兰成渝成品油管线清管及内检测方案设计

对输油管道的清管和内检测直接关系到管道的安全可靠性,兰成渝成品油管线清管及内检测主要是为了全面了解管线的现状,及时、准确地掌握管道的缺陷情况。文中主要介绍清管和内检测的风险性分析以及清管器和检测器的选择,设备的运行条件、检测器的跟踪、作业流程等。对该管道进行腐蚀检测,以便减少管道腐蚀穿孔,根除管线隐患,确保管线的安全运行。     

原油管道检测器通过能力评价方法

为了探明管道内部通过能力,保证管道内部腐蚀检测器的顺利投放,制定了由泡沫检测器到几何尺寸检测器的管道通过能力检测流程,并将此方法在多条原油管线上进行了验证。结果表明：该方法能准确地识别管线上的变形尺寸大小,并对变形部位进行定位。根据检测结果对管道通过能力进行评价,对不符合要求的管段及时进行修复,保证了后期检测的顺利进行。此外,在检测的过程中有效地清理了管道内部污物,提高检测器通过能力及管道的输油效率。     

漏磁检测技术在甬沪宁原油管线上的应用

为了在不停输的状态下对原油管道进行腐蚀检测,开发了漏磁管道内检测技术,并成功在多条管线上进行了应用。文中介绍了该检测技术在甬沪宁原油管道上试验过程及结果,并在检测结果中选取了4个腐蚀点进行了开挖检测,验证了检测数据的准确性。通过该次检测,管线全段共发现了缺陷点308处,其中3个缺陷点腐蚀比较严重,需要立即进行维修,该次检测结果为管道的后期维护提供了依据。最后通过对该次检测结果进行分析,确定了影响检测结果精度的因素,为后期检测技术的升级提供了参考。     

在役风险管道检测与评价技术在湖田管线的应用

目前,在役老管道存在防腐层老化、管体腐蚀等问题,急需对在役风险管道进行检测和安全评价。文中以湖田输气站至烯烃厂天然气管线为实例,提出了管道完整性检测技术与安全评价方法,确定管道的现状,并提出相应措施及建议,保障管道安全运行。     

常减压装置渣油管线腐蚀原因及防护

大庆石化公司炼油厂常减压装置减压系统渣油管线出现了严重腐蚀现象,为了保证装置长周期运行,针对减压渣油管线腐蚀实际状况,通过采取壁厚检测、割管检查、对腐蚀产物分析以及对渣油与原油酸值和含硫量分析等方法,找出腐蚀失效原因是介质的冲刷作用和高温硫化物及环烷酸的腐蚀,提出防护措施并加以应用。从生产实际应用上看,渣油管线得到有效防护,使装置能够安全、平稳、高效地运行。     

埋地管道腐蚀损伤评价

管道腐蚀损伤评价是管道可靠运行的基础工作。通过对埋地管道外界因素、土壤腐蚀性和防腐层质量 ,以及管体腐蚀损伤程度进行全面评价 ,为管线设计、运行提供理论依据 ,同时科学指导管道的维修计划和安全生产管理 ,确保管道运行安全可靠。     

新阀门养护技术在川气东送管道中的应用

根据国内天然气长输管道投产运行的经验,很多阀门在投产后出现不同程度的泄漏现象。为了保证安装的阀门在投产运行后稳定运行,防止发生阀门内漏、外漏等现象,川气东送管道在工程建设中引进阀门养护作业技术,在阀门安装、试压、试运行3个阶段进行有效的养护作业,确保了管线投产时所有阀门状态良好,一次试运行成功。阀门养护作业有效地延长了阀门的使用周期,对于保障管线的平稳运行,有效防范管道运行风险,具有十分重要的意义。     

庆-哈原油输送管线水压运行中低温位系统的应用

大庆－哈尔滨炼油厂原油输送管线在水压运行中，利用哈尔滨炼油厂低温位系统提供的低成本热水，节约燃油消耗，减少了设备投资，既达到了输油管线试运的目的，又实现了节能降耗，降低了运行成本，顺利完成了管线的承压能力及密封性能的检验过程。     

铁锦原油管道优化运行分析

通过对铁锦(铁岭-葫芦岛)原油管道投产后的运行数据及关键参数的跟踪与分析,不断调整、优化运行方案。在确保管线运行平稳安全的前提下,对管线总传热系数、管线热力配置、清蜡周期、调节阀开度进行了优化。2016年铁锦线燃料油单耗较2015年同期铁秦线下降50.31 kg/(10~4t·km);电单耗下降21.8 k W·h/(10~4t·km)。通过实际运行数据可以看出,优化后管道运行效率提升明显,能耗指标大幅下降。     

利用SCADA系统判断输油管线上的盗油点

利用SCADA系统对管道原油运行状态实行实时数据采集与监视。发现管线压力的波动 ,对数据进行发析 ,运用先进的技术手段 ,判断出盗油点 ,并分析了影响盗油点检测的各种因素     

Analysis of factors affecting the choice of route of pedestrians

Pedestrians as compared to vehicular traffic enjoy a high degree freedom of movement even in heavily congested areas. Consequently, there are more alternative links available to pedestrians between a given origin‐destination (O‐D) pair. This paper describes a study done by the University of Calgary to evaluate the factors affecting the choice of route on intra‐CBD trips or trips within the Central Business District (CBD).

