Sm0.8Ca0.2AlO3-δ固体电解质的合成及其导电性能

为了改善SmAl O3体系的导电性能,提高其离子电导率,在固相反应条件下,用Ca对SmAl O3中的A位进行了部分替代,成功合成了具有四方钙钛矿结构的固体电解质Sm0.8Ca0.2Al O3-δ。以该材料作为电解质隔膜,Pt作电极组成了氢-空气燃料电池,并测定了该燃料电池在800℃~1000℃范围内的电动势。氧离子迁移数通过实测电动势与利用Nernst方程导出的理论电动势的比值来确定,在测量温度范围内氧离子迁移数都大于0.96,样品以离子导电为主。阻抗谱测量结果表明:Ca的掺杂大大提高了样品的电导率,Sm0.8Ca0.2Al O3-δ在800℃时电导率为0.035 S/cm,与钇稳定的二氧化锆(YSZ)的电导率相当。Ca掺杂的SmAl O3是一种性能较为优良的固体电解质。     

混合导体MAl0.97Zn0.03O3-y(M=Eu,Eu0.9 Ca0.1)的合成与电性能

采用固相反应法合成了具有菱方钙钛矿结构氧化物MAl0.97Zn0.03O3y(M=Eu,Eu0.9Ca0.1).电导率随氧分压的变化关系表明,在600～1 000℃范围内,EuAl0.97Zn0.03 O3-y和Eu09Ca0.1Al0.97 Zn0.03O3-y都是一个氧离子与电子空穴的混合导体.双掺杂的Eu0.9Ca0.1Al0.97Zn0.03O3-y的氧离子电导率与单掺的EuAl0.97Zn0.03O3-y相比,提高了约1.5个数量级,900℃时达到2S/m,约高于同温度下La0.9Sr0.1AlO3-y的电导率,活化能为1.25 Ev.本研究表明在EuAlO3体系可以通过优化掺杂离子的含量获得性能较好的氧离子导电材料.     

混合导体MAl0．97Zn0．03O3-y（M=Eu，Eu0.9Ca0.1）的合成与电性能

采用固相反应法合成了具有菱方钙钛矿结构氧化物MAl0．97Zn0．03O3-y（M=Eu，Eu0.9Ca0.1）。电导率随氧分压的变化关系表明，在600～1000℃范围内，MAl0．97Zn0．03O3-y和Eu0.9Ca0.1Al0.97Zn0.01O3-y都是一个氧离子与电子空穴的混合导体。双掺杂的Eu0.9Ca0.1Al0.97Zn0．03O3-y的氧离子电导率与单掺的MAl0．97Zn0．03O3-y相比，提高了约1.5个数量级，900℃时达到2S／m，约高于同温度下La0.9Sr0.1AlO3-y的电导率，活化能为1．25eV。本研究表明在EuAlO3体系可以通过优化掺杂离子的含量获得性能较好的氧离子导电材料。     

KNb0.9Zr0.1O2.95的合成、结构及离子导电性

采用高温高压法合成了具有正交钙钛矿结构的氧离子导体KNb0.9Zr0.1O2.95.阻抗谱测量结果表明样品的电导率较好地满足Arrhenius关系,具有典型的离子导电特性.800 ℃时KNb0.9Zr0.1O2.95氧离子电导率为3.82×10-3 S/cm. 在测量温度范围内,电导率可以拟合成两条直线,低温活化能(0.95 eV)小于高温活化能(1.21 eV).     

钙钛矿氧化物KNb0.85Ti0.15O2.925的离子导电性

采用高温高压法首次制备出钙钛矿型KNb0.85Ti0.15O2.925固体电解质,使用XRD、TG-DTA及交流复阻抗谱对样品的结构和离子导电性进行了表征.XRD结果表明,高压能加快固态反应过程,降低合成温度.合成的KNb0.85Ti0.15O2.925固熔体几乎为纯的四方钙钛矿结构.阻抗谱结果表明KNb0.85Ti0.15O2.925固熔体具有离子导电特征,通过拟合阻抗谱数据获得了电导率与温度的关系.在测量温度范围内,电导率可以拟合成两条直线,低温活化能小于高温活化能,800℃时氧离子电导率为5.6×10-3S*cm-1.     

