纳米科技环保节油装置及其机理的研究

传统的燃油添加剂是一次性的,本纳米环保节油器是长效性的,一次安装,长期使用,二者结合尚有增效的效果。这二项技术都属初级阶段,但潜在着大量的研究空间及市场前景,机理尚待进一步研究。     

管道系统静液压试验检测影响因素

静液压试验是管材、管件检测检验的重要技术指标之一,测试过程需要对各种影响因素进行综合考虑,才可保证试验结果准确可靠。可影响检测结果的因素较多,文中重点研究影响"静液压试验"检测结果的主要因素。研究过程按照国家标准、国际标准,采用多台测试设备测试比对等方法。研究结果证明:适当控制尺寸测量准确度、试验场温度、卡具安装质量、试验仪精度等是保证试验结果准确性和重现性的几个重要内容。     

三门AP1000 1#岛底板预埋管道安装工艺及改进

三门AP1000 1#岛底板预埋管道施工中出现的问题较多。文中对三门AP1000 1#岛底板预埋管道施工工艺进行总结,包括放线定位、支架安装、管道安装、地漏及清扫口安装、试验及吹扫、成品保护,分析施工中出现的典型问题,并提出改进建议,为后续核电项目和其他民用项目管道施工提供借鉴。     

考虑水下偏心灌浆的导管架基础抗拔试验

导管架基础的安装和连接会受到海况的影响存在一定安装误差,导致灌浆连接段水下灌浆偏心,产生偏心受力。为研究偏心灌浆对灌浆连接段的影响,验证连接段承载能力、导管架基础的灌浆工艺及灌浆粘结质量,本文将按照水下最大偏心灌浆最不利工况,对导管架基础灌浆连接段进行现场原型抗拔试验。原型试验对海上风电导管架灌浆具有重要的指导意义,为灌浆施工提供数据支持,同时为导管架基础结构设计提供参考依据。     

燃气PE管道热熔接头的微波无损检测应用

PE管道热熔接头的焊接缺陷和服役过程发展的缺陷会影响其安全运行,但传统针对金属材料的NDT方法难以对PE管道热熔接头的焊接质量进行有效检测。微波无损检测技术可以对非金属及其复合材料的结构和内部缺陷进行检测。文中简述了微波检测原理,对某城市燃气安装现场PE管热熔接头进行了微波检测,并对其中一道焊缝微波检测结果表征的异常位置进行了破坏性试验,微波检测结果与破坏性试验结果吻合度较高,验证了微波无损检测技术对热熔接头内部异常的检测准确性。     

TBM边缘滚刀关键参数对破岩效率影响规律研究

破岩效率是衡量滚刀破岩性能的关键指标。文章基于离散单元法建立边缘滚刀破岩仿真模型,采用多因素正交设计法进行了边缘滚刀破岩过程试验,以破岩效率为边缘滚刀破岩性能的评价指标,研究了刀刃角、刀刃宽、安装倾角与刀盘过渡圆弧半径对滚刀破岩效率的影响规律,并针对大理岩和混凝土两种不同切削对象分析了各因素单独作用对边缘滚刀破岩效率的影响规律。试验结果表明:倾角对边缘滚刀破岩效率的影响十分显著,圆弧半径和刀刃角的影响次之,刀刃宽的影响最小;各因素对不同岩石的破岩效率影响规律不同,安装倾角和刀盘过渡圆弧半径对大理岩和混凝土的破岩效率影响相同,而刀刃角和刀刃宽对两者的影响则相反。最后,通过实验发现安装倾角为4°时的破岩效率约为8°时的1.8倍,验证了安装倾角对边缘滚刀破岩效率影响很大的规律。     

南宁大桥外倾式混凝土拱肋劲性骨架的设计与施工

南宁大桥主桥采用混凝土拱肋与钢箱拱肋的组合式外倾拱肋结构,其中,混凝土拱肋的劲性骨架不仅是拱肋钢筋安装、预应力束安装临时固定、液压自爬模施工荷载以及承受新浇筑节段混凝土自重的支撑结构,而且是确保拱肋线形的关键技术措施。本文对劲性骨架的结构设计、计算和现场施工进行了详细的阐述。     

能量吸收式转向柱碰撞试验方法的研究

分析了能量吸收式转向柱的吸能机理,分析了转向柱的安装角度对吸能效果的影响及转向柱碰撞试验方法.     

