发动机燃烧火焰的可视化技术

为了降低发动机的燃油耗,实现高效燃烧,使用高速彩色摄影机等光学摄影装置,使观察发动机缸内的燃烧火焰成为可能。介绍了气缸内爆震的观察方法、气体燃料发动机机内着火及火焰传播过程的详细观察技术,以及运用小孔观测器观察柴油机柴油喷束产生的着火燃烧图像。运用上述观察技术将有助于掌握燃油雾化及喷雾燃烧机理,探索抑制爆震、降低氮氧化物和颗粒排放,以及实现高效燃烧的途径。     

热喷涂技术在汽车零部件中的应用及其工艺

热喷涂技术作为一种新型表面加工技术,在汽车零部件领域的应用逐渐受到人们的重视。文章概述了高速火焰喷涂和等离子喷涂,这两种常见汽车零部件涉及的热喷涂工艺,介绍了相应的工艺原理和特点,并分别对其工艺影响因素进行分析,同时也总结了现有工作的不足,为热喷涂工艺在汽车零部件的工艺优化和日常过程管理提供思路。     

进气滚流强度对直喷发动机燃烧特性的影响

以光学单缸直喷汽油发动机作为试验平台,通过在进气法兰处安装不同的滚流导流板调节进气截面积来获得不同强度的滚流气流。利用Converge软件对缸内滚流强度和湍动能进行评估,采用高速彩色相机拍摄不同滚流强度下火焰状态随曲轴转角的变化,同时采用燃烧分析仪采集缸压数据。通过图像处理分离蓝色火焰和黄色火焰,其中,蓝光被认为主要来自火焰中CH释放的化学荧光,而黄光被认为主要来自炭烟颗粒的辐射。试验发现:随着滚流强度的提高,蓝色火焰面积增加,缸内燃烧速率得以提升,缸内平均指示有效压力增强,相关性分析表明,蓝色火焰面积和燃烧放热率有很好的正相关性。同时,黄色火焰随滚流强度增加而减少,表明炭烟生成量降低。此外,燃烧的循环波动也随滚流强度的增加而降低。     

高速柴油机排气中氮氧化物生成的研究

本文对柴油机ＮＯ的生成进行计算机模拟分析和试验研究，利用台架实验数据，根据现象学燃烧模型，以美国卡特彼勒（Ｃａｔｅｐｉｌｌａｒ）Ｃ６１２１高速柴油机和上柴６１３５ＡＣａ高速柴油机为对象，计算的缸内新鲜空气消耗率，火焰燃烧温度以及该温度的ＮＯ生成率等参数，并进行了试验研究。     

预燃室射流点火装置的设计与性能研究

为改善天然气发动机燃烧特性,设计了用于射流点火的内置式半球型四孔预燃室,利用全燃烧场可视的快速压缩机(RCM),采用同步压力传感器和高速摄影机进行了点火燃烧试验研究,并与传统火花点火对比分析。结果表明,采用本文设计的预燃室射流点火装置能达到强化点火、加速燃烧的明显效果。相比于传统火花点火,预燃室式射流点火的滞燃期和燃烧持续期缩短,最高燃烧压力和最大累计放热量提高,且随着负荷的增大,性能改善幅度增加。在大负荷工况下,滞燃期和燃烧持续期均约缩短了55%,最高燃烧压力和最大累计放热量分别提高7%和10%。此外,预燃室式射流点火方式的点火和燃烧稳定性优于传统火花点火,滞燃期和最高燃烧压力波动极小。高速摄影的结果表明,预燃室式射流点火在主燃室内快速产生沿喷孔方向高速发展的射流火焰,引发迅速燃烧,而传统火花点火呈现火焰缓慢传播燃烧形态。     

塑料火焰喷涂技术在客车内装饰件中的应用

介绍塑料火焰喷涂原理，客车内装饰件的涂工艺流程，塑料火焰喷枪的结构，使用步骤和故障排除方法。同时，着重叙述火焰喷涂件作为客车内装饰件的实用性，经济性和美观性。     

丁醇汽油混合燃料在缸内直喷发动机中的燃烧特性研究

为探究丁醇对发动机燃烧的影响,选取甲苯标准参考燃料(TPRF)与各类丁醇的同分异构体的混合燃料进行了发动机可视化试验研究.试验基于直喷点燃式光学发动机,结合高速摄影及缸内压力测试等手段,进行了不同TPRF-丁醇燃料的火焰图像处理及分析,并结合燃烧分析仪测试了发动机的燃烧性能.试验结果表明:正丁醇与TPRF的混合燃料的火...     

