泥沙粒度对航道回淤的指示——以丹东港出海航道为例

根据鸭绿江河口西水道水流、悬浮泥沙和底质粒度特征的分析,研究丹东港出海航道泥沙淤积的动力机制以及泥沙粒度对回淤的指示作用。分析表明,海域来沙为西水道的主要泥沙来源,泥沙运动以“波浪掀沙、潮流输沙”为主要特征;悬沙和底质粒度对比表明,上航道和中航道段航道回淤以悬沙落淤为主,下航道和外航道段航道回淤以底沙推移为主。航道回淤泥沙作为泥沙运动的“指示剂”,能够较好地揭示航道回淤的机理;采用刘家驹悬沙淤积模式和罗肇森底沙输移模式相结合的方法,估算丹东港大东港区20万吨级航道回淤量为679万m,,与物理模型试验结果较为接近,上述分析方法和公式可适用于砂质海岸航道回淤计算,也为类似航道回淤研究提供了重要的参考和借鉴。     

Biochemical composition of marine sediment from the eastern Weddell Sea (Antarctica): High nutritive value in a high benthic-biomass environment

Within the SCAR's international EASIZ programme, as part of the benthic–pelagic coupling experiment, grain size and organic matter contents in marine surface sediment were measured. Samples were taken during the austral autumn of 2000 from 3 regions in the eastern Weddell Sea: Kapp Norvegia, Four Seasons Bank, and Austasen.In general, sediments were fine sand with a grain size fraction < 200 μm representing more than 40% of the total weight. The sediments from Four Seasons Bank (64 to 107 m depth) were coarser than those from Austasen and Kapp Norvegia (209 to 480 m depth), presumably due to winnowing of fine sediment at shallow depths. Organic carbon (OC) content ranged from 0.25% to 1.2% and constituted 10% to 97% of the total carbon. The samples from Kapp Norvegia presented the highest OC values. Overall, protein (PRT), lipid (LPD), and carbohydrate (CHO) contents were similar to those in sediment from cold regions (e.g., the North Atlantic and the Ross Sea) but higher than those in sediment from other Antarctic and more septentrional regions (e.g., the Ross Sea and the Mediterranean). The difference within the Antarctic is explained through the local conditions in Terra Nova Bay and Kapp Norvegia. In the Antarctic, PRT and LPD carbon were the main contributors to the biopolymeric carbon (BPC). In the eastern Weddell Sea shelf, the BPC accounted for more than 90% of the OC in most of the samples. More than 82% of the total PRT, LPD, and CHO were present in the fraction < 200 μm. This work remarks the existence of sediments with a high nutritional value persistent several weeks after the spring–summer pulse of fresh organic matter. It is also highlighted the high potential availability of these sediments (due to its grain size) for the benthic communities inhabiting this high-latitude continental shelf.     

河口悬沙浓度变化与多因子响应模式

从河口近岸悬沙浓度的影响因素入手,在收集现场实测资料的基础上,对悬沙浓度的变化规律进行分析。通过分析研究,建立了悬沙浓度变化与多因子响应高精度三维数值模型。以黄茅海水域1992年11月15日—19日实测水流、泥沙、风等资料为基础,对模型进行验证。结果表明:模型能较好地模拟河口水流泥沙运动,且计算稳定性好、精度较高。水流、泥沙运动验证成果基本能达到规范要求的精度。     

The effect of resuspension on chemical exchanges at the sediment-water interface in the deep sea — A modelling and natural radiotracer approach