公路隧道照明照明灯具配置优选研究

高速公路隧道的营运环境越来越受到社会各界的关注,隧道照明系统对行车的安全性和舒适性有着重要的影响。本文基于大型照明分析软件对隧道照明灯具的安装高度和间距进行了精确的计算机仿真,给出了隧道内照明系统的最佳间距和最佳高度,为合理设计和配置隧道照明灯具提供参考。     

电站用P91与10CrMo910异种钢焊接工艺研究

探讨了电站安装中P91与 10CrMo910钢的异质焊接、热处理工艺 ,制订了相应的焊接工艺并进行了试验和总结 ,通过焊接工艺评定表明 :此焊接工艺选择适当 ,焊缝能满足各项焊接要求 ,对两种异质钢的工厂、工地现场焊接及热处理具有一定的参考价值。     

An analysis of the effects of French vehicle inspection program and grant for scrappage on household vehicle transaction

The French government has implemented a periodical vehicle inspection program, which aims at maintaining proper functioning of the vehicle and ensuring the emissions control systems installed on the vehicle work properly. Also, an incentive program for scrapping old vehicles was introduced in 1994 through 1996 to promote the replacement of those vehicles with higher emissions by newer vehicles with lower emissions. A hazard-based duration model of household vehicle transaction behavior has been developed in this study to examine the effects of the inspection program and the grant for scrappage on vehicle transaction timing. The model is developed as a competing risks model assuming the following three types of competing risks: replacing one of the vehicles in the household fleet, disposing of one vehicle in the fleet, and acquiring one vehicle to add to the fleet. The empirical analysis is carried out using the panel data of French households' vehicle ownership from 1984 to 1998, obtained by the panel survey called Parc-Auto, which has been conducted by a French marketing firm, SOFRES, since 1976. The long panel observation period facilitates the introduction of macro-economic indicators into the model, enabling the analysis to distinguish the effects of policy measures from macro-economic factors. The empirical results indicate that the expected vehicle holding duration becomes 1.3 years longer under the inspection program than before the program commenced, given that the vehicle is replaced by another vehicle at the end of the holding duration; and that the conditional probability of replacing a vehicle aged 10 years and over becomes 1.2 times higher, and the average holding duration becomes shorter by 3.3 years, when the grant for scrappage is available.     

液化天然气(LNG)汽车日常检查方法及维护技术综述

天然气是一种优质的替代燃料,具有污染小、安全系数高、运行费用低等优点。天然气已经成为城市公共交通领域应用最为成功和广泛的车辆替代燃料技术,为推动交通运输行业的节能减排做出了显著的贡献。液化天然气汽车,作为天然气汽车的一种类型,与传统汽柴油车相比,液化天然气汽车安装了包括液化天然气气瓶、气管路及各种控制阀门和仪表在内的专用装置,在对液化天然气汽车进行日常检查时需要针对液化天然气汽车的专用装置进行重点检查。本文则针对液化天然气汽车的特点,对液化天然气汽车的正确使用方法、日常检查方法及维护技术要求、以及相关注意事项三个方面进行了解读,为指导液化天然气汽车进行日常检查与定期维护提供了技术参考。     