高温下掺氢燃气层流燃烧速度和稳定性研究

基于定容燃烧弹系统结合高速纹影技术,研究了初始温度为450 K,初始压力为0.2 MPa,氢气含量为50%,70%和80%,当量比为0.7～1.4时的氢气-乙醇-空气混合燃气的层流火焰燃烧特性。对掺氢燃气的层流燃烧速度(LBV)以及火焰不稳定性进行研究。结果表明：扩大燃料中氢气的占比能提高混合燃气的LBV;氢气掺混含量为50%,70%和80%预混燃气的层流燃烧速度均在当量比为1.3下达到峰值,随后呈下降趋势。当氢气掺混含量为50%,70%和80%时,随着当量比的上升,L_b逐渐减小,在当量比为1.4左右变成负值,火焰表面出现裂纹并发展出细胞结构,火焰呈现不稳定状态。     

直喷式柴油机内火焰温度的测量和燃烧过程的热力分析

用分析空气进入火焰区的速率与燃烧速率之间的关系来研究直喷式柴油机中扩散燃烧过程的机理,以火焰温度和气缸气体压力的测量值对空气进入率和燃烧率进行热力计算。为了用双色法确定火焰温度,藉在三个可见光波长上同时测量火焰亮度来估算柴油机火焰的辐射强度,建立了排气烟度与火焰区过量空气系数的联系。     

针对氢燃料发动机爆燃过程的数值模拟研究

发动机爆燃这一异常燃烧现象不仅阻碍了发动机压缩比的提高,还限制了可降低有害物质排放的新型燃烧方式应用。采用数值模拟方法,以活塞运动到上止点时的气缸作为二维计算区域,模拟了不同压力、温度初始条件下的氢气与空气混合物爆燃燃烧过程。探究了末端气体自燃及正常燃烧火焰前锋、自燃火焰前锋、压力波和温度之间的相互作用。结果表明,自燃的发生最初是由压力波 在气缸内来回振荡,使得气缸内压力和温度升高造成的。在正常燃烧火焰前锋的挤压作用下,火焰前锋附近发生了自燃。自燃发生后由于正常燃烧的火焰前锋压缩使高压范围更小,压力更大。自燃并不是发生在近壁面处的,而是发生在正常燃烧的火焰前锋附近。已燃区域在靠近自燃区域的部分,压力和温度都有小幅升高。当自燃火焰前锋与正常燃烧火焰前锋运动方向完全相反时,它们之间发生强烈的相互作用,导致自燃火焰前锋的动力速度大幅降低。此外,研究发现计算区域的维数对基元反应之间的竞争是有影响的。     

基于可视化装置的柴油机喷雾燃烧过程试验研究

利用喷雾燃烧多功能动态可视化试验装置,获得了清晰直观的燃烧室内喷雾燃烧过程图片,分析研究了两种燃烧室对喷雾和燃烧过程的影响。结果表明:燃烧室内喷雾贯穿力比涡流和挤流强,喷雾以近似直线形式扩展到凹坑壁后,大部分随涡流方向扩展;火焰首先在靠缩口型燃烧室中心处出现,而圆柱型燃烧室则在靠凹坑上边缘处出现;缩口型燃烧室比圆柱型燃烧室燃烧结束得稍早,燃烧性能更好。     

Evaporating spray and flame distributions in the combustion chamber of a direct injection diesel engine

The characteristics of an evaporating diesel spray and the flame distribution in a combustion chamber of a D.I. diesel engine were investigated by using the laser light technique. The technique used was based on the extinctions of two wavelengths of ultraviolet and visible laser light. The transmitted laser light absorbed and scattered by the vapor, drops, soot and combustion products in the spray flame were separated into two wavelengths and captured. Further, the light radiated from the flame was imaged using the same measuring system by modifying the optical filters and the timing of the camera shutter.     