An origin destination survey conducted in downtown Calgary, Alberta enabled the identification of the most significant factors influencing the choice. These factors were analyzed in relation to the physical characteristics of the location, personal characteristics of the trip maker and the type of the trip.

It appears that most people chose the shortest link and factors such as the level of congestion, safety or visual attractions were only secondary. This suggests that the length should be made a major consideration when planning and designing pedestrian links.     

输油管道中原油乳状液的流变性研究

原油乳状液的流变性是原油开采后在管道中输送的重要研究方面,为了更好地研究这一性质,采用电动搅拌机、偏光显微镜以及流变仪等仪器来测定不同含水率的原油乳状液在不同条件下的黏度,观测不同含水率的原油乳状液在偏光显微镜下的形态。并且分别对原油乳状液的黏度与含水率之间的关系以及与剪切速率之间的关系进行研究,初步确定了所测区块原油乳状液的转相点以及该区块原油乳状液的流变特性,为生产中的油气集输提供了理论依据。     

Preliminary results of an analysis of areas of influence in Shanghai

The main deficiency of most current modeling approaches to transportation can be identified as neglect of the integration of existing geographical knowledge in regard to the ex ante transport/land use modeling approaches, with its focus on territorial dynamics and theory development. This paper addresses this aspect of the problem by introducing a theoretical and methodological framework for the analysis of the interrelationship between land uses. The analysis attempts to determine to what extent the functional land use in a city can be considered an ordered pattern. The order sought does not rely on purely spatial configurations, but on the correlation of transportation and land use. The first section of this paper focuses on theoretical considerations. It stresses the fact that conventional approaches do not apply in the present context. It then suggests an alternative based on areas of influence and measured in terms of level of attractance of land uses. The second describes a procedure based on this alternative following the remarkable contribution of Hanjoul, Beguin and Thill. An application of this procedure to the analysis of Shanghai is then examined. Finally, an evaluation of the strategies for optimizing the interrelationship between land uses is presented. The paper concludes with a possible research agenda.     

城市轨道交通杂散电流监测系统概述

介绍了城市轨道交通工程中杂散电流不同的监测系统的构成,分析了集中式、分散式和智能型等监测系统的配置和功能,以及智能型实时在线监测系统的重要意义,为轨道交通工程杂散电流监测系统的选择与应用提供参考。     

埋地管道防腐保温层失效评价

明确埋地管道防腐保温层的技术评价标准,对埋地钢质管道的安全运行,延长管道使用寿命具有重要意义。为了对埋地管道防腐保温层做出有效评价,从间接检测与开挖检测2个方面,结合现场检测数据,提出了基于防腐保温层的电流衰减率、绝缘电阻率、质量状况与厚度的分级评价标准及基于4种评价指标的综合评判方法。工程实践表明,该评价标准对防腐保温层是否存在失效能做出有效判断。     

实现多组态计量软件集中监控的可行性分析

天然气自动计量系统有多种组态软件,由于软件的不相通性,造成了计量系统数据采集的通用性差、数据传输与入库的时效性差、数据利用的可靠性低.结合各组态软件的实际情况,从设计上充分利用Oracle大数据处理能力以及Partition(分区表)的特性,实现历史数据的存储,应用WebService与COM+数据访问组件提供多层数据访问架构,采用OPC与DDE工业数据交换协议,实现了各站场计量数据的实时上传,为连续数据采集和实时监控提供了可能,节约了改造成本.     

注汽管道承压能力评估和实物试验验证

基于失效评估图技术对某注汽管道进行了承压能力评价,给出了管线在不同腐蚀壁厚情况下的极限承压能力和极限裂纹尺寸。并利用实物爆破试验验证了评价方法的安全性和有效性,通过对爆破断口进行宏观和微观分析,发现管段的开裂属于脆性开裂。     

Non-parametric analyses of efficiency of airports

This paper estimates the efficiencies and productivity changes of 12 international airports in the Asia-Pacific region based on data from 1998 to 2006. We apply stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) to compute efficiency estimates and use the Malmquist productivity index (MPI) to analyze productivity changes. We use the SFA model with a translog-type production function after testing the statistical hypotheses. According to the results of the SFA hypothesis tests, airports have experienced a technological regression; the deviations from the efficiency frontier are caused more by technical inefficiency than random noise. However, the inefficiency was found to decrease. The MPI reveals a declining trend resulting more from technological change than from efficiency change, with a decrease in inefficiency. Taken together, both the hypothesis tests and the MPI not only provide consistent conclusions, but also suggest that airports should concentrate on technological progress.     

波纹管应力分析研究进展

评述了波纹管应力理论研究方法的进展情况，围绕解析法、工程近似法和数值法，对波纹管理论研究中的一些主要成果作了较详细的回顾和总结，对各种研究方法作出了评价，展望了亟待解决的一些问题。     

Direct analysis of the perceived importance of attributes of reliability of travel modes in urban travel

Reliability of travel modes was found to be the most important characteristic of transportation systems in several attitudinal investigations of individual travel behavior. This paper represents the first part of a research effort aimed at gaining a better understanding of the characteristics of reliability of transportation modes in urban travel. In this research, reliability characteristics are identified; their importance relative to each other is assessed, and an insight into possible structure of an objective reliability index is discussed. The research is based on perceived values of reliability, which were identified through a large attitudinal survey conducted in the Chicago metropolitan area.