We review the processes responsible for the formation of vertical gradients in the chemical composition of suspended particles across the benthic nepheloid layer. Such gradients have usually explained by resuspension of surface sediments, but it is shown here that these gradients can only be understood as part of a dynamic exchange between the water column and the sediments. A coupled model, developed in a companion paper, is expanded to include chemical reactions above and below the sediment-water interface. Three cases are discussed: A tracer with first-order decay (Model 1), the dissolution of a major constituent (Model 2), and a particle-reactive tracer with first-order decay and production in the water column (Model 3). Using typical parameter values for a well-developed benthic nepheloid layer, the three models reproduce typical distributions of C_org (organic carbon), opal, and ²³⁴Th, respectively, on particles above and below the sediment-water interface. Sensitivity analyses illustrate how bioturbation can cause the large discrepancy observed between suspended and surface sediment C_org values (Model 1). The model also reconciles this observed discrepancy with observations that the major part of the decomposition takes place within the sediment. For opal (Model 2), the influence of resuspension on the burial rate of opal is shown to be negligible, as long as dissolution follows first-order kinetics and is not enhanced by turbulence in the suspended phase. The modelling of ²³⁴Th (Model 3) successfully links the depletion of ²³⁴Th in bottom waters with the distribution of excess ²³⁴Th in surface sediments and on resuspended particles.²³⁴Th is a powerful example of the tools supplied by the radioactive daughters of the natural U and Th decay series in studying fluxes and exchange rates of solutes and particles across the sediment-water interface. A short review is given of these tools, and it is shown how they can be used to obtain rate information required to apply and calibrate specific resuspension models.     

河口垂向二维悬沙输移数学模型

针对窄深的潮汐河口建立了沿宽度方向积分平均的垂向二维悬沙输移数学模型,潮流场的模拟采用三维MOHID模型,悬沙对流扩散方程采用Galerkin有限元法进行求解。利用该模型模拟了长江口北槽段潮流输沙过程,计算结果与实测资料较好吻合,表明了该模型能够模拟窄深的潮汐型河口地区悬沙输移过程。     

港珠澳大桥工程方案人工岛局部动床冲刷物理模型试验研究

根据系列模型方法研究,通过建立模型沙与原型粘性沙之间的关系,确定系列模型试验比尺。利用珠江口伶仃洋海域实测水文、泥沙及水深测量等现场实测资料分析,根据系列模型理论基础,建立人工岛局部动床系列模型,研究工程实施后对人工岛周边的冲刷尺度。研究表明:人工岛上、下游水深变化较小,人工岛东西两侧水深变化较大,距离人工岛较近处,水深增长较大,距离人工岛越远,水深增长越小。人工岛的实施引起的冲刷均集中在人工岛周边1 km左右,范围较小,基本不会对伶仃航道和铜鼓航道产生不利影响。     

港池和航道疏浚过程中悬浮泥沙扩散输移的数值模拟

建立了平面2D潮流和悬沙增量输移扩散的数学模型,通过有限单元法离散求解此模型,应用该模型对苍南电厂港池和航道疏浚过程中的悬沙扩散输移进行模拟,挖泥过程中的悬沙增量采用恒定源强,再现了疏浚过程中增量悬沙的输移扩散机理。     

开挖过程中悬浮泥沙扩散输移的数值模拟

通过建立平面二维潮流和悬浮泥沙输移扩散的数学模型,模拟某挖泥工程中悬浮泥沙的扩散输移过程,并应用非结构网格的有限单元法进行离散求解.该模型结合工程实际,采用连续线源模拟挖泥过程中的增量悬沙,以揭示其在开挖过程中扩散输移的机理,为工程环境影响评价提供科学依据.     

Distribution of suspended sediment in the coastal sea off the Ganges–Brahmaputra River mouth: observation from TM data