缸内喷雾燃烧CFD仿真模型校验

摘要：采用AVLFIRE软件,对某重型柴油发动机进行缸内喷雾燃烧过程仿真。利用内窥镜系统,获得缸内喷雾燃烧图像。通过CFD仿真结果与喷雾过程、燃烧火焰、碳烟浓度分布进行定性对比分析,校验了缸内喷雾燃烧CFD仿真模型的准确性。     

Study of diesel spray combustion and ignition using high-pressure fuel injection and a micro-hole nozzle with a rapid compression machine: improvement of combustion using low cetane number fuel

This study aimed to reduce NO_x and soot by creating a more homogeneous lean fuel distribution in a diesel spray using high-pressure fuel injection and a micro-hole nozzle. This injection system shortened the ignition delay, but a homogeneous lean fuel distribution in the diesel spray was not achieved. Using a lower cetane number fuel, the resulting longer ignition delay made a uniform, lean fuel distribution in the diesel spray possible with this injection system. Ignition and combustion were analyzed by the combustion chamber pressure history, and flame temperatures and KL values were analyzed by the two-color method.     

Mixture formation of direct gasoline injection engine:: in-cylinder gas sampling using fast flame ionization detector

Local mixture concentration near the spark plug of a direct gasoline injection engine was observed by a fast flame ionization detector. To ensure combustion stability in DISC (Direct Injection Stratified Charge) operation using conventional lean burn intake ports, the swirl ratio and the piston configuration were optimized. Swirl is needed to retain well-vaporized and stable mixture near the spark plug, especially under light load. Also, adequate volume in the piston cavity is required for trapping curved fuel spray. Measurement with a fast flame ionization detector was very effective for understanding the mixture features on DISC operation.     

Low temperature premixed combustion within a small bore high speed direct injection (HSDI) optically accessible diesel engine using a retarded single injection

An optically accessible single-cylinder high speed direct-injection (HSDI) Diesel engine equipped with a Bosch common rail injection system was used to study low temperature Modulated Kinetics (MK) combustion with a retarded single main injection. High-speed liquid fuel Mie-scattering was employed to investigate the liquid distribution and evolution. By carefully setting up the optics, three-dimensional images of fuel spray were obtained from both the bottom of the piston and the side window. The NOx emissions were measured in the exhaust pipe. The influence of injection pressure and injection timing on liquid fuel evolution and combustion characteristics was studied under similar fuel quantities. Interesting spray development was seen from the side window images. Liquid impingement was found for all of the cases due to the small diameter of the piston bowl. The liquid fuel tip hits the bowl wall obliquely and spreads as a wall jet in the radial direction of the spray. Due to the bowl geometry, the fuel film moves back into the central part of the bowl, which enhances the air-fuel mixing process and prepares a more homogeneous air-fuel mixture. Stronger impingement was seen for high injection pressures. Injection timing had little effect on fuel impingement. No liquid fuel was seen before ignition, indicating premixed combustion for all the cases. High-speed combustion video was taken using the same frame rate. Ignition was seen to occur on or near the bowl wall in the vicinity of the spray tip, with the ignition delay being noticeably longer for lower injection pressure and later injection timing. The majority of the flame was confined to the bowl region throughout the combustion event. A more homogeneous and weaker flame was observed for higher injection pressures and later injection timing. The combustion structure also proves the mixing enhancement effect of the liquid fuel impingement. The results show that ultra-low sooting combustion is feasible in an HSDI diesel engine with a higher injection pressure, a higher EGR rate, or later injection timing, with little penalty on power output. It was also found that injection timing has more influence on HCCI-like combustion using a single main injection than the other two factors studied. Compared with the base cases, simultaneous reductions of soot and NOx were obtained by increasing EGR rate and retarding injection timing. By increasing injection pressure, NOx emissions were increased due to leaner and faster combustion with better air-fuel mixing. However, smoke emissions were significantly reduced with increased injection pressure.     

