偏心冷弯管在山区长输管道施工中的应用

随着我国国民经济的快速发展，开发大西北的经济战略方针正在全面实施，油气需求量加大，建设大口径、长距离、高强度的输油（气）管道越来越多。大口径长输管道山区施工中由于折点多、焊口数量增加、劳动强度加大及焊接质量不易控制成为难题。通过涩宁兰输气管道山区施工中总结出的偏心冷弯管连接管线的施工工艺，介绍了采用偏心冷弯管施工的优势和适用的现场条件，不仅减少了工人劳动强度，而且缩短了工期，节省了材料，降低了成本，保证了工程施工质量，为类似工程积累了经验。     

天然气浅冷装置系统吹扫难点技术研究

针对天然气浅冷装置系统工艺紧凑复杂、弯管部位多,吹扫死角多等难题,选定了小于DN80系统管道采用连续吹扫方法,大于DN80系统管道采用间歇吹扫方法,压缩机、丙烷机管道采用爆破吹扫方法,机泵进口管道采用连续吹扫与人工清理相结合的方法,以储气罐作为吹扫源头,确定了吹扫口设置的原则,实施在储气罐及放空系统、压缩机入口管线、丙烷机系统管线、机泵入口管线等的吹扫,解决了天然气浅冷装置吹扫技术难题,提高了天然气浅冷装置系统吹扫洁净度,对今后的类似装置提供了借鉴。     

管道流量与弯管压差的关系及流量系数的实验研究

用实验的方法研究了管道流量与弯管压差的关系，得出流经弯管的流量与弯管的压差△p的表达式√-2△p/ρ有良好的线性关系。提出了弯管流量系数的确定方法并得出弯管流量系数稳定的关键是弯管结构参数，弯管结构参数在适当范围内，管内流速大幅度变化时，弯管的流量系数变化不大近似的一常数，且与弯管直径，介质无关。弯管作为管道流量的检测元件对直管段无严格的要求，在不同的直管段条件下，流量Q与压差△p的关系表达式√-2△p/ρ的线性关系有极好的一致性。     

多通道TOFD自动超声检测设备

超声衍射时差法（Time of flight diffraction,TOFD）是近几年开始推广应用的检测技术,具有对各向裂纹检出率高、检测快的优点,国内已经用于锅炉检测等行业,还未应用于长输管道热煨弯管检测领域。针对热煨弯管需要全部超声检查的工程需求,通过对多通道TOFD检测技术的研究,解决了多通道TOFD硬件检测系统研制和分层TOFD检测数学模型的设计等关键技术难题,研发出以分层TOFD检测技术为基础的热煨弯管裂纹自动超声检测设备,实现对厚壁热煨弯管管材质量的二维全自动超声检测,满足对弯管质量检测速度快、检出率高等技术需求。     

天然气弯管屈曲变形模拟研究

文中以实际工程中Φ406.4×7.9 mm无缝钢制弯管发生屈曲为例,采用有限元方法对该弯管的屈曲失稳形式进行研究,分析不同载荷下弯管的变形行为,研究得到导致弯管发生屈曲变形的主要机理:案例弯管屈曲变形是外部载荷挤压地下软基而引起管道局部偏移,偏移过程中弯管局部变形集中,最终弯管屈曲发生.     

热煨弯管用工艺管连接方法的改进

指出了目前热煨弯管加工过程中工艺管连接方法存在的不足,在分析热煨过程中弯管后直管段与工艺管连接处受力状况的基础上,设计出一套操作简便、能耗低的弯管后直管段与工艺管连接方法.     

测定管道塑性载荷的实验方法

对各种测定Ｔ形接管和弯管在不同载作用下塑性变形的实验技术作了评述，并根据载荷－变形曲线确定相应的塑性载荷的方法加以分析和研究。     

将弯管敷设变更为弹性敷设的情况分析

根据输油工况和管线沿途的地质、土壤等状况,广泛采用管材多极变壁厚进行管线敷设,管线敷设还尽可能采用弹性敷设和冷弯弯管敷设,以便减少固定墩的数量。为保证焊接质量和管材强度,在管线上允许加装30°、45°、60°曲率半径大于5DN的3种热煨弯头与冷弯管（曲率半径=40DN）相配合,以适应管线走向所需要的转角。文中分析了3种敷设,选出最佳的敷设方案以降低成本。     

柔性膨胀弯安装技术研究

柔性管在运输、安装、维保等方面有着明显的优势,使用柔性管可以显著降低施工成本。文中重点介绍了柔性膨胀弯安装过程中的膨胀弯吊装、法兰组对及路由调整,此项技术在JZ9-3油田SLPW至WHPE平台柔性膨胀弯管更换项目中应用。     

用正交试验法确定弯管几何参数对变形量的影响

在不同壁厚、弯曲角度以及弯曲半径条件下,用计算机模拟方法,计算出内部压力对弯管变形量的影响,采用正交试验的方法找出对变形量影响较大的几何参数。数据显示弯曲角度对弯管的变形量有重要影响,角度越大,在相同受力条件下,弯管变形量越显著。     

Analysis of factors affecting the choice of route of pedestrians

Pedestrians as compared to vehicular traffic enjoy a high degree freedom of movement even in heavily congested areas. Consequently, there are more alternative links available to pedestrians between a given origin‐destination (O‐D) pair. This paper describes a study done by the University of Calgary to evaluate the factors affecting the choice of route on intra‐CBD trips or trips within the Central Business District (CBD).

An origin destination survey conducted in downtown Calgary, Alberta enabled the identification of the most significant factors influencing the choice. These factors were analyzed in relation to the physical characteristics of the location, personal characteristics of the trip maker and the type of the trip.