Remote sensing technique was applied to estimate suspended sediment concentration (SSC) and to understand transportation, distribution and deposition of suspended sediment in the estuary and throughout the coastal sea, off the Ganges–Brahmaputra River mouth. During low river discharge period, zone of turbidity maximum is inferred in the estuary near the shore. SSC map shows that maximum SSC reaches 1050 mg/l in this period. Magnitude of SSC is mainly owing to resuspension of the bottom surface sediments induced by tidal currents flowing over shallow water depths. The influence of depth on resuspension is farther revealed from the distribution and magnitude of SSC along the head of Swatch of No Ground (SNG) submarine canyon. During high river discharge period, huge river outflow pushed the salt wedge and flashes away the suspended sediments in the coastal sea off the river mouth. Zone of turbidity maximum is inferred in the coastal water approximately within 5–10 m depth of water, where the maximum SSC reaches 1700 mg/l. In this period, huge fluvial input of the suspended sediments including the resuspended bottom sediments and the particles remaining in suspension for longer period of time since their initial entry control mainly the magnitude of SSC. In the estuary near the shore, seasonal variation in the magnitude of SSC is not evident. In the coastal sea (>5 m water depth), seasonal influence in the magnitude of SSC could be concluded from the discrepancy between SSC values of two different seasons. Transportation and deposition of suspended sediments also experiences seasonal variations. At present, suspended sediments are being accumulated on the shallow shelf (between 5 and 10 m water depth) in low discharge period and on the mid-shelf (between 10 and 75 m water depth) during high discharge period. An empirical (exponential) relationship was found between gradual settle down of suspended sediments in the coastal sea and its lateral distance from the turbidity maximum.     

A three-dimensional, wave-current coupled, sediment transport model for POM

In the high-energy environment of coastal seas and estuaries,strong sediment resuspension/ deposition events are driven by surface waves,tides,winds and buoyancy driven currents.In recent years,A POM based three-dimensional,wave-current coupled,sediment transport model has been developed by the University of New South Wales.This paper presents several examples of the model applications to study sediment dynamics in the environments where forcings such as waves,tides,and winds are equally important to affect sediment fluxes and distributions.Firstly,the sediment transport model coupled to the Yellow Sea general circulation model and a third generation wave model SWAN was implemented in the Yellow Sea to study the dynamics of the sediment transport and resuspension in the northern Jiangsu shoal-wate(rNJSW).The sediment distributions and fluxes and their inter-annual variability were studied by realistic numerical simulations.The study found that the surface waves played a dominant role over the tides to form the turbidity maxima along the muddy coast of NJSW. Secondly,the sediment transport model was used to explore the effect of suspended sediment-induced stratification in the bottom boundary laye(rBBL).The model uses a re-parameterized bottom drag coefficient Cd that incorporates a linear stability function of flux Richardson number Rf.The study has shown that the sediment induced stratification in the BBL reduces the vertical eddy viscosity and bottom shear stress in comparison with the model prediction in a neutrally stratified BBL.In response to these apparent reductions,the tidal current shear is increased and sediments are abnormally concentrated within a thin wall layer that is overlain by a thicker layer with much smaller concentration.The formation of this fluid-mud layer near the seabed has led to a significant reduction in the total sediment transport.This study contributes to the understanding of formations of tidal flats along the coasts of turbid seas and estuaries.     

跨海大桥拦阻设施实施的悬沙扩散影响分析

为保证桥梁及船舶安全,非通航孔拦阻船舶设施成为跨海大桥的重要组成部分,其实施引起的悬沙扩散对海水水质产生一定影响。以金塘大桥为例,在采用等效糙率法概化桥墩的基础上,应用二维潮流、泥沙数学模型模拟了拦阻设施实施引起的悬沙扩散分布,并对水质影响进行分析。结果表明:(1)等效糙率法在工程海域的应用可获得较好的模拟效果;(2)拦阻设施实施对海水水质的影响较为有限,西通航孔附近实施时,悬沙浓度增量达到10 mg/L的海域集中在拦阻设施北侧4.5 km至南侧6.5 km的范围内,主通航孔附近实施时的相应海域则集中在拦阻设施附近500 m范围内;(3)拦阻设施实施时,灰鳖洋产卵场的悬沙浓度增量低于5 mg/L,该海域基本不受影响。     

