工业锅炉填角焊缝安全可靠性研究

工业锅炉受压元件的某些联接部位采用填角焊缝结构,可以简化制造工艺,节省材料,降低成本,具有明显的经济效益,国外工业锅炉已普遍采用此类结构。本文主要介绍立式锅壳锅炉H型下脚圈结构的试验研究,以及试验所采用的方法和测试手段,为工业立式锅壳锅炉,包括船用立式锅炉,推广使用此类结构提供了可靠的科学依据。     

造船用角焊缝低氢型下行焊条CDX-Ⅰ焊接工艺性能试验研究

CDX-I是一种高效专用低氢型立向下行焊条,具有操作简单、焊缝成形美观、熔敷金属扩散氢含量低、生产率高与焊条消耗量少等优点。     

船体角焊缝截面形状的研究

本文叙述了角焊缝截面的类型及角焊缝凸凹参数对承载力的影响，作者专门设计了模拟船体角焊缝受力形式的试件，采用实验方法对船体角焊缝截面形状与承载能力的关系作了详细的分析，指出当焊角尺寸相同时，在凸面，平面和凹面角焊缝中以凹面的角焊缝承载能力最高。     

角焊缝角变形产生机制的研究

以T形焊接接头为算例,用有限元数值计算方法研究了六个固有应变分量各自对角焊缝角变形的作用效应,发现导致角变形产生的主要因素是与焊缝平行的平面内垂直于焊缝方向的固有剪切应变分量;将该固有剪切应变分量以均匀和非均匀两种分布形式施加在焊缝区,发现只有非均匀分布的固有剪切应变使焊接接头产生角变形.由此可知:角焊缝角变形产生的主要原因是在焊缝及其附近区域不均匀分布的固有剪切应变分量,而不是板厚方向上非均匀分布的横向固有正应变分量.此结论指出了关于焊接角变形产生机制的传统思维的认识误区,对研究预测角焊缝角变形简化方法具有指导意义.     

关于角焊缝的效率和效益

本文提出以控制角焊缝的焊脚尺寸的途径和使用下行焊等提高角焊缝效率的焊接方法，来节约焊接材料，减少焊接变形，达到缩短造船周期，降低造船成本的目的。     

船体焊接构件残余应力消除的若干方法

船体结构件在装焊过程中所产生的焊接残余应力不仅会降低船体焊接结构件的性能，还会使船体的建造精度难以控制，从而影响了船舶的建造质量。本文阐述了在建造船体过程中产生焊接残余应力的原因，有两类：一类是由于整体结构中，各个部件的尺寸不协调，强行装配而产生残余应力；另一类是材料内部产生各区域之间自平衡的残余应力。     

T型材角接焊的变形和残余应力分析

T型材焊接不仅常用于现代造船工程中,而且在近海平台和桥梁建造中也得到广泛应用.焊接过程中,高温移动热源及之后的快速冷却,使得在焊缝及其附近区域产生了残留的拉应力,由此产生焊接变形和残余应力.焊接变形和残余应力的存在,将影响钢结构的建造质量及疲劳强度.为预测焊接变形,基于ANSYS有限元软件应用于对T 型材焊接过程进行模拟,求解残余变形和残余应力分布情况,以及边界约束条件对它们的影响.通过分析可得出,焊缝上的各点在焊接过程中,加热时受压应力,冷却时受拉应力.在热影响区内,沿焊缝方向多为拉应力,垂直焊缝方向多为压应力,也符合纵向应力比横向应力大的特点.     

Influence of the welding sequence on residual stress and distortion of fillet welded structures

T-joints are one of the most common welded joints used in the construction of offshore structures, including ships and platforms. In the present study, a sequentially coupled thermo-mechanical finite element model that considers temperature-dependent material properties, high temperature effects and a moving volumetric heat source was used to investigate the effect of welding sequence on the residual stresses and distortions in T-joint welds. The parameters of Goldak's double ellipsoidal heat source model were predicted using a neural network. The numerical models were successfully validated by the experimental tests. The results show that the welding sequences have significant effects on the residual stresses and distortions, both in the magnitude and distribution mode. The optimization of the welding sequences should be investigated numerically or experimentally before the construction welded structure.     

钢质海船角焊缝设计探讨

以《钢质海船入级与建造规范》(1996年 )为基础 ,对钢质海船船体角焊缝的设计以及对角焊缝的优化设计进行了一些探讨 ,提供了一种使用方便、简捷 ,设计准确、合理、经济的设计表格。     

基于塑性反变形法的角焊缝焊接变形控制研究

焊接残余变形的存在会极大地影响焊接构件的质量和企业的生产效益,船厂现行的火工矫正消除焊接变形的方法费时费力。为实现焊接变形的有效控制,在热弹塑性有限元法预测焊接残余变形的基础上,采用正交试验设计寻求使变形量最小的工艺参数组合,并通过2种反变形施加方法进行预置塑性反变形下的T型接头焊接变形控制研究。结果显示:预置塑性反变形法能够补偿焊接变形量,构件的焊后平整度较好,可为生产工作提供参考。     

