混合动力电动汽车能量自适应模糊控制研究

为了实现混合动力电动汽车两种能量的最佳分配,确保电机、蓄电池的合理运行,建立了前向并联式混合动力电动汽车动力系统模型,提出了采用自适应模糊控制方法对动力系统进行能量分配,设计了控制器,讨论了自组织控制器的规则自我调整过程。整车循环工况仿真试验表明该控制具有较强的鲁棒性,可使电机、发动机、蓄电池等动力设备工作于最佳工况。     

基于SX5256DH434PHEV型混合动力重型环卫车的电池管理系统浅谈

在全球能源危机的情况下,随着国际碳排放出口协定的实施,绿色清洁汽车已经成为发达国家当前汽车技术的发展方向,发达国家多数把锂离子电池作为EV、HEV、PHEV的新能源。由于汽车的复杂工况和锂离子电池电化学特性,一般需要完善的电池管理系统BMS(BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM),其作用是对锂离子电池电压、电流、温度、容量、电池的SOC荷电状态计量、电池与车体的绝缘状态等多种电池参数以CAN通讯的方式与车控电脑实时进行信息交换,确保电池的能量发挥到极致,使驾驶者能够随时掌握电池的工作状态,以保证电池的安全。BMS不仅是数字化智能电池系统的中枢神经,也是新能源汽车必不可少的关键部件。     

Impedance-based and circuit-parameter-based battery models for HEV power systems

The relationship between voltage and current inside a battery, or the impedance, plays an important role in the simulation and design of hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) power systems. This paper proposes a new approach employing the Bode plot for evaluation of equivalent circuit parameters for a lithium polymer battery (LiPB) for HEV application. The main concept of the proposed circuit-parameter-based model approach is the application of a transfer function used to process the frequency response of the battery for calculation of accurate circuit parameters. Additionally, the Bode plot is also applied to derive the impedance-based model directly from frequency response measurements for short time simulations and practical use in the HEV. Two methods for battery modeling are proposed and verified experimentally with the voltage-current profile of a conventional HEV using the battery measured in this paper. The results show that the proposed circuit-parameter-based technique provides a satisfactory battery equivalent circuit model.     

试验循环工况下混合动力车用镍氢电池组温度场研究

在镍氢电池生热理论的基础上,根据混合动力汽车试验循环工况获得的充放电电流计算得到电池的生热功率,建立了电池组散热系统的散热模型。应用计算流体力学方法对电池组的温度场进行了数值模拟仿真分析,并进行了混合动力汽车试验循环工况下镍氢电池组的温度场试验。结果表明,模拟值与试验值吻合;电池组具有良好的散热效果,可满足混合动力汽车在生热、散热方面对镍氢电池的使用要求。     

Optimization of power management among an engine,battery and ultra-capacitor for a series HEV: A dynamic programming application

In a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) system, it is an important issue on how to distribute the output power from multiple power generating components to operate a vehicle more efficiently. Many studies have been conducted on how to manage multiple power sources of a vehicle based on various optimization theories. In this study, an algorithm to calculate the optimization of a series HEV that has three power generating components, engine, battery and ultra-capacitor, is developed based on dynamic programming. Normally dynamic programming is applied to the optimization of power management and components sizing by estimating potential fuel economy for electrified vehicle such as HEV, Plug-in HEV or Fuelcell HEV. In contrast with most objective systems that have only two power generating components, the system in this study has three power sources. Since the system has three power sources, the number of state and control variables of optimization problem increases. Therefore the number of calculations increases unreasonably. To decrease the number and time of calculations, a new electric model that contains the both characteristics of battery and ultra-capacitor is developed with some assumptions. In comparison with the optimization algorithm which follows the theory of DP with no assumptions, the results from the newly developed algorithm has 1.04 % discrepancy in terms of fuel economy, even though the calculation time decreases to 4400 times less.     

混合动力车用蓄电池管理系统设计与研究

阐述了一种混合动力车用电池管理系统的分布式设计方案,并按照模块化的方式设计了下位机电池控制单元的硬件和软件。结合整车道路试验对系统的准确性和可靠性进行了验证。结果表明,本系统运行稳定,符合混合动力汽车对电池管理的要求,达到了预期的效果。     

基于深度学习的混合动力汽车预测能量管理

为了优化混合动力汽车的能量动态分配过程,提升混合动力汽车的燃油经济性和动力电池荷电状态（SOC）平衡性,提高混合动力汽车能量管理策略的鲁棒性,以等效燃油消耗最小化策略为基础,结合对车辆未来行驶工况的预测研究,分析车辆未来行驶需求能量的变化,制定相应的动态调整策略。基于车联网通信技术,实时采集车辆的运行状态信息和交通信息,作为车辆未来工况预测模型的输入变量。以数据驱动为特征,基于混合深度学习建立工况预测模型。利用STL分解算法对各输入变量进行周期性、趋势性等特征分解,并对各输入变量的特征分量,使用混合深度学习网络从数据局部特征及时间维度依赖特征来深度挖掘目标车辆车速与外部信息及历史数据的关系,进而对车辆未来的行驶工况进行预测。利用预测的工况信息,分析车辆未来行驶需求能量的变化,应用于自适应等效消耗最小化策略等效因子的实时动态调整,从而实现对车辆的优化控制,并通过与传统自适应等效消耗最小化策略进行对比,验证该方法的有效性。研究结果表明：基于混合深度学习的工况预测模型预测精度比BP网络预测模型高44.72%;利用精确的预测工况信息预测能量管理,可以实时动态调整发动机和电机的功率输出,降低油耗并维持电池SOC平衡。     

