中国港口建设与科技创新

改革开放以来,伴随着国民经济的快速发展,我国的港口基础设施建设取得了跨越式发展,无论是数量上还是速度上,都创造了奇迹。我国港口泊位数量从1978年的700多个增加到2007年的3.5万多个,货物吞吐量从1978年的2.8亿t增加到2007年的64.1亿t,已经形成了布局合理、层次分明、功能齐全的港口运输体系。在此期间,我国在港口建设方面取得了一系列技术突破,包括港口发展规划、基础理论及模拟技术、工程勘察与勘测技术、港口建设技术标准、港口建设施工技术及港口运行维护技术等方面科技创新与应用,为我国港口的建设与发展注入了强劲发展动力。文章系统地总结了港口的建设成绩与港口技术的发展。     

A game theory analysis of port specialization—implications to the Chinese port industry

The fast growth of the Chinese economy and its international seaborne trade has escalated the demand for high-quality and efficient port services. “Decentralization” of the port management regime has given local government greater freedom in port development and operational decision-making. However, major port capacity expansion in coastal areas, coupled with the slowing down of both the economy and trade growth over recent years, has led to overcapacity and excessive competition. Although both port specialization and government regulations are called for to address these issues, few studies have investigated the formation mechanism and economic implications of port specialization. This paper uses alternative duopoly games, namely a Stackelberg game and a simultaneous game, to model port competition, where ports provide differentiated services in the sectors of containerized cargo and dry-bulk cargo. Our analytical results reveal that inter-port competition can lead to port specialization in the following three ways. A port can specialize in a type of cargo (1) for which there is relatively high demand, (2) where it has established capacity first, or (3) for services which require prohibitively high capacity costs. Also, it is seen that overcapacity is likely if strategic port decisions are made simultaneously instead of sequentially. These results suggest that if there is a clear market leader, policy intervention may not be necessary. However, if no port has clear market power, then government coordination and intervention may be needed in order to prevent overcapacity and to encourage specialization.     

透视我国中小港口发展

在枢纽港之争的背后,中小港口的发展应得到更多的重视,文章分析了中小港口存在的问题,明确了中小港口发展定位,指出中小港口发展动因及阻力,对其发展方向给予建议。     

船舶安全评价探讨

长江港口通过多年大规模的建设,已成为沿江综合运输体系的重要枢纽,承担了沿江能源、外贸物资、石油、集装箱、煤、矿石等货物的运输任务。近十几年来是长江港口基础设施投入资金最多,基础设施建设最快,港口结构调整成效显著,港口吞吐量增长迅速,科技含量、管理水平和人员素质迅速提升的时期,港口建设取得了巨大的成就,港口综合竞争力明显提高。如何综合考核港口发展状况是当前的一项重要课题。     

我国无水港通关模式评价研究

无水港是近年来迅速发展的、与港口具有同样功能的"内陆港"。介绍了国内4个无水港港群发展的现状和我国目前无水港的通关模式。分析了无水港通关模式的优势和社会效益。指出了需要进一步解决的问题。     

Systematizing international benchmarking for ports

The subject of port efficiency is one of the important issues facing port authorities and policy makers today. A number of studies have been undertaken which compare ports in terms of their efficiency. But any port comparison can only be valid and meaningful if a port's efficiency is compared with a similar port. The principal objective of this paper is to introduce a systematic approach to identifying similar ports based on the technique of principal component analysis. Secondly, it seeks to identify the most important factors underlying the port classification. Lack of awareness of which factors differentiate ports has resulted in an unnecessary collection of data which are of limited use in port classification. This study has identified three groupings of similar ports within which port comparison can be justifiably made. This approach can be used for any future port comparison and can be applied to other areas of activity facing the same difficulty.     

Do port security quality and service quality influence customer satisfaction and loyalty?

ABSTRACT

This study uses Kaohsiung Port as a case study to evaluate the relationships between port security quality, port service quality, customer satisfaction, and customer loyalty. For this purpose, a survey was conducted with shipping companies and freight forwarders in Taiwan. The results indicate that port security quality has a direct and positive impact on both port service quality and customer satisfaction; port service quality has a direct and positive impact on both customer satisfaction and customer loyalty; and customer satisfaction has a direct and positive impact on customer loyalty. However, the impact from port service quality is more significant than that of port security quality. Accordingly, this study suggests that Kaohsiung Port should concentrate on improving its service quality in order to enhance customer satisfaction and customer loyalty.     