南海海底管道冲刷深度预测（英文）

Scour depth prediction of offshore pipelines is of great significance to the design and construction of the submarine pipeline projects. In this paper, based on the CFD software package FLUENT and User Defined Function(UDF), an Eulerian two-phase model, which includes an Euler-Euler coupled model for water and sediment phases, and a turbulent model for the fluid phase, is adopted to predict the scour depth around pipelines. The model is verified by observation data obtained from laboratory experiments. On the basis of the simulations, the factors affecting the scour depth, including the effects of incipient velocity, pipe diameter and sediment particle size and so on, were investigated. Meanwhile, according to formulas of incipient velocity of various sediments, approximate calculation on theoretical scour depths is developed for pipelines of seven stations in the South China Sea, where engineering application information is available.     

A numerical model of the long term flow along the Malin-Hebrides shelf

A three dimensional hydrodynamic model of the Malin-Hebrides shelf region is used to investigate the spatial variability of the wind and tidally induced residual flow in the region and the influence of flow from the Irish Sea and along the shelf edge. By this means it is possible to understand the spatial variability in the long term observed flow fields in the region and the range of driving forces producing this flow. The model uses a sigma coordinate grid in the vertical with a finer grid in the near surface and near bed shear layers. The vertical diffusion of momentum in the model is parameterised using an eddy viscosity coefficient which is derived from turbulence energy closure models. Two different turbulence models are used to compute the eddy viscosity, namely a two-equation (itq²−q²ℓ) model which has prognostic equations for both turbulence energy and mixing length and a simpler model in which the mixing length is a specified algebraic function of the water depth.The wind induced response to spatially and temporally constant orthogonal wind stresses, namely westerly and southerly winds of 1 N m⁻², are derived from the model. By using orthogonal winds and assuming linearity, then to first order the response to any wind direction can be derived. Computed flows show a uniform wind driven surface layer of magnitude about 3% of the wind speed and direction 15 ° to the right of the wind, in deep water. Currents at depth particularly in the shelf edge and near coastal region show significant spatial variability which is related to variations in bottom topography and the coastline.Calculations show that tidal residual flows are only significant in the near coastal regions where the tidal current is strong and exhibits spatial variability. Flow into the region from the Irish Sea through the North Channel although having its greatest influence in the near coastal region, does affect currents near the shelf edge region. Again the spatial variability of the flow is influenced by topographic effects.A detailed examination of wind induced current profiles together with turbulence, mixing length and viscosity, at a number of locations in the model from deep ocean to shallow near coastal, shows that both turbulence models yield comparable results, with the mixing length in the two equation model showing a similar dependence to that specified in the simpler turbulence model.Calculations clearly show that flow along the shelf edge area to the west of Ireland and from the Irish Sea entering the region, together with local wind forcing can have a major effect upon currents along the Malin-Hebrides shelf. The flow fields show significant spatial variability in the region, comparable to those deduced from long term tracer measurements. The spatial variability found in the calculations suggests that a very intense measurement programme together with inflow measurements into the area is required to understand the circulation in the region, and provide data sets suitable for a rigorous model validation.     

Biogeochemistry of sulfur in a sediment core from the west-central Baltic Sea: Evidence from stable isotopes and pyrite textures