并联式混合动力电动汽车电池参数优选

通过研究双轴并联混合动力电动汽车控制策略,分析电池参数和整车油耗的关系,确定电池电压、容量和最大充放电功率的变化范围。基于CRUISE的仿真平台,以整车循环工况油耗最省为目的,优选电池的各个参数。并将选定的电池参数代入模型中,进行动力性分析计算。计算结果表明,在满足整车动力性的要求下,通过对电池参数的优化,可提高混合动力电动汽车的燃油经济性和动力电池组的性价比。     

轻度混合控制策略下混合动力电动汽车能量优化与仿真

为了优化轻度混合控制策略下的CFA6470混合动力电动汽车能量总成控制系统,设计了能量总成控制器,并将其分成5个模块;分析了节气门开启角与车辆行驶挡位的优化方法,轻度混合时的能量分配策略;提出了基于能量守恒原理的电池组荷电状态估计方法,并根据ECE-EUDC工况,在2种不同的期望车速下对设计的控制系统进行了仿真。仿真结果表明:在发动机的期望工况下,所设计的能量总成控制系统能够实现能量在发动机、驱动电机以及电池组之间的合理分配,电池组的荷电状态变化规律与车辆行驶状态相符合。     

电动汽车SOC估计算法与电池管理系统的研究

在安时计量方法的基础上,采用基于折算库仑效率的卡尔曼滤波算法估计蓄电池荷电状态(SOC),并将此方法应用于HEV6580混合动力电动汽车镍氢电池管理系统。系统实现的功能包括:数据监测、数据显示、CAN通信、SOC估计、热管理和安全报警。经电池试验台模拟工况试验验证,电池管理系统各子系统达到设计要求且工作稳定。改进SOC估计方法解决了传统安时计量法不能估计初始SOC、难于准确测量库仑效率的问题,为电池管理系统稳定工作提供保证。     

并联混合动力汽车功率分配最优控制及其动态规划性能指标的研究

研究了并联混合动力汽车功率分配的最优控制方法,应用动态规划方法求解功率分配的最优解,并着重分析了其性能指标。该指标融入了电池(电机)功率和整车需求功率,同时建立了燃油消耗和荷电状态变化量之间的物理关系。仿真结果表明,动态规划方法可以大幅度提高混合动力汽车的燃油经济性,并且功率损失型性能指标的效果更加显著。     

Application of a modified thermostatic control strategy to parallel mild HEV for improving fuel economy in urban driving conditions

A modified thermostatic control strategy is applied to the powertrain control of a parallel mild hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) to improve fuel economy. This strategy can improve the fuel economy of a parallel mild HEV by operating internal combustion engine (ICE) in a high-efficiency region. Thus, in this study, experiments of a parallel mild HEV were conducted to analyze the characteristics of the hybrid electric powertrain and a numerical model is developed for the vehicle. Based on the results, the thermostatic control strategy was modified and applied to the vehicle model. Also, battery protection logic by using electrochemical battery model is applied because the active usage of battery by thermostatic control strategy can damage the battery. The simulation results of the vehicle under urban driving conditions show that the thermostatic control strategy can improve the vehicle’s fuel economy by 3.7 % compared with that of the conventional strategy. The results also suggest that the trade-off between the fuel economy improvement by efficient ICE operation and the battery life reduction by active battery usage should be carefully investigated when a thermostatic control strategy is applied to a parallel mild HEV.     

Vehicle dynamics control of an electric-all-wheel-drive hybrid electric vehicle using tyre force optimisation and allocation

ABSTRACT

Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) offer improved fuel efficiency compared to conventional vehicles at the expense of adding complexity and at times, reduced total power. As a result, HEV generally lack the dynamic performance that customers enjoy. To address this issue, the paper presents a HEV with electric All-Wheel-Drive capabilities via the use of torque vectoring electric rear axle drive (TVeRAD) to power the rear axle. The addition of TVeRAD to a front wheel drive HEV improves the total power output. To improve the handling characteristics of the vehicle, the TVeRAD provides torque vectoring at the rear axle. A bond graph model of the drivetrain is developed and used in co-simulation with CarSim. The paper proposes a control system which utilises control allocation to optimise tyre forces. The proposed control system is tested in the simulation environment with a high fidelity CarSim vehicle model. Simulation results show the control system is able to maximise vehicle longitudinal performance while avoiding tyre saturation on low mu surfaces. More importantly, the control system is able to track the desired yaw moment request on a high speed double lane change manoeuvre through the use of the TVeRAD to improve the handling characteristic of the vehicle.     