It appears that most people chose the shortest link and factors such as the level of congestion, safety or visual attractions were only secondary. This suggests that the length should be made a major consideration when planning and designing pedestrian links.     

输油管道中原油乳状液的流变性研究

原油乳状液的流变性是原油开采后在管道中输送的重要研究方面,为了更好地研究这一性质,采用电动搅拌机、偏光显微镜以及流变仪等仪器来测定不同含水率的原油乳状液在不同条件下的黏度,观测不同含水率的原油乳状液在偏光显微镜下的形态。并且分别对原油乳状液的黏度与含水率之间的关系以及与剪切速率之间的关系进行研究,初步确定了所测区块原油乳状液的转相点以及该区块原油乳状液的流变特性,为生产中的油气集输提供了理论依据。     

Preliminary results of an analysis of areas of influence in Shanghai

The main deficiency of most current modeling approaches to transportation can be identified as neglect of the integration of existing geographical knowledge in regard to the ex ante transport/land use modeling approaches, with its focus on territorial dynamics and theory development. This paper addresses this aspect of the problem by introducing a theoretical and methodological framework for the analysis of the interrelationship between land uses. The analysis attempts to determine to what extent the functional land use in a city can be considered an ordered pattern. The order sought does not rely on purely spatial configurations, but on the correlation of transportation and land use. The first section of this paper focuses on theoretical considerations. It stresses the fact that conventional approaches do not apply in the present context. It then suggests an alternative based on areas of influence and measured in terms of level of attractance of land uses. The second describes a procedure based on this alternative following the remarkable contribution of Hanjoul, Beguin and Thill. An application of this procedure to the analysis of Shanghai is then examined. Finally, an evaluation of the strategies for optimizing the interrelationship between land uses is presented. The paper concludes with a possible research agenda.     

埋地管道防腐保温层失效评价

明确埋地管道防腐保温层的技术评价标准,对埋地钢质管道的安全运行,延长管道使用寿命具有重要意义。为了对埋地管道防腐保温层做出有效评价,从间接检测与开挖检测2个方面,结合现场检测数据,提出了基于防腐保温层的电流衰减率、绝缘电阻率、质量状况与厚度的分级评价标准及基于4种评价指标的综合评判方法。工程实践表明,该评价标准对防腐保温层是否存在失效能做出有效判断。     

城市轨道交通杂散电流监测系统概述

介绍了城市轨道交通工程中杂散电流不同的监测系统的构成,分析了集中式、分散式和智能型等监测系统的配置和功能,以及智能型实时在线监测系统的重要意义,为轨道交通工程杂散电流监测系统的选择与应用提供参考。     

实现多组态计量软件集中监控的可行性分析

天然气自动计量系统有多种组态软件,由于软件的不相通性,造成了计量系统数据采集的通用性差、数据传输与入库的时效性差、数据利用的可靠性低.结合各组态软件的实际情况,从设计上充分利用Oracle大数据处理能力以及Partition(分区表)的特性,实现历史数据的存储,应用WebService与COM+数据访问组件提供多层数据访问架构,采用OPC与DDE工业数据交换协议,实现了各站场计量数据的实时上传,为连续数据采集和实时监控提供了可能,节约了改造成本.     

注汽管道承压能力评估和实物试验验证

基于失效评估图技术对某注汽管道进行了承压能力评价,给出了管线在不同腐蚀壁厚情况下的极限承压能力和极限裂纹尺寸。并利用实物爆破试验验证了评价方法的安全性和有效性,通过对爆破断口进行宏观和微观分析,发现管段的开裂属于脆性开裂。     

Direct analysis of the perceived importance of attributes of reliability of travel modes in urban travel

Reliability of travel modes was found to be the most important characteristic of transportation systems in several attitudinal investigations of individual travel behavior. This paper represents the first part of a research effort aimed at gaining a better understanding of the characteristics of reliability of transportation modes in urban travel. In this research, reliability characteristics are identified; their importance relative to each other is assessed, and an insight into possible structure of an objective reliability index is discussed. The research is based on perceived values of reliability, which were identified through a large attitudinal survey conducted in the Chicago metropolitan area.     

盾构隧道管片接头抗剪力学性能研究

通过对南京长江盾构隧道环向管片接头进行的三组原型抗剪(无螺栓剪切、有螺栓逆剪和有螺栓顺剪)加载试验,分析研究了管片接头在剪力作用下的受力、变形和破坏特征,给出了管片接头混凝土接触面的静摩擦系数,得到了接头剪力主要由混凝土接触面承担、破坏形式为连接斜螺栓剪切延性破坏的结论。通过对管片结构的有限元数值模拟计算得出:接头处的剪力与轴力比小于接缝面的摩擦系数,管片不会发生相互错动,结构是稳定的。     

Non-parametric analyses of efficiency of airports

This paper estimates the efficiencies and productivity changes of 12 international airports in the Asia-Pacific region based on data from 1998 to 2006. We apply stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) to compute efficiency estimates and use the Malmquist productivity index (MPI) to analyze productivity changes. We use the SFA model with a translog-type production function after testing the statistical hypotheses. According to the results of the SFA hypothesis tests, airports have experienced a technological regression; the deviations from the efficiency frontier are caused more by technical inefficiency than random noise. However, the inefficiency was found to decrease. The MPI reveals a declining trend resulting more from technological change than from efficiency change, with a decrease in inefficiency. Taken together, both the hypothesis tests and the MPI not only provide consistent conclusions, but also suggest that airports should concentrate on technological progress.