Electric vehicles’ energy consumption measurement and estimation

Use of electric vehicles (EVs) has been viewed by many as a way to significantly reduce oil dependence, operate vehicles more efficiently, and reduce carbon emissions. Due to the potential benefits of EVs, the federal and local governments have allocated considerable funding and taken a number of legislative and regulatory steps to promote EV deployment and adoption. With this momentum, it is not difficult to see that in the near future EVs could gain a significant market penetration, particularly in densely populated urban areas with systemic air quality problems. We will soon face one of the biggest challenges: how to improve efficiency for EV transportation system? This research takes the first step in tackling this challenge by addressing a fundamental issue, i.e. how to measure and estimate EVs’ energy consumption. In detail, this paper first presents a system which can collect in-use EV data and vehicle driving data. This system then has been installed in an EV conversion vehicle built in this research as a test vehicle. Approximately 5 months of EV data have been collected and these data have been used to analyze both EV performance and driver behaviors. The analysis shows that the EV is more efficient when driving on in-city routes than driving on freeway routes. Further investigation of this particular EV driver’s route choice behavior indicates that the EV user tries to balance the trade-off between travel time and energy consumption. Although more data are needed in order to generalize this finding, this observation could be important and might bring changes to the traffic assignment for future transportation system with a significant share of EVs. Additionally, this research analyzes the relationships among the EV’s power, the vehicle’s velocity, acceleration, and the roadway grade. Based on the analysis results, this paper further proposes an analytical EV power estimation model. The evaluation results using the test vehicle show that the proposed model can successfully estimate EV’s instantaneous power and trip energy consumption. Future research will focus on applying the proposed EV power estimation model to improve EVs’ energy efficiency.     

Analysis of a cooperative variable speed limit system using microscopic traffic simulation

Variable speed limit systems where variable message signs are used to show speed limits adjusted to the prevailing road or traffic conditions are installed on motorways in many countries. The objectives of variable speed limit system installations are often to decrease the number of accidents and to increase traffic efficiency. Currently, there is an interest in exploring the potential of cooperative intelligent transport systems including communication between vehicles and/or vehicles and the infrastructure. In this paper, we study the potential benefits of introducing infrastructure to vehicle communication, autonomous vehicle control and individualized speed limits in variable speed limit systems. We do this by proposing a cooperative variable speed limit system as an extension of an existing variable speed limit system. In the proposed system, communication between the infrastructure and the vehicles is used to transmit variable speed limits to upstream vehicles before the variable message signs become visible to the drivers. The system is evaluated by the means of microscopic traffic simulation. Traffic efficiency and environmental effects are considered in the analysis. The results of the study show benefits of the infrastructure to vehicle communication, autonomous vehicle control and individualized speed limits for variable speed limit systems in the form of lower acceleration rates and thereby harmonized traffic flow and reduced exhaust emissions.     

Are vehicle emission inspection programs living up to expectations?

To ensure that the advanced emission control systems installed on modern motor vehicles continue to work properly, motor vehicle inspection and maintenance (I/M) programs are now found in the major cities of many countries around the world. These programs are widely regarded as valuable and even essential to the achievement of air quality objectives, but there have been few ex post audits of these programs. In this paper, we examine the performance of one of the most sophisticated I/M programs, the USEPA’s Enhanced I/M Program. This program has now been implemented in five states. Using data from 1995 and 1996, we estimate the cost of the Arizona Enhanced I/M Program and the emission reductions achieved. We begin by enumerating briefly the components of I/M costs and discuss their size and incidence. Then we describe the empirical information from Arizona and how we use it to construct cost estimates for both vehicle inspection and repair of failing vehicles. Inspection costs include the costs of operating the test stations and the costs motorists incur in time and money to get to the station and go through the testing process. We find that the inspection costs account for over two-thirds of the full costs of I/M, while costs associated with actual vehicle repair account for only one-third. We conclude by comparing the empirical estimates of costs and program effectiveness in the Arizona program with the ex ante estimated Enhanced I/M program costs made by the EPA in the 1992 Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA). The ex ante EPA analysis appears to have underestimated the costs of achieving the ambitious reductions in emissions hoped for under I/M.     

不同车型FCW试验中TTC安全时间阈值分析

目前,在自动驾驶车辆技术中已实现量产的功能主要分布于L0-L2 (SAE标准)阶段,其中主要功能以前向碰撞预警(FCW)、车道偏离预警(LDW)、自适应巡航(ACC)以及紧急制动(AEB)等为主;针对前向碰撞预警(FCW)功能技术,目前的测试方法主要依据美国公路交通安全管理局(NHTSA)、欧盟(EU)以及国际标准化组织(ISO)制定的《FORWARD COLLISION WARNING SYSTEM CONFIRMATIONG TEST》、《ISO15623 Transport information and control systems-Forward vehicle collision warning systems-Performance Requirements and Test Procedures》等相关标准;而类似标准在设置TTC规避阈值时间(即安全碰撞时间)均设置为固定值,没有依据不同类型车辆设相关加权系数。本文根据不同车型的多次FCW试验发现,为了保证试验安全,汽车质量和TTC存在一定的相关性。本文依据不同类型车辆制动试验数据计算出相关系数,从而界定了安全的TTC阈值。     

