盾构渣土中阴离子表面活性剂吸附规律试验研究

对阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠（Sodium dodecyl sulfate,SDS）在不同粒径范围土颗粒表面的吸附、脱附行为进行研究,分析盾构渣土中表面活性剂的吸附、脱附规律,测定土颗粒Zeta电位变化情况,探究通过Zeta电位快速测定SDS吸附量的可行性。结果表明,SDS在粒径较小的土颗粒上的单位平衡吸附量更大;表面活性剂SDS浓度小于其临界胶束浓度时,平衡吸附量随SDS浓度增大而增大,吸附等温线为线性;当浓度大于临界胶束浓度时,平衡吸附量随SDS浓度增大有所降低;渣土粒径越小,SDS的脱附效果越差;SDS的吸附量越大,其脱附率越低;对于粒径小于0.075 mm的土颗粒,通过测定其Zeta电位确定其表面SDS平衡吸附量具有可行性。     

氯丁橡胶掺量对改性乳化沥青水泥砂浆性能的影响研究

为研究氯丁橡胶对乳化沥青水泥砂浆性能的影响,文章对氯丁橡胶乳液掺量(占乳化沥青质量比)分别为0、10%、20%、30%、40%、50%、60%、70%、80%、90%时改性乳化沥青水泥砂浆拌和物的流动性、分离度和扩展度等工作性能以及硬化砂浆的抗压强度和抗折强度等力学性能进行了试验分析。研究结果表明:氯丁橡胶使改性乳化沥青水泥砂浆的流动性先减小后增大,在掺量为40%时,流动性最差;改性剂的加入可以改善改性CA砂浆的分离度;氯丁橡胶掺入改性CA砂浆中,会降低硬化体的抗压强度和抗折强度,掺量小于10%时,改性乳化沥青水泥砂浆的抗压强度和抗折强度急剧降低,掺量超过10%后,力学强度下降不太明显;加入少量氯丁橡胶在一定程度上可以增加改性CA砂浆的柔性。     

冻融循环作用下改良路基填料损伤特性研究

为了使分散性土可直接作为路基填料,文章提出采用木质素磺酸钙改良分散性土并测定其物理力学性质,判定其工程适用性。主要结论如下:(1)随着木钙掺量的增加,土体的液限、塑限以及最优含水率均出现下降,土样的破坏模式逐渐过渡至塑性破坏;土体抗压强度先增大后减小,压缩系数先减小后增大;(2)随着土样养护龄期的延长,改性土的无侧限抗压强度也逐渐增大,压缩系数不断减小:(3)当木钙掺量为1%、养护时长为28 d时.改性土的土体结构稳定性较好,各项指标基本满足路基填料的要求。     

废弃橡胶粉改性沥青材料路用性能研究

由于我国沥青路面的沥青材料中含蜡量高,因此路面在高温季节容易泛油,低温季节容易开裂,严重影响路面质量。文章为实现沥青材料的工程性能改良同时合理回收废弃橡胶粉,利用废弃橡胶粉材料制备了一种新型的改性路用沥青材料(RPMA材料),并在室内对不同橡胶粉掺量的RPMA材料开展了环球软化点试验、低温延度试验、针入度试验以及压力老化试验,研究RPMA材料的路用性能。研究发现:(1)橡胶粉能够有效增强沥青材料在高、低温环境下的表现,随着橡胶粉掺量的增大,RPMA材料的高温软化点和低温延度均呈现出先快速增大后趋于稳定的趋势;(2)RPMA材料的温度敏感性显著高于普通沥青材料,材料的针入度系数随橡胶粉掺量增加而呈线性增大的趋势;(3)RPMA材料抗老化性能随橡胶粉掺量呈先增强后变弱的趋势,当RPMA材料橡胶粉掺量为15%时,材料的抗老化性能最优,此时针入度系数损失率仅有3.52%。研究成果可为沥青材料的改良工作提供参考。     

