高寒区管道建设施工和维护维修技术研究

中俄油气管道敷设在高寒地区,应解决冻土地质灾害、特殊环境维抢修和低温腐蚀防护问题。文中介绍了标准对标以及借鉴国外高寒区管道先进实践经验。管道施工技术方面,低温环境钢管韧性试验指标更严格,研制大口径专用铺管机、管沟回填工艺预防机械损伤。管道维抢修技术方面,定期开展基线检测评估和应用热棒技术防治管道冻胀融沉,研发冻土/沼泽维抢修机械,严格焊接前预热、防风雪和保温措施,保证低温焊接质量。低温腐蚀防护方面,优选牺牲阳极保护技术和柔性阳极技术。借鉴国外管道先进做法有助于提高国内高寒区管道建设和运行管理水平。     

炼厂催化重整装置预加氢管道腐蚀与选材

根据催化重整装置工艺流程的特点,分析重整进料预处理(预分馏、预加氢)管道的腐蚀特点及腐蚀机理,按照腐蚀发生的部位,将装置的腐蚀分为湿H2S腐蚀和HCl腐蚀的低温腐蚀以及高温部位的H2/H2S腐蚀系统。同时对这两种不同腐蚀部位下的管道选材进行了探讨,提出了抗低温湿H2S腐蚀选材的具体要求和抗高温H2/H2S腐蚀的典型材料。文中介绍了已投产的某催化重整装置,目前该装置运行平稳,证明文中针对预处理腐蚀环境下提出选材要求是合理的。     

埋地管道的腐蚀与防护综述

将埋地管道的腐蚀分为内腐蚀和外腐蚀2类,综述了影响埋地管道内腐蚀及外腐蚀的因素,介绍了常用的埋地管道内腐蚀及外腐蚀检测技术,给出了埋地管道内腐蚀及外腐蚀的控制措施.     

腐蚀管道剩余寿命预测方法

基于可靠性理论,提出了一种预测管道腐蚀剩余寿命的新方法,即管道腐蚀可靠性寿命预测方法。该方法包括建立腐蚀管道的失效状态函数、腐蚀速率等变量的概率分布模型、管道失效概率和可靠度随时间的变化规律;然后根据管道所处地区级别和风险等级给定目标可靠度,确定管道的腐蚀剩余寿命。运用此方法预测了新疆采油一厂红浅注汽管道的腐蚀剩余寿命,为该管道腐蚀检测周期的确定提供了科学依据。     

管道腐蚀速率机理及预测方法

为控制管道腐蚀,减小管道腐蚀速率,对腐蚀机理开展研究,以进一步预测管道腐蚀速率与趋势。通过分析管道腐蚀的各种因素及其相互作用,结合现场管道运行工况、输送介质组分分析及管道腐蚀产物测试结果,确定管道腐蚀主要为CO2腐蚀,从而合理选择腐蚀预测模型。通过对CO_2腐蚀预测模型与计算公式的分析,利用软件建立管道腐蚀预测模型,找到管道腐蚀速率范围与位置,进而确定腐蚀控制手段。     

川西集输管道外腐蚀防护技术研究

川西气田集输管道投运年限较长,敷设地区大气、土壤腐蚀性较强,造成管道外腐蚀引起的穿孔、泄漏。针对管道外腐蚀问题,通过对川西地区腐蚀环境调研,分析管道外腐蚀特征,并根据气田实际开展了管材、防腐层、阴极保护,修复补强技术及腐蚀检测等腐蚀控制措施研究,形成了川西管道外腐蚀防护体系,有效延长管道平均剩余寿命,保障了气田安全平稳生产。     

油气管道腐蚀预测方法研究

文中介绍了3种常见管道腐蚀缺陷及2种腐蚀失效模式,简要分析了油气管道腐蚀预测的国内外研究现状,介绍了油气管道腐蚀预测模型存在的问题及解决途径,针对这些问题提出了建议,对油气管道的腐蚀预测研究提供参考。     

长输油气管道内腐蚀研究进展

针对长输油气管道的内腐蚀问题,总结了国内外油气管道内腐蚀研究现状、内腐蚀主要机理,并从输送介质、管材成分、输送工艺等方面对管道内腐蚀影响因素进行了分析。同时,结合国内外调研情况,介绍了长输油气管道内腐蚀控制标准和主要的防控技术,并对内腐蚀监测和直接评价技术进行了研究。在此基础上,介绍了开展管道内腐蚀研究的重要性及研究方向,为油气管道完整性研究和内腐蚀研究提供参考。     