金属离子对SPE膜电极组件电导率的影响

本文使用交流阻抗法测定受Fe3+,Mg2+,Ca2+污染后的膜组件电导率变化情况,对比研究了两侧化学镀铂Nafion膜对这3种离子的抗干扰能力。研究发现,受Mg2+污染后的膜组件电导率下降最大,Fe3+,Ca2+次之。研究认为:Fe3+,Ca2+的影响主要由于这2种离子在Nafion膜内的低电迁移率所致,膜内阻塞效应较强;Mg2+较Fe3+,Ca2+在膜内的电迁移率较大,膜内阻塞效应只少部分降低膜组件电导率大小,更大影响来自于污染电解过程中膜与镀铂层间氧化物的形成。结果表明,各离子与Nafion的亲和力顺序为:Mg2+相似文献   

Nd2O3掺杂钛酸锶钡基陶瓷介电性能及微观形貌研究

采用传统固相法制备了Nd2O3掺杂(Ba0.7Sr0.3)TiO3基电容器介质陶瓷,研究了不同Nd2O3掺杂含量以及烧结时间对体系微观形貌及介电性能的影响.结果表明:适量Nd2O3掺杂有利于提高体系室温相对介电常数并降低室温介电损耗且随Nd2O3添加量增大,(Ba0.7Sr0.3)TiO3基陶瓷部分晶粒异常长大.(Ba0.7Sr0.3)TiO3基陶瓷居里温度随Nd2O3添加量增大向低温方向移动.随着烧结时间延长,Nd2O3改性的(Ba0.7Sr0.3)TiO3基陶瓷平均粒径显著增大,体系室温相对介电常数显著提高,而室温介电损耗降低.由于粒界缓冲作用减弱,(Ba0.7Sr0.3)TiO3基陶瓷相对介电常数及介电损耗的温度稳定性随烧结时间增长有所降低.     

Mn_xNi_((1-x))O催化剂对LiClO_4分解的催化性能研究

为提高潜艇等密闭空间所使用的氧烛的体积储氧量,通过溶胶-凝胶法制备了Ni:Mn=6:1,3:1,2:1,1:1,1:2,1:3,1:6七种Mnx Ni(1-x)O催化剂,将其与LiClO_4进行热重-差热分析(TG-DTA),通过对比空白样品和各混合样品的起始分解温度和最大分解速率温度,探究了Mn_xNi_((1-x))O催化剂对LiClO_4分解的催化性能。研究结果表明,Mn_xNi_((1-x))O催化剂对LiClO_4分解有很好的催化作用,起始分解温度降低128±13℃,其中Ni:Mn=1:6的催化性能最佳,起始分解温度为312℃,在372℃时的分解速率达到10.8%/min,分解温程最窄。     

Gd,Bi掺杂的YBaC04O7+δ材料微结构和氧吸附性质

采用固相反应法制备出了Y0.9Gd0.1BaCo4 O7+δ和Y0.9 Bi0.1BaCo4O7 +δ2种吸氧材料,研究吸氧材料的微结构和氧吸附性能.Rietveld全谱拟合XRD结果显示:Y0.9Gd0.1BaCo4O7+δ样品具有单一的YBaCo4O7+δ的晶体结构(空间群为P63 mc),而Y0.9 Bi0.1B...     

Ho2O3掺杂Ba(Zr0.1Ti0.9)O3-Ba(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3陶瓷的结构与介电性能研究

采用固相反应法制备不同质量百分含量Ho₂O₃掺杂的0.97Ba(Zr_0.1Ti_0.9)O₃-0.03Ba(Zn_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃ (x=0, 1, 2, 3, 4)介电陶瓷体系,借助XRD,SEM及介电测试系统,探讨了陶瓷的微观形貌、低频介电性能尤其是弛豫行为随Ho₂O₃含量的变化趋势.结果表明：所有制得陶瓷均为单相钙钛矿结构,随Ho₂O₃含量增大,所有陶瓷体系晶格常数减小,平均晶粒尺寸增大,居里温度减小,弥散相变及频率色散强度先增大后减小.此外,适量Ho₂O₃掺杂可提升陶瓷的室温介电性能及介电温度稳定性,为其作为瓷介应用于Y5V型多层陶瓷电容器提供了可能.     