微表处用改性乳化沥青高温性能及评价指标研究

文章为研究丁苯橡胶(SBR)掺量对改性乳化沥青高温性能的影响,对不同SBR掺量的改性乳化沥青进行软化点、针入度、高温剪切流变与车辙变形试验,分析其高温性能影响趋势,并通过灰色关联法分析改性乳化沥青的针入度、软化点、高温流变性能与抗车辙性能的关系:结果表明:SBR的掺入能有效提高改性乳化沥青的高温性能,随着SBR掺量的增加,改性乳化沥青软化点、复数剪切模量、车辙因子与临界温度呈上升趋势,说明SBR掺量的增加可以有效提高改性乳化沥青高温抗车辙能力,降低其高温敏感性;改性乳化沥青混合料的抗车辙能力随着SBR掺量的增加而提高;通过灰色关联分析发现可采用改性乳化沥青的针入度与相位角(58℃)表征其抗车辙能力。     

CMC改性海水泥浆性质变化及砂地层成膜试验研究北大核心CSCD

为探究泥水盾构穿越海底砂地层时羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)对海水泥浆性质及成膜效果的影响,配制不同CMC掺量的海水泥浆,分析泥浆泌水率、黏度、Zeta电位等性质的变化情况,并开展了泥浆渗透成膜试验。研究结果表明:相对于海水泥浆,加入CMC后的泥浆黏度逐渐增大,2h泌水率显著减小,形成的泥膜中结合水含量逐渐变大,泥膜渗透系数减小至4.03×10^(-8)cm/s;改性海水泥浆中粒径小于75μm的细颗粒含量显著增加,静置24h后,泥浆上部呈现浑浊,下部依然存在较严重的沉淀;当CMC掺量达到0.16%时,改性海水泥浆2h泌水率小于10%,成膜渗透流量小于0.01m^(3)/m^(2),可以保证泥浆短期稳定性并形成致密泥膜。     

温拌剂对沥青性能指标的影响研究

为了进一步明确温拌剂对基质沥青的改性机理,通过试验研究了不同温拌剂掺量时,沥青软化点、针入度、针入度指数和黏度的变化规律,进而分析温拌剂对基质沥青高温性能、感温性能和黏温性能的影响。试验结果表明,随着温拌剂掺量的增大,沥青的软化点增大,温拌剂的掺入能明显改善沥青的高温性能;随着温拌剂掺量的增大,针入度逐渐降低,针入度指数逐渐增大,沥青的温度敏感性逐渐变好;当温度低于100℃时,增大温拌剂掺量会使沥青黏度增大,而当温度高于100℃时,增大温拌剂掺量反而会使沥青黏度降低。综合考虑,当温拌剂掺量为2%~4%时,沥青的黏温性能最好。     

Ce掺杂TiO_2光催化剂的制备及其性能研究

文章以钛酸四丁酯为前驱体,硝酸铈为Ce元素掺杂源,通过溶胶-凝胶法制备纳米Ce-TiO_2改性光催化材料。研究了Ce掺杂量、煅烧温度及煅烧时间等因素对Ce-TiO_2的光降解性能、结晶性能和晶型结构的影响。结果表明:当Ce掺量为0.2%、煅烧温度为600℃、煅烧时间为2h时,Ce-TiO_2光催化剂对亚甲基蓝溶液存在较高的光降解率;Ce掺量的增大会减弱光催化剂的结晶性能,而煅烧温度的升高可减少样品的有机杂质和增大晶粒尺寸。     

不同SBS改性剂掺量下的沥青改性效果研究

主要从软化点、针入度、延度和通过动态剪切流变仪(DSR)下的相位角研究不同SBS改性剂掺量下的改性效果。研究表明,改性沥青的改性效果与其在制作过程中剪切的时间有密切关系,改性剂掺量越多,所需的剪切时间越长,才能达到有效的改性效果。     

316L不锈钢无缝钢管的水蒸气吸附特性研究

为评估不锈钢管的水蒸气吸附作用对气体性质的影响,采用穿透法研究了316L不锈钢无缝钢管的水蒸气吸附特性,并对水蒸气吸附量与温度和水蒸气分压的关系进行了拟合。结果表明：在温度为31～71℃,水蒸气分压为78.8～1 950 Pa范围内,316L不锈钢无缝钢管的水蒸气吸附量与水蒸气分压的1.00次方成正比关系,水蒸气吸附热约为6.1 kJ/mol。在温度为100℃和130℃时(水蒸气分压为7.67～53.75 kPa范围内),吸附量分别与水蒸气分压的1.55次方和1.49次方成正比关系。     