管道非破坏腐蚀监测新技术研究进展

采用非破环监测技术对管道的腐蚀状态进行实时监测并对腐蚀缺陷进行及时修补是保证管道安全的重要措施。文中总结了目前国外较先进的管道非破坏腐蚀监测技术及其装备,对其原理、监测精度和应用场合进行了重点介绍,同时对管道非破环腐蚀监测技术的发展趋势进行了分析,为管道非破环腐蚀监测技术的研究提供借鉴。     

基于管道完整性管理的输气管道内腐蚀分析

为确认管道内检测发现的内部金属损失是否为内腐蚀缺陷并分析内腐蚀成因,基于管道完整性管理的大数据分析理念,将内检测数据、内腐蚀发生位置数据、开挖直接检测数据、腐蚀形貌3D建模分析数据、内腐蚀产物理化分析成果、超声导波监测数据等进行整合并分析了内腐蚀发生的原因。分析结果表明:内腐蚀是由于管道内壁与H_2S、CO_2和管道内部的水发生电化学腐蚀而形成的。依据腐蚀成因,开展了生产清管作业内腐蚀控制,并通过对比多轮超声导波监测数据,确认管道清管对内腐蚀控制的有效性。介绍了开展管道内腐蚀研究的重要性及研究方向。     

厦蓉高速巫帮隧道围岩变形监控量测与分析

文章结合厦蓉高速贵州境巫帮隧道现场工程地质和隧道开挖情况,制定了详细的隧道围岩监测方案,确定了班场量测的内容、项目与方法,提出了围岩稳定判别标准。并通过对隧道典型断面的拱顶下沉量、周边位移收敛量及地表沉降位移的监测数据的分析．阐述了闭岩变形发展变化规律和产生的原因。     

The effect of road traffic noise on the prices of residential property – A case study of the polish city of Olsztyn

The key factors that determine the prices of real estate are location, technical standard of property as well as the local environment. In urban agglomerations, road traffic noise has a considerable impact on the purchasing decisions made by apartment buyers. This is a widespread problem in Central-Eastern Europe. The main objective of this study was to verify the working hypothesis that apartment prices are correlated with traffic noise levels in Olsztyn, the capital city of the Region of Warmia and Mazury in north-eastern Poland.The study was carried out in four principal stages. Firstly, traffic noise intensity was determined for apartments (objects of real estate transactions concluded in 2013), based on an acoustic map for the city of Olsztyn. The map was developed in line with the provisions of Directive 2002/49/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 June 2002 relating to the assessment and management of environmental noise. Secondly, the values of the Noise Depreciation Sensitivity Index (NDSI) were calculated. NDSI determines the percentage change in property prices per dB increase in noise levels. The distribution of unit prices of apartments was mapped relative to noise levels, and the relationships between the analyzed variables were assessed. Thirdly, linear correlations between the unit prices of apartments and noise levels were analyzed. The strength and direction of relationships between the analyzed parameters were determined based on Pearson’s correlation coefficient. In the last stage, the distribution of the unit prices of apartments was mapped by ordinary kriging, a geostatistical estimation method. The research hypothesis was confirmed by comparing the spatial distribution of traffic noise levels measured in stage 1 with the spatial distribution of apartment prices.     

透平机械工艺管道的设计

根据透平机械的设计规范要求,设备法兰口所允许荷载的许用范围较为苛刻,对管路设计提出了较高的要求。并且由于透平机械工作状态下温度、压力等条件的限制,某些情况下无法使用柔性补偿装置。因此,文中探讨了利用增设限位架的措施来减小管道对透平机械法兰口作用力的方法。该措施主要通过在适当位置增设限位架,使管系的热膨胀与机组法兰口处热膨胀方向、大小保持一致,从而起到减小管道作用力的效果。通过理论计算验证了该措施的有效性和可行性。     

Optimization of periodic crew schedules with application of column generation method

We present an alternative approach to the problem of periodic crew scheduling. We introduce the concept of frames which leads us to a modeling approach which suits well the current practice of the majority of European railway operators. It results in a model facilitating column generation techniques resulting in a Dantzig-Wolfe type decomposition, and thus suitable for a parallel implementation in a high-performance computing environment. We exploit the properties of network flow models to avoid several additional integer constraints. We compare two approaches to solve the problem. The first approach consists of solving the original problem by single model. The second approach is our step-by-step column generation. The comparison is based on our implementation which we describe in detail along with its application to certain benchmark instances. The benchmarks originate in real or close-to-realistic problems from railway systems in Slovakia and Hungary. The case studies demonstrate that our model is well-suited for real-life applications.     