The biogeochemistry of the sulfur cycle in a ca. 5-m-long sediment core from the eastern slope (221 m water depth) of the Landsort Deep in the west-central Baltic Sea was investigated by analyzing the solid phase records of sulfur isotopes and pyrite textures, besides selected main and minor elements. The sediments were deposited during post-glacial history of the Baltic Sea when the basin experienced alteration of brackish (Yoldia Sea, Littorina Sea) and freshwater (Baltic Ice Lake, Ancylus Lake) conditions. The stable isotopic composition of total sulfur was analyzed as a function of depth. In selected samples pyrite (FeS₂), greigite (Fe₃S₄), and barite (BaSO₄) fractions were separated for isotope analyses. Pyrite textures were analyzed by SEM and optical microscopy.Microbial reactions associated with the oxidation of organic matter resulted in assemblages of authigenic sulfide minerals which for the post-Ancylus Lake brackish water environment are dominated by pyrite and for freshwater environments by Fe-monosulfides. The sulfur isotopic composition of the brackish water Littorina Sea sediments (δ³⁴S between −40 and −27‰ vs. V-CDT) is believed to be determined by cellular sulfate reduction rates and reactions involving intermediate sulfur species. The availability of reactive iron and decomposable organic matter as well as sedimentation rate and the chemocline position are important variables upon the δ³⁴S values of sulfides in brackish water environment. The syn-depositional abundance of sulfur and organic matter, and transport of dissolved sulfur species vs. rates of microbial reactions determine δ³⁴S in the freshwater sediments. The upper part of the Ancylus Lake sediments is sulfidized by downward diffusing H₂S and/or sulfate from overlying brackish water sediments. Minor concretionary barite formation in the freshwater sediments is most likely due to the reaction of pore water sulfate diffusing downward from brackish water sediments with barium desorbed from freshwater sediments. The size distribution of pyrite framboids in the brackish sediments indicates that the formation mainly occurred from anoxic pore waters, although some pyrite formation in an anoxic water column cannot be excluded.     

南黄海辐射沙脊群悬沙特征研究

为了探明南黄海海域悬沙场的特征,以指导港口建设,通过人工神经网络,将平面二维潮流数值模型、天气图和水文测验数据联系起来,构建了平面二维悬浮泥沙模型。首先运用人工神经网络求出实测含沙量与水动力之间的函数关系,再把潮流模型和风场计算值代入此关系式,最后求出该海域含沙量平面分布。模型的计算结果表明:波浪掀沙和水流输沙是整个海域宏观水动力特征;西洋潮流水道处于冲刷状态,有利于深槽的维持;含沙量等值线与等水深线形状大体一致。     

连云港30万吨级航道工程疏浚土抛泥扩散的数值模拟研究*

利用二维潮流泥沙数学模型,对连云港航道抛泥扩散观测期间的流场和含沙量进行了模拟计算.在对实测成果验证良好的基础上,研究了各抛泥方案中疏浚土倾倒所产生的悬浮泥沙的扩散规律及其对周边水域含沙量的影响.研究结果表明,采用两艘舱容4 500 m3的耙吸式抛泥船,在拟设抛泥点的流向偏向航道一侧时进行抛泥作业,所产生的悬浮泥沙能较快地沿水流方向扩散,高含沙水体的存在时间及扩散距离均较短,对临近航道含沙量的影响很小.     

Impact of macrozoobenthic structures on near-bed sediment fluxes

Sandy sediments in shallow coastal waters of the Baltic Sea are often characterised by large numbers of biogenic structures which are produced by macrozoobenthos species. A series of experiments was devised to quantify how the interaction of such structures with the near-bed flow regime affects the sediment flux. Most experiments were done with simplified replicates of structures generated by typical species commonly found in the Mecklenburg Bight, starting with solitary structures and regularly-spaced arrays in a range of characteristic population densities, followed by a complex benthic macrofauna community, both artificial and alive. A laboratory flume channel, equipped with an acoustic Doppler flow sensor and a topography scanning laser, was used for high-resolution measurements (2 mm horizontal step size and 0.3 mm vertical resolution) of sand erosion (220 µm median grain size, at 20 cm s^− 1) and fine particle deposition (8 µm grain size, at 5 cm s^− 1). Sediment transport threshold values were measured for each layout. As a rule-of-thumb, both the erosion fluxes and the deposition of suspended matter increased considerably at low population densities (below 2%, expressed as percent of the sediment surface covered, i.e. roughness density RD). Above densities of 4%, erosion almost stopped inside the test arrays, and deposition remained well below the level of unpopulated areas. An attempt to extrapolate these findings to field conditions (using field current velocity data from 2001) showed that the net flux switched from erosion to deposition for densities above 5%. These parameters can now be integrated into a numerical sediment transport model coupling waves, currents, sediment dynamics and biological processes, which is currently under construction at the Baltic Sea Research Institute (IOW), Rostock, Germany.     