The symmetric intersection design and traffic control optimization

It is well recognized that the left-turning movement reduces the intersection capacity significantly, because exclusive left turn phases are needed to discharge left turn vehicles only. This paper proposes the concept of Left-Hand Traffic (LHT) arterial, on where vehicles follow left-hand traffic rules as in England and India. The unconventional intersection where a LHT arterial intersects with a Right-Hand Traffic (RHT) arterial is named as symmetric intersection. It is only need three basic signal phases to separate all conflicts at symmetric intersection, while it at least need four signal phases at a conventional intersection. So, compared with the conventional intersection, the symmetric intersection can provide longer green time for the left-turning and the through movement, which can increase the capacity significantly. Through-movement waiting areas (TWAs) can be set at the symmetric intersection effectively, which can increase the capacity and short the cycle length furthermore. And the symmetric intersection is Channelized to improve the safety of TWAs. The Binary-Mixed-Integer-Linear-Programming (BMILP) model is employed to formulate the capacity maximization problem and signal cycle length minimization problem of the symmetric intersection. The BMILP model can be solved by standard branch-and-bound algorithms efficiently and outputs the lane allocation, signal timing decisions, and other decisions. Experiments analysis shows that the symmetric intersection with TWAs can increase the capacity and short the signal cycle length.     

Evaluating the effects of automated vehicle technology on the capacity of freeway weaving sections

Weaving sections, where a merge and a diverge are in close proximity, are considered as crucial bottlenecks in the highway network. Lane changes happen frequently in such sections, leading to a reduced capacity and the traffic phenomenon known as capacity drop. This paper studies how the emerging automated vehicle technology can improve the operations and increase the capacity of weaving sections. We propose an efficient yet effective multiclass hybrid model that considers two aspects of this technology in scenarios with various penetration rates: (i) the potential to control the desired lane change decisions of automated vehicles, which is represented in a macroscopic manner as the distribution of lane change positions, and (ii) the lower reaction time associated with automated vehicles that can reduce headways and the required gaps for lane changing maneuvers. The proposed model is successfully calibrated and validated with empirical observations from conventional vehicles at a weaving section near the city of Basel, Switzerland. It is able to replicate traffic dynamics in weaving sections including the capacity drop. This model is then applied in a simulation-based optimization framework that searches for the optimal distribution of the desired lane change positions to maximize the capacity of weaving sections. Simulation results show that by optimizing the distribution of the desired lane change positions, the capacity of the studied weaving section can increase up to 15%. The results also indicate that if the reaction time is considered as well, there is an additional combined effect that can further increase the capacity. Overall, the results show the great potential of the automated vehicle technology for increasing the capacity of weaving sections.     

Unravelling effects of cooperative adaptive cruise control deactivation on traffic flow characteristics at merging bottlenecks

Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC) systems have the potential to increase roadway capacity and mitigate traffic congestion thanks to the short following distance enabled by inter-vehicle communication. However, due to limitations in acceleration and deceleration capabilities of CACC systems, deactivation and switch to ACC or human-driven mode will take place when conditions are outside the operational design domain. Given the lack of elaborate models on this interaction, existing CACC traffic flow models have not yet been able to reproduce realistic CACC vehicle behaviour and pay little attention to the influence of system deactivation on traffic flow at bottlenecks. This study aims to gain insights into the influence of CACC on highway operations at merging bottlenecks by using a realistic CACC model that captures driver-system interactions and string length limits. We conduct systematic traffic simulations for various CACC market penetration rates (MPR) to derive free-flow capacity and queue discharge rate of the merging section and compare these to the capacity of a homogeneous pipeline section. The results show that an increased CACC MPR can indeed increase the roadway capacity. However, the resulting capacity in the merging bottleneck is much lower than the pipeline capacity and capacity drop persists in bottleneck scenarios at all CACC MPR levels. It is also found that CACC increases flow heterogeneity due to the switch among different operation modes. A microscopic investigation of the CACC operational mode and trajectories reveals a close relation between CACC deactivation, traffic congestion and flow heterogeneity.     

