的成功对接。     

Critical success factors of supply chain integration in container shipping: an application of resource-based view theory

ABSTRACT

The container shipping industry is receiving growing attention in driving the performance of global supply chains. This phenomenon has accelerated supply chain integration (SCI) within the industry. Although SCI could offer numerous benefits, it is often quoted to be implemented easier in theory than in practice. The high failure rate that is associated with SCI is often not addressed in the literature. Grounded on resource-based view (RBV) theory, this paper is aimed at identifying the critical success factors (CSFs) and examining their influence on SCI and supply chain performance (SCP). Survey questionnaires were administered on 164 container shipping firms. The constructs were validated empirically using confirmatory factor analysis and were subsequently analysed using structural equation modelling. The proposed CSFs in this study are found to be positively corelated with SCI, which, in turn, is positively correlated with SCP. This paper has contributed to both theory and practice by applying RBV theory to identify the key resources and capabilities that are necessary for SCI in the container shipping industry.     

Vertical integration and its implications to port expansion

ABSTRACT

Over the years many shipping lines have established terminal operation companies, with some set up as independent firms. However, port authorities and local governments have not always welcomed external investment and control with open arms. The economic implications and each stakeholder’s best strategies remain unclear. This study develops an analytical model in order to study the effects of vertical integration, with a focus on shipping lines’ investment in ports’ capacity. Modelling results suggest that vertical integration between terminal operator and a shipping line leads to higher port capacity, port charge, market output and consumer surplus. It also reduces delay costs. All these results suggest that vertical integration can be an important source of synergy for the maritime industry. Although vertical integration increases the participating carrier’s output at the expenses of non-integrating rival shipping firms, our numerical analysis suggests that the overall social welfare is likely to increase. Preliminary empirical tests confirm that vertically integrated ports handle more traffic volumes and are associated with better infrastructure and equipment. Therefore, port authorities and government regulators should carefully review the market competition status as well as port expansion plans.