Numerical investigation of a DI diesel spray flame using a detailed chemical reaction mechanism

Emission standards have grown increasingly stricter, consequently triggering greater interest in issues surrounding environmental pollution. In particular, soot and NOx released from DI diesel vehicles is considered to be the main source of air pollution in urban environments. However, the mechanics of fuel spray formation and the influence of the operating parameters on the resulting spray flame are not yet fully understood. In this study, the original KIVA code was modified to incorporate a detailed chemical reaction mechanism involving various species and multiple reaction steps to better understand the spray characteristics. n-Heptane, C₇H₁₆, was used as the representative fuel for diesel fuel, and the reaction mechanism for this fuel was composed of 66 species and 274 elementary reaction steps. The accuracy of the predicted results was demonstrated primarily by a comparison with experimental results. The numerical prediction of a specific operating condition for the parametric investigation correlates well with the experimental results.     

Instantaneous 2-D visualization of spray combustion and flame luminosity of GTL and GTL-biodiesel fuel blend under quiescent ambient conditions

An experimental study has been performed on spray combustion and two-dimensional soot concentration in diesel (ULSD), GTL and GTL-biodiesel fuel jets under high-pressure, high-temperature quiescent conditions. Instantaneous images of the fuel jets were obtained with a high-speed camera. It was confirmed that by blending GTL with 20% rapeseed biodiesel, certain fuel properties such as kinematic viscosity, density, surface tension, volatility, lower heating value and others may be designed and improved to be more like those of conventional diesel fuel but with considerable decrease in the amount of sulfur, PAH, cold filter plugging point, etc. The results showed that the spray tip penetration increased and the spray cone angle decreased when 20% biodiesel fuel was added to GTL fuel. Autoignition of the GTL-biodiesel blend occurred slightly earlier than that of diesel fuel. Experiments under high-pressure, high-temperature conditions showed that higher injection pressure induced a lower soot formation rate. The integrated flame luminosity, which serves as an indicator of soot concentration in the fuel jet, was slightly higher for the GTL-biodiesel blend than for pure GTL fuel due to the slightly higher sulfur content of pure biodiesel fuel.     

大气环境下生物柴油燃烧火焰温度的试验研究

在大气环境条件下进行了不同配比的生物柴油—柴油混合燃料的燃烧试验。在盖顿(A.G.Gaydon)和伍法德(H.G.Wolfhard)提出的火焰温度、绝热火焰温度等火焰特征参数的基础上,提出了相对火焰温度、平均火焰温度、分层火焰温度、高温点数量、温度最大差值等评价指标,对火焰的温度特征参数进行细化和定量,从火焰学的角度研究了大气环境条件下火焰温度特征参数随燃料混合体积分数的变化规律。研究结果表明:随着生物柴油混合体积分数的增大,外焰温度、高温点数量、高温区域所占比例、温度最大差值、相对平均火焰温度均增大,为NOx的生成提供了高温环境。     

发动机燃用水乳化柴油的研究进展

综述了柴油机燃用水乳化柴油的燃烧与喷雾特性、动力性与经济性及排放特性,对比分析了发动机燃用水乳化柴油与普通柴油在性能上的差异及其原因,总结了水乳化柴油在柴油机上的应用优化方法。结果表明:与柴油相比,乳化柴油着火滞燃期延迟,燃烧持续期缩短,喷雾贯穿距变长或相差不大,火焰升起高度增加;燃用乳化柴油时动力性下降,但有效热效率较柴油升高;乳化柴油可以明显降低NOx和炭烟排放,但多数工况下HC和CO排放有所升高,低转速和中低负荷工况下尤为明显;燃用乳化柴油时颗粒物数量浓度增加,体积浓度减小,且对于醛类和噪声排放并没有改善作用;添加合适添加剂或结合发动机技术协同作用,可以针对性地改善乳化柴油的燃烧过程,进一步起到节能减排的效果。基于燃料稳定性与燃料理化特性综合优化目标的燃料设计,以及适用于乳化柴油的高压共轨柴油机燃烧组织参数优化是未来的研究方向。