Measurements and statistical analysis of fillet weld geometrical parameters for probabilistic modelling of the fatigue capacity

Welded joints are commonly used for various structures such as civil engineering infrastructures or marine and submarine structures. It is well known that the geometry of the joints has an important influence on the stress concentration factor and thus on fatigue lifetime. Non-Destructive controls during welding work allow to keep parameters inside bounds and to satisfy quality requirements. However, the effect of the geometry characteristics within these bounds on the structural lifetime needs for a statistical analysis and a probabilistic modelling on the one hand and for a specific computational method on the other hand. When considering the first point, only few works have been carried out on the statistical analysis of the geometrical parameters of a welded joint. The measurement of the different parameters of this geometry is a long and scrupulous work. Recently, some laser process allows obtaining a significant quantity of trajectories along a welded joint for these geometrical parameters. This paper aims at analysing these trajectories for reliability purpose. This laser process allowed us to measure the width of the weld, the angle at the junction between weld and welded component and the radius at the weld toe. The study was completely performed for the two first but it was shown that the assessment of the radius remains challenging.     

The effect of weld residual stress on fracture toughness at the intersection of two welding lines of offshore tubular structure

Due to the spatial complexity and fabrication characteristics of offshore platforms, it is inevitable to encounter overlaps or proximity of weld lines in tubular joints. Several international standards such as American Petroleum Institute (API), American Welding Society (AWS), and American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) regulate the minimum distance between primary weld beads; however, any logical and detailed background of this limitation has not been presented. For a non-compliant weld joint where the regulation is not met, fracture toughness calculation is a typical index to verify the structural integrity.This research consists of two parts. First, weld residual stress distributions are calculated by a 3D thermo-mechanical nonlinear Finite Element Analysis. Two crossing welds, a T-weld crossing on a butt weld, are simulated in one model. A separate tee and a butt welding simulations are also performed for a comparative purpose. Second, SIFs and J-integral values are calculated at the surface and deepest crack tip locations for four different types of semi-elliptical surface cracks. Four cracks are embedded into the weld model and the residual stress distribution from the 3D thermo-mechanical FEA are mapped to a 3D FE crack model as initial conditions. An additional axial tensile load is also imposed. SIF values are compared with those using the weighting function method for the butt weld model subject to three load cases, i.e., tensile stress only, weld residual stress only, and both of them. From the simulation, a tubular joint containing a chord girth weld intersected with weld beads of brace is found to show lower the SIF values than that having only a girth weld on chord.     

基于强化散热的焊后冷源宽度对焊接残余应力的影响

鉴于冷源长度方向尺寸对焊趾位置残余应力峰值的影响不大,本文着重分析冷源宽度方向尺寸对焊后残余应力的影响。本文利用干冰作为焊后冷源介质跟随焊枪同步运动,基于热弹塑性有限元方法,对AH36高强钢薄板随焊激冷的焊接方法进行了模拟。分析了冷源相对于焊缝的宽窄关系对随焊激冷控制残余应力的影响,从而可以对干冰的喷嘴形状设计进行指导,以优化焊后冷源控制应力应变的效果,推进“低应力无变形”焊接技术在船舶领域的发展与应用。结果表明,在焊后施加冷源可以达到降低低应力无变形的效果。其中,在所施加焊后冷源宽度较焊缝宽的情况下,较其他两种宽度冷源控制应力与变形的效果更佳,板中心纵向残余应力可由常规焊的484Mpa减少到375Mpa,减少了109Mpa。     

大型耐压壳环焊缝焊接残余应力实验研究

采用盲孔法对某大型耐压壳废弃壳圈环焊缝及两个模拟模型进行焊接残余应力测试,结果表明,焊接残余应力普遍较大,mises应力超过0.5σs的测点约占2/3左右,另有10%~20%的测点mises应力超过0.8σs,接近屈服极限.     

船舶焊接结构的残余应力与变形仿真研究

随着大型船舶的结构与功能向着集成化、复杂化方向发展,对船舶制造工业的零部件质量和装配质量提出了更高的要求,其中,焊接技术作为现代船舶工业的重要技术手段,对提高船舶生产效率,改善船舶生产周期,提高船舶使用寿命具有重要意义。由于大型船舶的壳体结构体积庞大,在进行焊接时容易出现焊接变形和残余应力等问题,导致船体出现裂痕等严重事故。本文在有限元分析软件Ansys的基础上,对船舶焊接结构件的变形与残余应力进行了仿真分析,对改良船舶结构件焊接工艺,提高船舶结构件制造质量具有重要的理论指导和实际应用价值。     

焊接工艺参数对焊接变形及残余应力的影响

为了研究焊接工艺参数对焊接变形及残余应力的影响,文章基于非线性有限元法对平板对接焊焊接过程进行了数值模拟,结果表明:对于焊缝中心线上任一点,横向变形随外界环境温度的升高而减小;在3种热源功率下,最大横向变形均出现在焊接末端,其值随热源功率的增大而减小。说明外界环境温度越高,焊接效果越好,焊接热源功率越大,焊接效果越好。