基于O3H2O2处理船舶压载水过程中形成溴酸盐的研究

船舶压载水异地排放是造成外来生物入侵的主要途径之一,为此需对船舶压载水进行处理,但在杀灭有害生物的同时也产生了致癌性有毒化学副产物。本研究主要研究O₃/H₂O₂处理船舶压载水过程中溴酸盐的生成,并考察了温度、pH、溴离子浓度、H₂O₂/O₃摩尔比对其生成过程的影响。结果表明,溴酸盐含量随温度升高而降低,随溴离子含量的增加而升高,随pH增加而增加,H₂O₂/O₃摩尔比存在一个最佳范围(0.5~1)。从工程实际出发,建议处理后的船舶压载水采用中和处理手段以降低对海洋环境的负面影响。     

不同含水量液舱在弹体撞击下的动态响应特性

为了明确液舱在平头弹体侵彻下的变形毁伤特点,利用100%含水量液舱的高速侵彻实验,结合数值仿真方法,分析了平头弹作用下液舱含水量对舱壁动态响应的影响规律。结果表明：在相同含水量条件下,弹体初速度越高,弹体在水中的速度衰减越快,耗散的动能越多;同时弹体速度的衰减也随液舱含水量的增加而增大。弹体动能的耗散使得舱内形成空泡,且空泡尺寸随弹体速度的增加而增大。液舱壁由于空泡的作用产生了外凸变形,且其变形量随弹体速度及含水量的增加而增大;当液舱部分含水时,舱壁出现非对称变形,液面下的舱壁的最大变形量与满舱时近似相等。     

基于固有变形的船用钢薄板对接焊失稳变形的数值分析

在船用钢薄板的焊接过程中,不但会产生常见的焊接变形,也有可能产生焊接失稳变形。本文以焊缝的固有变形为依据,阐明船用钢薄板对接焊失稳变形产生的内在机理;同时,以固有变形为输入参数,通过弹性有限元分析的数值模拟,预测出可能产生的失稳变形模态和变形值;最终,通过四种不同的工艺方法(激光焊、瞬态热拉伸、随焊激冷和间断焊等),来减小固有变形的数值,并控制薄板对接焊接头可能产生的失稳变形。     

浅谈500m^3／h铰吸式挖泥船总体设计

本概述了非自航、全液压、整体式的500m^3/h铰吸式挖泥船的总体设计思想。     

22 000m3液化气船整船和舱段三维有限元强度分析

对22 000m     

纳米Al2O3复合镀铁层的结构与性能

为提高船机零部件的耐磨性,减少零部件的磨损,通过在电镀液中添加Al2O3纳米颗粒的方法,制备出含有Al2O3纳米颗粒的复合镀铁层。对制备出的镀层进行硬度、表面形貌、元素成分和摩擦磨损性能分析。结果表明：Al2O3纳米颗粒成功进入了镀层,含有Al2O3颗粒的复合镀层相对普通镀铁层有明显提高；含有40g/L Al2O3的复合镀层的摩擦系数相对普通镀层下降了25%,磨损量也大幅下降；经过摩擦磨损后复合镀层的表面状态良好。     

Gas transfer velocities of CO2 and CH4 in a tropical reservoir and its river downstream

We have measured simultaneously the methane (CH₄) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) surface concentrations and water–air fluxes by floating chambers (FC) in the Petit-Saut Reservoir (French Guiana) and its tidal river (Sinnamary River) downstream of the dam, during the two field experiments in wet (May 2003) and dry season (December 2003). The eddy covariance (EC) technique was also used for CO₂ fluxes on the lake. The comparison of fluxes obtained by FC and EC showed little discrepancies mainly due to differences in measurements durations which resulted in different average wind speeds. When comparing the gas transfer velocity (k₆₀₀) for a given wind speed, both methods gave similar results. On the lake and excluding rainy events, we obtained an exponential relationship between k₆₀₀ and U₁₀, with a significant intercept at 1.7 cm h^− 1, probably due to thermal effects. Gas transfer velocity was also positively related to rainfall rates reaching 26.5 cm h⁻¹ for a rainfall rate of 36 mm h^− 1. During a 24-h experiment in dry season, rainfall accounted for as much as 25% of the k₆₀₀. In the river downstream of the dam, k₆₀₀ values were 3 to 4 times higher than on the lake, and followed a linear relationship with U₁₀.     

