船舶自主航行关键技术研究现状与展望

船舶自主航行作为智能船舶的显著特征,日益受到工业与海事企业的关注.为把握船舶自主航行现状和发展方向,开展相关关键技术研究调研与综述.分析近三年国内外船舶自主航行技术的发展现状,针对航行态势感知、认知计算、避碰决策、航行控制、赛博安全等关键技术,剖析其技术内涵、研究现状与应用情况.针对智能航行关键技术现状与技术需求,从态...     

人的失误模型在船舶溢油事故应急中的应用分析

船舶交通事故问题的预测一直是业内研究人员十分重视的研究课题。分别采用回归预测法、时间序列预测法、灰色理论预测法和贝叶斯统计预测法等不同方法,结合国内某港引航站近十多年来船舶引航总量和事故的实际情况,进行了比较分析和对未来情况予以预测。着重就贝叶斯方法在港口船舶引航风险预测中的运用进行了探讨。结论证明贝叶斯估计方法得到的结果具有良好的预测效果。     

集装箱船载化学品事故应急现状及对策—“达飞费德里奥”轮事故应急行动引发的思考

集装箱船舶运输迅猛发展的同时，涉及集装箱危险货物运输的事故也逐年增多，危险化学品本身性质复杂，且变化迅速，险情分析比较复杂，险情等级较难确定，给船员人命安全和海洋环境造成重大威胁。文中结合一船载集装箱危险品事故的应急处理，剖析当前化学品事故应急过程中存在的问题，并提出了相应的建议。     

联合作战无人机情报处理与共享体系结构研究

联合作战战场上如何实现情报的综合处理和全域共享,满足信息化战场态势感知对电子侦察情报的需求,已成为重要的研究课题。论文对目前我军无人机情报处理与共享的现状和存在的问题进行了分析与总结,尝试性地构建了适应我军无人机未来发展需要的情报处理与共享体系,并提出了对无人机情报处理与共享的发展展望。     

e-Navigation and situation-dependent manoeuvring assistance to enhance maritime emergency response

Safe ship handling in every situation and under all prevailing circumstances of ship status and the environment is a core element contributing to the safety of the maritime transportation system. Especially in case of emergencies, there is a need for quick, accurate and reliable information to manoeuvre a ship safely. This paper focusses on investigations into enhanced response to maritime emergencies by means of onboard manoeuvring support. The research and discussions are done exemplarily for person overboard (PoB) accidents. PoB is a typical situation for application of manoeuvring assistance and decision support, e.g. in order to return quickly to the position of the accident. Based on the analysis of selected accident case studies and existing solutions representing the technical state-of-the-art, shortcomings will be identified and discussed, and a potential approach for advanced manoeuvring support in the context of e-Navigation-based requirements will be introduced and discussed.     

海上无人系统集群发展现状及关键技术研究进展

海上无人系统集群作战正在从概念走向实装应用.着眼于海上无人系统集群作战任务的需要,总结无人机集群、水面无人艇集群、无人水下机器人集群和跨域无人系统集群的国内外发展现状,分析海上无人系统集群协同作战所需的关键技术,包括通信自组网、协同态势感知、任务分配、航迹规划、集群编队控制和虚拟测试等.系统性归纳海上无人系统集群所需各...     

人为失误与船舶引航事故的预防

船舶引航事故中的主要原因是人为失误,在分析该原因及其相关的失误链与事件链和不同种类失误的基础上,全面认识人为因素与引航事故的关系,注意调节引航员生理与心理状态和及时识别并破断引航中的失误链与事故链的角度,就预防船舶引航事故的发生进行了论述,并提出了一些设想与建议。     

浅析船舶封闭舱室作业劳动安全防范

俗话说"行船三分险",船员除了舷外作业、绑解扎作业、吊缸作业、备洗舱作业等过程中存在的显而易见的危险之外,还存在相对隐匿、容易忽视的致命危险,船舶封闭舱室作业就是其中之一。文中针对一起典型的船舶封闭舱室作业人员伤亡事故案例进行了深刻剖析,阐述了在封闭舱室作业过程中的安全防护措施和注意事项,希望能够引起船员对船舶封闭舱室作业的高度重视,对防止人身伤亡事故的发生起到一定的作用。     