Platoons of connected vehicles can double throughput in urban roads

Intersections are the bottlenecks of the urban road system because an intersection’s capacity is only a fraction of the maximum flows that the roads connecting to the intersection can carry. This capacity can be increased if vehicles cross the intersections in platoons rather than one by one as they do today. Platoon formation is enabled by connected vehicle technology. This paper assesses the potential mobility benefits of platooning. It argues that saturation flow rates, and hence intersection capacity, can be doubled or tripled by platooning. The argument is supported by the analysis of three queuing models and by the simulation of a road network with 16 intersections and 73 links. The queuing analysis and the simulations reveal that a signalized network with fixed time control will support an increase in demand by a factor of (say) two or three if all saturation flows are increased by the same factor, with no change in the control. Furthermore, despite the increased demand vehicles will experience the same delay and travel time. The same scaling improvement is achieved when the fixed time control is replaced by the max pressure adaptive control. Part of the capacity increase can alternatively be used to reduce queue lengths and the associated queuing delay by decreasing the cycle time. Impediments to the control of connected vehicles to achieve platooning at intersections appear to be small.     

Virtual reality simulation game approach to investigate transport adaptive capacity for peak oil planning

The peak and decline of world oil production is an emerging issue for transportation and urban planners. Peak oil from an energy perspective means that there will be progressively less fuel. Our work treats changes in oil supply as a risk to transport activity systems. A virtual reality survey method, based on the sim game concept, has been developed to audit the participant’s normal weekly travel activity, and to explore participant’s travel adaptive capacity. The travel adaptive capacity assessment (TACA) Sim survey uses avatars, Google Map™, 2D scenes, interactive screens and feedback scores. Travel adaptive capacity is proposed as a measure of long-range resilience of activity systems to fuel supply decline. Mode adaptive potential is proposed as an indicator of the future demand growth for less energy intensive travel. Both adaptation indicators can be used for peak oil vulnerability assessment. A case study was conducted involving 90 participants in Christchurch New Zealand. All of the participants were students, general staff or academics at the University of Canterbury. The adaptive capacity was assessed by both simulated extreme fuel price shock and by asking, “do you have an alternative mode?” without price pressure. The travel adaptive capacity in number of kilometers was 75% under a 5-fold fuel price increase. The mode adaptive potential was 33% cycling, 21% walking and 22% bus. Academics had adaptive capacity of only 1-5% of trips by canceling or carrying out their activity from home compared to 10-18% for students.     

Planning for the unexpected: The value of reserve capacity for public transport network robustness

Public transport networks (PTN) are subject to recurring service disruptions. Most studies of the robustness of PTN have focused on network topology and considered vulnerability in terms of connectivity reliability. While these studies provide insights on general design principles, there is lack of knowledge concerning the effectiveness of different strategies to reduce the impacts of disruptions. This paper proposes and demonstrates a methodology for evaluating the effectiveness of a strategic increase in capacity on alternative PTN links to mitigate the impact of unexpected network disruptions. The evaluation approach consists of two stages: identifying a set of important links and then for each identified important link, a set of capacity enhancement schemes is evaluated. The proposed method integrates stochastic supply and demand models, dynamic route choice and limited operational capacity. This dynamic agent-based modelling of network performance enables to capture cascading network effects as well as the adaptive redistribution of passenger flows. An application for the rapid PTN of Stockholm, Sweden, demonstrates how the proposed method could be applied to sequentially designed scenarios based on their performance indicators. The method presented in this paper could support policy makers and operators in prioritizing measures to increase network robustness by improving system capacity to absorb unexpected disruptions.     