Analysis of energy consumption of food transit in an urban agglomeration in Poland

The paper presents the results of research on operational energy consumption of a vehicle in conditions of urban transit in Poland. An important role in Intelligent Transportation Systems in the road transport is played by transit in urban agglomerations. The analysis was based on the use of telemetry systems and statistical analysis of the waveform of digital speed recording. The resulting empirical cumulative distribution functions of phases of acceleration and deceleration speeds allowed to determine the kinetic losses of the vehicle (fuel consumption). The statistical significance of differences between cumulative distribution functions was tested using the Smirnov–Kolmogorov test.     

浙江省沿海典型码头大气污染水平及影响因素分析

本文选择浙江省沿海典型油气码头、干散货码头、件杂货码头和集装箱专用码头作为监测点,在一个自然年中分别选取代表日进行空气质量监测。根据污染物浓度水平,结合气象条件参数和交通流量参数,对大气污染物进行影响因素分析。结果表明:码头空气质量优于当地整体情况;SO_2、NO_2、PM_2.5和PM₁₀浓度变化与气温、湿度、风速呈负相关关系,与气压呈正相关关系,CO浓度受气象条件影响较小;靠港船舶和码头内作业车辆尾气是码头空气污染物的重要来源。     

Preliminary results of an analysis of areas of influence in Shanghai

The main deficiency of most current modeling approaches to transportation can be identified as neglect of the integration of existing geographical knowledge in regard to the ex ante transport/land use modeling approaches, with its focus on territorial dynamics and theory development. This paper addresses this aspect of the problem by introducing a theoretical and methodological framework for the analysis of the interrelationship between land uses. The analysis attempts to determine to what extent the functional land use in a city can be considered an ordered pattern. The order sought does not rely on purely spatial configurations, but on the correlation of transportation and land use. The first section of this paper focuses on theoretical considerations. It stresses the fact that conventional approaches do not apply in the present context. It then suggests an alternative based on areas of influence and measured in terms of level of attractance of land uses. The second describes a procedure based on this alternative following the remarkable contribution of Hanjoul, Beguin and Thill. An application of this procedure to the analysis of Shanghai is then examined. Finally, an evaluation of the strategies for optimizing the interrelationship between land uses is presented. The paper concludes with a possible research agenda.     

清管器应用技术的发展

介绍了清管器的分类,概述了清管器在输油、油田注水、输气等管线中的除垢应用以及在管线检测方面的具体应用情况,给出了清管器应用技术的发展趋势.     

Technical characteristics and efficiency of urban bus companies: The case of Spain

The aim of the present study is twofold. First, to provide new information concerning the technical characteristics of urban bus companies on the basis of a sample of medium and large-size cities in Spain. Second, to analyze the degree of efficiency of those companies and to quantify the reasons for this efficiency. The results should be useful in evaluating possible changes in public policies relating to urban transport, specifically changes in the way the market is organized and in pricing.The analysis is carried out by estimating a cost function. The sample is made up of a panel data set consisting of observations of nine Spanish companies that operated during the period 1983–1995. The specified functional form is translogarithmic. The output unit of measure adopted is bus*kms run. The cost function includes the network length for each company, thus permitting evidence concerning economies of density and economies of scale.The use of panel data allows us to estimate the cost function, taking into account that each company is affected by the specific characteristics of each individual city, the different features of the network in question and by different levels of efficiency. The economies of scale have been calculated, taking into account that the features of the network and of the city – represented by their specific individual effect – will vary with the company's level of output.Finally, an analysis is made of the relative productive efficiency of the companies, as well as of the variables likely to influence that efficiency.     

Computer simulation of impacts of a chlorine tanker truck accident

The aim of the study was to present the author’s original modelling programs of pollution dispersion in an urban environment. The programs outlined herein are based on a diagnostic model of air velocity field and Langrangian particle model. In both modelling programs author’s elements of mathematical modelling were applied. The models have been validated and verified. Geographic Information System (GIS) Idrisi Andes was applied in the pre-processing stage.The development of author’s original computer program and stages of hazardous material propagation modelling were discussed.The results of computations and analysis of pollution dispersion caused by a chlorine tanker truck collision and chlorine release into atmosphere were presented. It was simulated that the accident took place in the city of Bielsko-Biała, on a bypass in a built-up area causing leakage of 10 t of chlorine. The computer simulations conducted for two wind direction scenarios allow to conclude that the total area affected by the pollutant cloud with concentrations above threshold levels could be over 2 km², with 5000 lethally exposed people.