Systematizing international benchmarking for ports

The subject of port efficiency is one of the important issues facing port authorities and policy makers today. A number of studies have been undertaken which compare ports in terms of their efficiency. But any port comparison can only be valid and meaningful if a port's efficiency is compared with a similar port. The principal objective of this paper is to introduce a systematic approach to identifying similar ports based on the technique of principal component analysis. Secondly, it seeks to identify the most important factors underlying the port classification. Lack of awareness of which factors differentiate ports has resulted in an unnecessary collection of data which are of limited use in port classification. This study has identified three groupings of similar ports within which port comparison can be justifiably made. This approach can be used for any future port comparison and can be applied to other areas of activity facing the same difficulty.     

第四代港口概念及特点*

在梳理和总结国内外关于第四代港口的理论和实践研究的基础上,以港口区位和港口功能规划为出发点,对第四代港口的概念和特点进行了界定。认为第四代港口在物理上打破了区位限制,是一个以港口、临港工业区和临港新城为载体的集港口、产业和城市功能为一体的网络港口群;在功能方面,第四代港口提供围绕资源和生产要素的一体化的生产、物流、信息、商贸、金融等服务。对第四代港口概念和特点的深入研究有助于全面认识和理解未来港口的发展方向,对我国港口建设具有重要的现实意义。     

港口代际的本质特征及其演化规律

以代际的概念描述港口功能的转变,体现了港口发展的历史进程,也反映出在生产力发展不同阶段中港口所具有的作用。深刻理解港口不同代际的内涵,把握港口未来的发展趋势,对于港口规划、建设和经营具有重要的现实意义。针对不同港口代际的本质特征及其演化规律进行重点剖析,并从横向扩展和纵向延伸两个方面对港口功能的转变进行研究,供决策者制定港口发展规划时参考。     

港口物流发展研究

物流在港口服务中的应用极大地改变了港口的传统服务模式,提供了更为广泛的发展思路。本文通过对港口物流发展的必要性和竞争性分析,提出了港口物流的一般功能及其发展策略。     

Impact of politics,economic events and port policies on the evolution of maritime traffic in Chinese ports

The Chinese government has been exploring various paths to find a direction that better suits China’s national conditions during the past 60 years. Meanwhile, a series of political and economic events and policy transformations have had different effects on the port industry. This article attempts to ascertain how these events and port policies have influenced Chinese port traffic through an empirical study on data covering 1952–2009. The findings suggest that foreign trade has been the prime driver of the throughput of Chinese ports. The increase in the ports’ throughput has enabled an increase in domestic demand and the urgent need for further port investment. Chinese port throughput has been subject to multiple shocks. The Great Leap Forward¹ is found to have had the largest, but only a short-term impact. China’s accession to the World Trade Organization, however, led to a longer and exclusive effect on ports, with little observed effect on the other variables. The reform of port governance is shown to have had a more lasting positive effect on port throughput than physical investment. However, these latter effects are minor, the economic and political factors remain the primary driving factors of port throughput.     

Comparative analysis of port competency requirements in Vietnam and Korea

ABSTRACT

Much research has been conducted recently on the changing role of ports in the context of international logistics and supply chain management focusing on issues such as port efficiency and competitiveness. However, little research has been found on the critical aspect that contributes to making a port efficient and effective, especially, in the new era: the port human capital. As seaports play a critical role in the supply chain, it is thus important that the port personnel possess necessary competencies to contribute to port efficiency and turn the port into an effective supply chain partner. In this paper, this research issue is explored through a conceptual model of competencies and validated empirically by a survey with port executives in Vietnam and Korea. As a result, important managerial insights are drawn to the design and implementation of human resource development policy for ports.     