Incorporating crowding into the San Francisco activity-based travel model

Information produced by travel demand models plays a large role decision making in many metropolitan areas, and San Francisco is no exception. Being a transit first city, one of the most common uses for San Francisco??s travel model SF-CHAMP is to analyze transit demand under various circumstances. SF-CHAMP v 4.1 (Harold) is able to capture the effects of several aspects of transit provision including headways, stop placement, and travel time. However, unlike how auto level of service in a user equilibrium traffic assignment is responsive to roadway capacity, SF-CHAMP Harold is unable to capture any benefit related to capacity expansion, crowding??s effect on travel time nor or any of the real-life true capacity limitations. The failure to represent these elements of transit travel has led to significant discrepancies between model estimates and actual ridership. Additionally it does not allow decision-makers to test the effects of policies or investments that increase the capacity of a given transit service. This paper presents the framework adopted into a more recent version of SF-CHAMP (Fury) to represent transit capacity and crowding within the constraints of our current modeling software.     

Study on Designed Water Pressure Limit on Secondary Lining for Single-Track Railway Tunnels with High Water Pressure北大核心CSCD

With the rapid development of China high speed railway, there is a dramatic increase of deep-buried and long mountain tunnels, and more and more tunnels are disturbed by high water pressure during construction and operation. Design for tunnel lining with high water pressure is one of the central concerns in the field of tunnel engi-neering, and the key problem is to forecast water pressure on the secondary lining and determination of water pressure resistance grade. The upper limit of water pressure on the secondary lining is studied by investigation and analysis in this paper. The study shows: (1) There should be an upper limit for the grade of water pressure resistance; (2) It is not very effective to improve the tunnel structure bearing capacity by only increasing the lining thickness haphazard-ly, and the appropriate maximum thickness of secondary lining is 1 m; (3) It is also unsatisfactory to improve the tunnel structure bearing capacity by simply increase concrete strength grade. The appropriate concrete grade is between C40 and C50. (4) In view of tunnel structure safety and good operation performance, the upper limit of water pressure resist grade should be no more than 1.2 MPa. When water pressure on the secondary exceeds the designed value,comprehensive measures should be taken to adjust the value to the appropriate range. © 2018, Editorial Office of "Modern Tunnelling Technology". All right reserved.     

Will a higher free-flow speed lead us to a less congested freeway?

An approach based on cell transmission model (CTM) is proposed to estimate the impact of variable free-flow speeds (FFS) on the performance of a freeway system. Based on the basic CTM, four typical freeway control strategies consisting of non control, local ramp metering, coordinated ramp metering and global control are first formulated. Then the method of adjusting model parameters to the changed free-flow speeds is presented. Among the adjustments, an experimental function based on Fan and Seibold (2014) is proposed to change the jam density. Several useful measures are defined to estimate and compare the performances of different freeways. The following three main observations are obtained from numerical experiments. (a) With the gradually increasing FFS, the throughput of freeway will increase at the beginning and then change to decrease. (b) With the increasing FFS, the average delay of vehicles will decrease at the beginning and then change to increase. (c) A series of free-flow speeds associate with the best performance of freeway. These observations are theoretically analyzed through investigating the location and capacity of bottleneck. Study shows that in general the actual bottleneck capacity will increase at the beginning and then change to decrease with the continually increasing FFS. In view of the positive correlation between traffic delay and bottleneck capacity, the theoretical analysis confirms the numerical observations. The findings of this study can deepen the understanding of freeway systems and help management agents adopt proper measures to improve the performance of the whole system.     

Airport capacity increase via the use of braking profiles

Many airports are encountering the problem of insufficient capacity, which is particularly severe in periods of increased traffic. A large number of elements influence airport capacity, but one of the most important is runway occupancy time. This time depends on many factors, including how the landing roll procedure is performed. The procedure usually does not include the objective to minimize the runway occupancy time. This paper presents an analysis which shows that the way of braking during landing roll has an essential impact on runway throughput and thus on airport capacity. For this purpose, the landing roll simulator (named ACPENSIM) was created. It uses Petri nets and is a convenient tool for dynamic analysis of aircraft movement on the runway with given input parameters and a predetermined runway exit. Simulation experiments allowed to create a set of nominal braking profiles that have different objective functions: minimizing the runway occupancy time, minimizing noise, minimizing tire wear, maximizing passenger comfort and maximizing airport capacity as a whole. The experiments show that there is great potential to increase airport capacity by optimizing the braking procedure. It has been shown that by using the proposed braking profiles it is possible to reduce the runway occupancy time even by 50%.