Seasonal study of dissolved CH4, CO2 and N2O in a shallow tidal system of the bay of Cádiz (SW Spain)

During 2004, 10 samplings were performed in order to measure dissolved methane (CH₄), carbon dioxide (CO₂) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) in the surface waters of Río San Pedro, a tidal creek in the salt marsh area of the Bay of Cádiz (SW Spain). The inner partvs of the creek is affected by the inputs coming from an intensive fish farm and the drainage of an extensive salt marsh area.Dissolved CH₄, CO₂ and N₂O concentrations ranged from 11 to 88 nM, 36 to 108 μM and 14 to 50 nM, respectively. Surface waters were in all cases oversaturated with respect to the atmosphere, reaching values of up to 5000% for CH₄, 1240% for CO₂ and 840% for N₂O. Dissolved CH₄, CO₂ and N₂O showed a significant tidal and seasonal variability. Over a tidal cycle, concentrations were always highest during low tide, which points to the influence of the inputs from the fish farm effluent and the drainage of the adjacent salt marsh area, as well as in situ production within the system. Dissolved CH₄, CO₂ and N₂O seasonal patterns were similar and showed maximum concentrations in summer conditions. Using four different parameterizations to calculate the gas transfer coefficients [Liss, P.S. and Merlivat, L., 1986. Air-sea exchange rates: introduction and synthesis. In P. Buat-Ménard (Ed.), The Role of Air-Sea Exchanges in Geochemical Cycling. Reidel, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, p. 113–127.; Clark, J.F., Schlosser, P., Simpson, H.J., Stute, M., Wanninkhof, R., and Ho, D.T., 1995. Relationship between gas transfer velocities and wind speeds in the tidal Hudson River determined by the dual tracer technique. In: B. Jähne and E. Monahan (Eds.), Air-Water Gas Transfer: AEON Verlag and Studio, Hanau, Germany, pp. 785–800.; Carini, S., Weston, N., Hopkinson, G., Tucker, J., Giblin, A. and Vallino, J., 1996. Gas exchanges rates in the Parker River estuary, Massachusetts. Biol. Bull., 191: 333–334.; Kremer, J.N., Reischauer, A. and D'Avanzo, C., 2003. Estuary-specific variation in the air-water gas exchange coefficient for oxygen. Estuaries, 26: 829–836.], the averaged air–water fluxes of CH₄, CO₂ and N₂O from the creek to the atmosphere ranged between 34 and 150 μmol CH₄ m^− 2 day^− 1, 73 and 177 mmol CO₂ m^− 2 day^− 1 and 24 and 62 μmol N₂O m⁻² day⁻¹, respectively.     

Determination of anthropogenic CO2 in the North Atlantic Ocean using water mass ages and CO2 equilibrium chemistry

A new method to calculate the anthropogenic CO₂ (ΔDIC_ant) within the water column of the North Atlantic Ocean is presented. The method exploits the equilibrium chemistry of the carbonate system with reference to temperature, salinity and the partial pressure of atmospheric CO₂ (pCO_2,atm). ΔDIC_ant is calculated with reference to the ventilation ages of water masses derived from tracer data and to the time history of pCO_2,atm. The method is applied to data recorded during the WOCE program on the WHP A1/E transect in the North Atlantic Ocean, where we characterise six key water masses by their relationships of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and apparent oxygen utilisation (AOU). The error in determining ΔDIC_ant is reduced significantly by minimising the number of values referred to, especially by avoiding any use of remineralisation ratios of particulate organic matter. The distribution of ΔDIC_ant shows highest values of up to 45 μmol kg⁻¹ in the surface waters falling to 28–33 μmol kg⁻¹ in the Irminger Sea west of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The eastern basin is imprinted by older water masses revealing decreasing values down to 10 μmol kg⁻¹ ΔDIC_ant in the Antarctic Bottom Water. These findings indicate the penetration of the whole water column of the North Atlantic Ocean by anthropogenic CO₂.