From Titanic to Costa Concordia—a century of lessons not learned

The recent foundering of the Costa Concordia in January 2012 demonstrated that accidents can occur even with ships that are considered masterpieces of modern technology and despite more than 100?years of regulatory and technological progress in maritime safety. The purpose of this paper is, however, not to speculate about the concrete causes of the Costa Concordia accident, but rather to consider some human and organizational factors that were present in the Costa Concordia accident as well as in the foundering of the Titanic a century ago, and which can be found in many other maritime accidents over the years. The paper argues that these factors do not work in isolation but in combination and often together with other underlying factors. The paper critically reviews the focus of maritime accident investigations and points out that these factors do not receive sufficient attention. It is argued that the widespread confidence in the efficacy of new or improved technical regulations, that characterizes the recommendations from most maritime accident investigations, has led to a lack of awareness of complex interactions of factors and components in socio-technical systems. If maritime safety is to be sustainably improved, a systemic focus must be adopted in future accident investigations.     

船舶机损事故中人为失误的实证研究

根据近几年收集的浙江省主要航运公司发生的244起重大机损案例,从损伤部件、故障类型、发生时间、事故原因4个方面进行统计分析,揭示出导致船舶机损事故的主要原因是人为失误,对如何防止船舶机损事故中的人为失误提出建议。     

UNCTAD activities in the field of ports and their future

UNCTAD's work in the field of ports started, soon after its establishment in 1964, as a result of a 'Common measure of understanding on shipping questions'. It resulted in a three pronged effort in research, training and technical assistance, carried by the secretariat in close collaboration with the industry. Technical publications were published and are widely used by practitioners throughout the world. Port managers and government officials responsible for ports in developing countries were the beneficiaries of large-scale training programmes. Technical assistance to improve port services was conducted in several developing countries. During the 1990s, new mandates were agreed in the field of transport in which ports are not explicitly mentioned. This paper argues that the stakes in ports are so vital for trading countries, notably those seeking accelerated economic development, that a broad interpretation of the current mandate is needed.     

A human and social development perspective on maritime policies

The linkages between shipping and port policies, and human and social development are explored in this paper, in view of discussing possible ways how those policies can contribute to human well-being. A framework based on the capability approach is used to conceptually interrogate the contents of policies in terms of elements of human and social development. Integrated ocean policies are considered, in this context, as useful frameworks for aligning maritime policies with broader development goals, as well as with the concerns and priorities of other sectors. Finally, some practical issues regarding the operationalisation of policy impact studies based on multidimensional human development are discussed, highlighting possible areas for future research.     

Trust and safety onboard

Shipping is a high-risk industry. The aims of this conceptual paper are to build a framework showing in what way safety onboard is influenced by trust, and to identify the main obstacles to trust-building within the shipping industry. To meet these aims, a literature review and a pilot study are conducted. The study shows that interpersonal trust from employees to managers, and among seafarers, seems to be a prerequisite and an indirect factor, or mediating variable, that influence safety-related organizational outcomes positively and seems to reduce human errors. Interpersonal trust seems to be most valuable in weak situations, which means situations that are not critical and when no exact guidance or incentives to behave in a particular way are needed. An optimal level of trust exists onboard, and because of the high-risk environment, this optimal level of trust is expected to be relatively high. The main obstacles to trust within the shipping industry seem to be the dual employment practice, the physical distance between onboard, crewing agency and onshore, the reduced competence requirements, the frequent reorganization of the crew and multiculturalism. The paper contributes to the trust and to the safety literature by a new framework and to the development of 11 hypotheses on trust and safety. Finally, the paper is indicating that trust may be the missing piece in the safety puzzle.     

航海风险识别、评估和控制

因航运业高速发展和海员职业流动性加快,导致全球高级船员紧缺,已引发高级船员提升周期缩短、航海经验不足等现象。航海事故造成人员伤亡、财产损失和污染海洋环境等已严重威胁公共安全,航海事故预防和风险控制越来越受到人们关注。船舶海上事故频发,与船员对海上风险,尤其是船员对人为因素与事故的关系的认识不足有关。通过重点介绍航海风险,提高船员对本船和自身存在的风险意识,采取相应的防范措施。     