Assessing the impact of reduced visibility on traffic crash risk using microscopic data and surrogate safety measures

Due to the difficulty of obtaining accurate real-time visibility and vehicle based traffic data at the same time, there are only few research studies that addressed the impact of reduced visibility on traffic crash risk. This research was conducted based on a new visibility detection system by mounting visibility sensor arrays combined with adaptive learning modules to provide more accurate visibility detections. The vehicle-based detector, Wavetronix SmartSensor HD, was installed at the same place to collect traffic data. Reduced visibility due to fog were selected and analyzed by comparing them with clear cases to identify the differences based on several surrogate measures of safety under different visibility classes. Moreover, vehicles were divided into different types and the vehicles in different lanes were compared in order to identify whether the impact of reduced visibility due to fog on traffic crash risk varies depending on vehicle types and lanes. Log-Inverse Gaussian regression modeling was then applied to explore the relationship between time to collision and visibility together with other traffic parameters. Based on the accurate visibility and traffic data collected by the new visibility and traffic detection system, it was concluded that reduced visibility would significantly increase the traffic crash risk especially rear-end crashes and the impact on crash risk was different for different vehicle types and for different lanes. The results would be helpful to understand the change in traffic crash risk and crash contributing factors under fog conditions. We suggest implementing the algorithms in real-time and augmenting it with ITS measures such as VSL and DMS to reduce crash risk.     

Definition of wind blowers for vehicles testing at chassis-dyno facilities using a CFD approach

The need to increase measurement accuracy of fuel consumption and pollutant emissions in vehicles is forcing the market to develop chassis-dyno test cells that reproduce on-road conditions realistically.Air-cooling is key to vehicle performance. It is therefore critical that the design of a test cell guarantees realistic cooling of all vehicle components, as important errors in fuel consumption and emissions measurements may otherwise arise. In a test-room, a blower placed in front of the vehicle supplies the cooling air. While there are some guidelines in the literature for the selection of fans required for emissions measurements for standard driving cycles, the information for designing the air supply system for specific tests in other areas is scarce.New Real Driving Emissions (RDE) legislation will force manufacturers to perform on-road measurements of pollutants. This represents a significant challenge due to the variability of conditions coming from non-controlled parameters. In order to optimize vehicles, different tests are performed in cells equipped with a chassis-dyno where the on-road flow field around the vehicle is reproduced as closely as possible.This work provides some guidelines for the definition of the airflow supply system of chassis-dyno facilities for vehicle optimization tests, based on a CFD analysis of the flow characteristics around the vehicle. By comparison with the solution obtained for a vehicle in real road driving conditions, the exit section of the blower and the distance between the blower exit and the car that best reproduce realistic on-road flow conditions in a test room are determined.     

道路运输达标车辆核查数据挖掘应用探索

道路运输达标车辆核查系统作为车辆核查信息化手段,有效地提高了道路运输达标车辆核查效率。本文首先选取达标客车核查数据进行了统计分析,探索利用数据关联规则算法试验研究数据规律,最后对核查数据质量管理提出了一些建议,对更科学合理地管理道路运输车辆生产和核查具有重要的意义,也为完善相关法律法规提供决策支持。     

Policing the poor: The impact of vehicle emissions inspection programs across income

Comparing vehicle emissions inspection results with vehicle owner income shows that the Arizona vehicle emissions inspection program constrains the vehicle repair decisions of people in the low end of the income distribution more than people in the high end. Individuals who live in areas with lower annual income are both (i) more likely to drive vehicles that fail emissions inspections at a higher average rate, and (ii) more likely to fail emissions inspections conditional on vehicle characteristics. The top income quintile fails emissions inspections 20% less often than the bottom income quintile even when controlling for observable vehicle characteristics. This implies that owner characteristics, in addition to observable vehicle characteristics, have a non-negligible impact on vehicle emissions rates. Therefore, the impact of programs designed to reduce vehicle emissions could be greater if participation were subject to a means test.