基于小波变换-模糊控制的复合电源能量管理

以锂电池-超级电容构成的复合电源电动汽车为研究对象,在满足动力性能的前提下,为实现超级电容在合理的荷电状态（SOC）下承担高频率信号,且锂电池承担低频率信号的目标,建立了实时小波变换-模糊控制的能量管理控制策略。基于Matlab/Simulink和ADVISOR软件搭建整车模型,并在NEDC循环工况下进行仿真测试。仿真结果表明,与单一锂电池相比,在小波变换-模糊控制策略下,复合电源锂电池的驱动峰值电流降低了20.68%,寿命提高了16.74%。搭建了按一定比例缩小的复合电源系统试验平台,并在NEDC工况下进行试验验证。结果表明,小波变换-模糊控制策略对复合电源电动汽车的能量管理具有良好的控制效果。     

增程式电动汽车

增程式电动汽车是最具有产业化前景的新能源汽车。通过对其结构特点、工作模式、动力系统和技术关键等方面的分析,证明了增程式电动汽车具有节约燃油,对发电单元功率需求小,降低排放,延长续驶里程等优点。通过与混合动力汽车、纯电动汽车和插电式混合动力汽车的比较,突出了增程式电动汽车的特点,充分说明了增程式电动汽车是当前向纯电动汽车过渡的最佳选择。     

电动汽车锂电池管理系统故障诊断研究

探讨了电池管理系统故障诊断系统设计。从锂离子动力蓄电池管理电池系统预先危险性分析结果着手，研发了电池管理系统高压安全及诊断系统，并研究了故障诊断策略和软件开发。通过验证发现设计的诊断系统符合锂离子动力蓄电池的特性，并能够很好地满足各类电动汽车车载状况下静态和动态高压电安全诊断和控制的需要。     

Plug-in混合动力电动汽车的研究分析

外接充电式混合动力电动汽车（Plug-in HEV）是在传统混合动力汽车基础上派生出来的新型节能环保车,可以大大改善汽车有害气体和温室气体排放,提高汽车燃油经济性。文章介绍了Plug-in HEV的动力系统结构,阐述了Plug-in HEV的工作模式及控制策略,指出Plug-in HEV除具有纯电动汽车的全部优点外,还可利用晚间低谷电对电池充电等优点,但同时又受到充电基础设施和成本等因素制约,是一种最有发展前景的混合动力电动汽车。     

并联混合动力汽车扭矩管理的模糊控制与仿真

并联混合动力汽车中内燃机和电机之间存在动力的耦合和分离过程,能量管理策略比较复杂。为了进一步合理分配内燃机和电机的动力输出,增强其能量管理策略的鲁棒性,文中分析了电辅助控制策略的不足,提出了基于模糊逻辑控制的包含驾驶员扭矩识别和蓄电池功率平衡的并联混合动力汽车扭矩分配策略,并利用ADVI SOR2002的仿真环境,完成了该模糊逻辑扭矩控制模块的仿真。结果表明,模糊逻辑控制策略满足控制目标,对提高汽车的动力性和燃油经济性、改善排放、保证蓄电池的充放电功率平衡有明显的作用。     

Effect of regenerative braking energy on battery current balance in a parallel hybrid gasoline-electric vehicle under FTP-75 driving mode

In recent years, a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) has been considered a successful technology. Especially, in case of a full HEV, the motor can drive the vehicle by itself at low velocity or assist the engine at high load. To improve the hybrid electric vehicle’s efficiency, a regenerative braking system is also applied to recover from kinetic energy. In this study, an experimental control apparatus was set up with a parallel hybrid electric vehicle mounted on a chassis dynamometer to measure ECU (engine control unit) and MCU (motor control unit) signals, including the current and state of charge in the battery. In order to analyze regenerative braking characteristics, user define braking driving cycle was introduced and carried out using different initial velocities and braking times. The FTP 75 driving cycle was then adapted under different initial SOC (state of charge) levels. The experiment data was analyzed in accordance with the vehicle velocity, battery current, instant SOC level, motor RPM, engine RPM, and then vehicle driving mode was decided. In case of braking driving cycle, it was observed that SOC were increased up to 1.5 % when the braking time and the velocidy were 6 second and 60 km/h, respectively. In addition, using the FTP 75 driving cycle, mode 1 was most frequently operated at SOC 65 conditions in phase 1. In phase 2, due to frequent stop-go hills, percentage of mode 1 was increase by 22 %. Eventually, despite of identity, it was shown that the characteristics of phase 3 differed from phase 1 due to the evanishment of the effects of initial SOCs.     

基于ADVISOR二次开发的混合动力越野车仿真分析

针对混合动力越野车性能仿真需求,考虑到ADVISOR不能提供变化路面条件和不同环境条件下的仿真分析,对ADVISOR进行了二次开发。通过修改ADVISOR中整车模型、车轮模型和部件模型,增加滚动阻力系数模型、车轮滑转率与附着系数模型和蓄电池温度模型,建立了串联式混合动力越野车仿真系统。对某在研国产串联式混合动力越野车的整车性能进行了仿真分析。仿真结果表明,不同的路面条件和环境条件对混合动力车的各种性能有较大影响。