基于遥感方法反演河口湾悬沙分布

利用厦门湾地区遥感图像及准同步实测泥沙资料,进行相关和回归分析.结果表明,采用两种比值组合作为遥感参数,与表层含沙量作二次曲线回归,可以得到精度较高的模型.利用两种比值模型构建最佳组合模型,提高了模型预测精度,将其作为悬沙遥感反演的最优模型,由此得出了研究区域悬沙分布图.     

洋山港及邻近海域悬沙输运特征研究*

基于SWEM2D数值模型,建立了一个范围包括洋山港、长江口及杭州湾的二维水流泥沙数学模型。根据2004年5月洋山港实测水文泥沙资料,认为洋山港区域悬沙垂向切变输运较小,可忽略该项对悬沙输运的影响,采用二维泥沙数学模型能基本反映出该区域悬沙输运特点。利用2004年5月洋山港及邻近海域实测水文泥沙资料对模型计算结果进行验证,验证结果表明模型计算结果与实际情况吻合良好。在此基础上,根据模型计算结果计算了洋山港及邻近海域大、中、小潮期间悬沙输运速度。结果表明,洋山港区域悬沙主要以欧拉输运为主,斯托克斯漂移、潮泵输运为辅。该区域西口门高含沙量主要是受到长江口及杭州湾悬沙输运富集的影响。其邻近海域主要的悬沙输运在近南汇边滩以东区域分成两股,一股向北,一股沿着南汇南岸的水下泥沙通道,径直流向杭州湾,并在杭州湾的悬沙输运的带动下,向洋山港流去。     

Mass balance of trace metals in the Adriatic Sea

A first order mass balance of six different trace metals (Mn, Fe, Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni) was presented for a 1-year period for the different compartments of the Adriatic Sea: compartment 1 (northern Adriatic Sea), compartment 2 (central Adriatic Sea and surface layer of the southern Adriatic Sea) and compartment 3 (deep water of the southern Adriatic Sea). The Adriatic Sea appeared to be a source of dissolved Cu, Mn and Fe for the Mediterranean Sea through the Strait of Otranto whereas for dissolved Zn and Pb the Adriatic Sea appeared to be a net sink. For dissolved Ni, inputs and outputs through the Strait of Otranto balanced each other. The residence times of all metals in compartment 1 were significantly shorter than that of water indicating significant removal. In compartments 2 and 3, residence times of Mn and Fe were relatively short suggesting removal from the water column whereas for the other metals their residence times were similar to that of water. Calculations of turnover times of metals with respect to different processes showed that in compartments 1 and 2, sedimentation was the main process that affected the content of the reservoirs whereas in compartment 3, the water flux exchanges played an important role for Zn, Cu and Ni.Most of the metals clearly undergo a very dynamic cycle of sedimentation/remobilization particularly in the Northern Adriatic Sea. In the northern Adriatic Sea, most of the Mn and Fe in deposited sediment were remobilized. This was related to diagenetic processes involving the utilisation and solubilisation of Mn and Fe oxides, which occur in the surface of the sediment in the northern Adriatic Sea. In the central Adriatic Sea, remobilization of Mn and Fe was less than in the northern Adriatic Sea, suggesting that diagenesis processes appear deeper in the sediment. Advective transport of sediment was a major source of metals for the deep basin. As much as 80% of the sediments in the South Adriatic Pit might be advected from the shelf. Remobilization fluxes in the South Adriatic Pit were significantly less than in the Northern and Central Adriatic Sea reflecting hemi-pelagic sediments.