基于船舶碰撞事故调查报告的人的因素数据挖掘

船舶碰撞事故发生率居高不下与人为失误有关，而人为失误的发生又受到包括个人因素、环境因素、船舶因素以及组织因素的影响。根据一般的事故统计数据能够初步识别出引发碰撞的人为失误行为，但要进一步建立影响因素与人为失误之间的对应关系却一直是令研究人员困惑的事情。一方面是因为缺少数据，另一方面是缺少方法。我们在收集100个碰撞事故调查报告的基础上，利用数据挖掘技术中的关联规则对人为失误与其影响因素之间的关系进行了挖掘，初步确定了船舶避碰过程中人为失误与引发因素之间的对应关系。     

基于自适应中间件的作战系统研究

网络中心战要求大量地理上分布的传感设备和武器平台具有协同作战能力，这就要求下一代作战系统能够为战斗人员提供即时的战场感知和实时行动能力，并能够应对复杂多变的战场情况。但在作战环境下很难事先决定系统的配置及其工作负载。详细描述了适用于分布实时嵌入环境的自适应中间件层次结构和一个原型系统，它采用标准的商用技术为军事应用提供了可靠的通用技术基，该技术能够为关键性实时任务提供强服务质量和自适应能力。     

A proposed quantitative methodology for the evaluation of the effectiveness of Human Element,Leadership and Management (HELM) training in the UK

In 2006, a review of maritime accidents found that non-technical skills (NTSs) are the single largest contributing factor towards such incidents. NTSs are composed of both interpersonal and cognitive elements. These include things such as situational awareness, teamwork, decision making, leadership, management and communication skills. In a crisis situation, good NTSs allow a deck officer to quickly recognise that a problem exists and then harness the resources that are at their disposal to safely and efficiently bring the situation back under control. This paper has two aims. The first is to develop a methodology which will enable educators to quantitatively assess the impact of Maritime and Coastguard Agency (MCA)-approved Human Element, Leadership and Management (HELM) training on deck officer’s NTSs with a view to identifying further training requirements. The second is to determine whether the HELM training provided to develop the NTSs of trainee deck officers is fit for purpose. To achieve these aims, a three-phase approach was adopted. Initially, a taxonomy for deck officer’s NTSs is established, behavioural markers are identified and the relative importance of each attribute is calculated using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP). Subsequently, a set of scenarios were identified for the assessment of deck officer’s NTSs in a ship bridge simulator environment. A random selection of students that have completed the Chief Mate (CM) programme was performed, and data regarding their NTS-related performance in the scenarios was collected. Finally, the collected data was fed into the evidential reasoning (ER) algorithm, utility values were produced and, having established these values, the effectiveness of the HELM training that the students have received was then evaluated.     

Missing the tide? Workplace cultural differences as a barrier to seafarer mobility in the U.S. workboat and sail training sectors

ABSTRACT

While previous research details the psychological and social benefits of sail training programs for amateur ‘trainees,’ much less is known about the value and transferability of sail training work experience in terms of professional development for seafaring careers. This article reviews the current state of scientific knowledge on sail training and presents the findings of a qualitative study of maritime recruiter perceptions at 10 U.S. flag workboat companies. Results suggest that the maritime industry may benefit from an improved understanding of the role that sail training programs and the sail training community can play in training and inspiring the next generation of motivated and professional seafarers. Workboat recruiters see positive and negative aspects of sail training experience and perceive cultural divides within the maritime industry that may affect a seafarers’ job mobility, whether or not such divides actually exist.     

船舶载运集装箱危险货物的安全积载

集装箱危险货物在船上的积载隔离不当,将会直接导致船载危险货物事故的发生。文章通过对HJCF轮火灾事故的初步分析,来认识危险货物安全积载的重要性,进而阐述了船舶如何正确进行危险货物积载与隔离,以及与积载安全密切相关的一些问题,以引起有关方面的关注。     

Ports and shipping in Mozambique: current concerns and policy options

This paper explores the current state of ports and shipping in Mozambique, and reviews it in the context of a past history of civil war followed by radical macro-economic adjustment, and more recent concerns and debates around the deregulation and privatization of the transport industry. More specifically, it addresses the key issue of the relationship between shipping and both broader and local economic development, taking account of the needs of major industry and the need to sustain local livelihoods. It reveals that the situation in Mozambique is a product of both local and global pressures, moulded by economic and political forces. It further indicates that, while there are now positive opportunities for coastal shipping, the capacity for developing inland shipping appears to be very limited. Future growth consequently depends on local participation, training and skills development and the broader social, economic, and transport infrastructure.