Hinterland strategies of port authorities: A case study of the port of Barcelona

Port authorities generally focus on the development of the local port area and play a minor role in the development of port hinterlands, whereas shippers, forwarders, barge and rail operators have always been involved in the port-hinterland connection. The increasing importance of intermodal hinterland networks for the competitive position of ports has urged port authorities to become active in the hinterland. This new role has already been suggested by different academics. However, limited empirical evidence exists of port authorities taking stakes in inland terminals or developing transport services. Barcelona, as one of the leading port authorities in this respect, is used as a case study in this paper. The case study provides insight in the components and execution of the hinterland strategy of Barcelona. It shows that the strategy of the port authority of Barcelona and the consequent active involvement in the hinterland has had a significant impact on attracting container volumes from distant hinterlands and improving the accessibility of the port.     

南京港集装箱运输发展战略分析

介绍了南京港集装箱运输的现状,分析了南京港集装箱运输发展的优势、劣势、面临的机遇和威胁。对南京港“十一五”期间集装箱运输发展提出了对策及建议。     

南京港节能减排评价和提升策略分析

随着港口节能环保的发展,港口节能减排成为当前港口研究的热点。以南京港为研究对象,在对南京港节能减排现状分析的基础上,基于物元分析法和层次分析法,构建南京港节能减排的评价模型,并计算出南京港节能减排的效果评价,最后依据评价结论提出降低南京港排放的建议措施。     

上海港罗泾港区二期工程规划设计创新

新近建成的上海港罗泾港区是集矿石、煤炭、钢铁等散杂货物为一体的综合性港区,是世界上第一座公共港区为大型钢铁企业提供分拨配送等增值服务的物流港区。罗泾港区规划设计开发了全新的"枢纽港-物流港"联动的平行结构平面布置模式。在传统的公用港口布置方法基础上,运用准时制(JIT)的精益生产(LP)物流理念,优化装卸工艺和港口平面布置,提升服务水平,延伸港口服务链条。实现了物流流程的高度一体化、同步化。节约了极为宝贵的深水岸线和土地资源、降低了能耗。     

江苏沿海港口开发与物流业发展研究

江苏沿海港口物流业已经初步形成协调发展、层次分明、重心突出的格局,但与它们承担的任务相比还有很大差距,港口物流资源有待进一步整合开发。在借鉴国内外港口物流业发展实践经验的基础上,提出江苏沿海港口开发与物流业发展战略,以期提高江苏沿海港口物流业的整体效益,充分发挥江苏沿海港口物流在区域经济发展中的提速作用。     

宁波港城经济互动关系研究

从宁波港对城市经济的影响和城市经济对港口的影响两方面,运用定性描述和定量计算相结合的方法,研究港口与城市经济的协调度问题。提出港口和城市经济协调度的概念,建立反映港口与城市经济协调发展程度的综合指标,并建立定量分析模型。提出相应的定量评价方法,提出促进宁波港城经济系统协调发展与演进的政策性建议。     

Container terminals in South Korea: problems and panaceas

Korea has achieved remarkable economic growth over the last three decades. This has largely been due to the adoption of export-oriented economic policies. This economic development has resulted in a rapid increase in export and import cargos. Since the foreign trade of Korea is carried predominantly by sea transport (approximately 99.8% in terms of volume), ports play a crucial role in this process. Although recent port developments are aimed at keeping pace with ever-growing seaborne cargoes, problems persist, especially insufficient port capacity and inefficient management and operations. As a consequence, the ports of Korea suffer from serious port congestion. This problem is particularly acute in Pusan, the fifth largest container port in the world. In the past, all ports in Korea were controlled and administered by the Korea Maritime and Port Administration which was a public port authority. In August 1996, the Korean government established a new government organization, the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries (MMAF), with a remit to control and manage its seaports and other related activities and to improve management efficiency in the maritime area. As a way of solving problems related to port congestion and other sources of inefficiency, the new MMAF has launched several new port development schemes. In this context, this paper will discuss (1) the extent of congestion in Korean ports, especially Pusan, the major seaport of the country; and (2) governmental and commercial reaction to solving the problems, including measures such as new port development schemes aimed at attracting private and foreign finance. From this analysis, a strategy for port development in developing countries may be inferred.