中间过渡金属对阻尼铜与不锈钢扩散焊接头强度的影响

利用金相显微镜、扫描电镜、电子探针及X射线衍仪射仪等,采用加中间过渡金属Ni、Cu后,铜合金CuAlBe与不锈钢lCrl8Ni9Ti扩散焊接头的结合强度进行了试验研究。结果表明,在相同条件下,采用Ni中间层的接头强度明显高于采用Cu中间层的接头强度;但当Ni箔较薄时,Al与Fe及Ni将发生相互作用,形成金属间化合物Fe2Al等,从而降低了接头性能;当温度较高时,由于Ni在Cu中的扩散速度大于Cu在Ni中的扩散速度,界面处会产生柯肯达尔效应,也导致接头强度降低。     

杂质离子对SPE膜-电极组件性能影响研究

研究了杂质离子对膜-电极组件性能的影响,通过光电子能谱分析,明确了毒化机理,可得出以下结论:4种离子对膜-电极组件的影响分为两类,Ni 2+和Cu 2+为一类,该影响通过在阴极欠电位沉积和电沉积,使氢的脱附发生在新的界面,致使阴极过电位升高,这种影响是不可逆的;Fe 2+和Fe 3+为一类,该影响主要是阻碍膜内质子和水的扩散,使阴极过电位升高,这种影响是可逆的,通过将膜-电极组件浸泡在酸中可得到恢复.本研究对防止膜-电极组件中毒失活具有借鉴意义.     

Fatigue life estimation of explosive cladded transition joints with the use of the spectral method for the case of a random sea state

The problem with fatigue lifetime estimation of explosive cladded transition joints under random loading conditions has been described. The paper presents the fatigue test results performed for the random state of tension-compression under a generated spectrum according to the Pierson-Moskowitz model. The obtained spectrum has a non-Gaussian characteristic. The tested material consists out of a transition joint clad with four layers of aluminium alloy A5083, A1050, Titanium Grade 1 and steel Grade D. The material has been tested for the existence of residual stresses after the welding process with the hole drilling method. The welding process has been also simulated with ANSYS and the residual stresses have been generated for the Goldak volumetric distribution. The obtained values of residual stresses comprise to the values of real tests performed for the hole drilling method. The information about the residual stress values have been taken into account in the process of fatigue lifetime estimation in the form of non-zero mean stresses compensation inside the clad. The fatigue life has been calculated with the use of the frequency domain method. The Goodman mean stress compensation model has been used in the process of residual stress compensation. The non-gaussianity has been compensated with the use of the Bracessi formula. The obtained fatigue life assessment results have been compared with stand test results. The calculated results are within the scatter area of 3, but individual scatter values have been calculated for calculated series.     

高性能铝-空气电池阳极材料的研究

介绍了三种Al-Pb-Ga系新型铝合金阳极材料.用熔铸法加工技术将铝合金制成直径为1cm2的圆柱体;用电化学方法测试了材料的电化学性能;通过SEM测试阳极溶解后铝合金表面的腐蚀状态.结果表明:3#铝合金阳极材料开路电位较纯铝低、自腐蚀速率急剧降低、电极表面腐蚀溶解均匀.新型铝合金在碱性介质中不能形成钝化膜,阳极极化明显减少.在4mol/L NaOH水溶液中以200 mA/cm2电流密度放电,新型合金阳极材料的稳定电极电位可达到-1.37 V(vs.He/HgO).研制的新型铝合金负极材料,可望开发高能量密度的铝合金电池.     

MgxNiy（x＋y≤5）合金团簇的几何结构和电子性质的理论研究

用密度泛函理论（Density Functional Theory,DFT）的杂化密度泛函B3LYP方法在6311＋g基组水平上对MgxNiy（x＋y≤5）团簇各种可能的构型进行几何结构优化,预测了各团簇的基态结构,并对其电子结构和能量特性等性质进行了理论研究．结果表明：Mg,Ni原子的掺杂使主团簇的基态结构和对称性发生了明显改变,而且Ni原子成键数越多的团簇结构越稳定;在Mg和Ni相互作用形成合金团簇的过程中,发生原子间的电荷转移,使得合金团簇中大多数Mg原子带正电荷M原子带负电荷,而且Ni原子的电荷调节能力较强,容易与其它体系相互作用而形成新的合金材料;从能隙和自然键轨道（Natural Bonding Orbits,NBO）分析显示,MgNi2团簇较稳定,Mg2Ni3团簇具有很好的化学活性．     

Mass balance of trace metals in the Adriatic Sea

A first order mass balance of six different trace metals (Mn, Fe, Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni) was presented for a 1-year period for the different compartments of the Adriatic Sea: compartment 1 (northern Adriatic Sea), compartment 2 (central Adriatic Sea and surface layer of the southern Adriatic Sea) and compartment 3 (deep water of the southern Adriatic Sea). The Adriatic Sea appeared to be a source of dissolved Cu, Mn and Fe for the Mediterranean Sea through the Strait of Otranto whereas for dissolved Zn and Pb the Adriatic Sea appeared to be a net sink. For dissolved Ni, inputs and outputs through the Strait of Otranto balanced each other. The residence times of all metals in compartment 1 were significantly shorter than that of water indicating significant removal. In compartments 2 and 3, residence times of Mn and Fe were relatively short suggesting removal from the water column whereas for the other metals their residence times were similar to that of water. Calculations of turnover times of metals with respect to different processes showed that in compartments 1 and 2, sedimentation was the main process that affected the content of the reservoirs whereas in compartment 3, the water flux exchanges played an important role for Zn, Cu and Ni.Most of the metals clearly undergo a very dynamic cycle of sedimentation/remobilization particularly in the Northern Adriatic Sea. In the northern Adriatic Sea, most of the Mn and Fe in deposited sediment were remobilized. This was related to diagenetic processes involving the utilisation and solubilisation of Mn and Fe oxides, which occur in the surface of the sediment in the northern Adriatic Sea. In the central Adriatic Sea, remobilization of Mn and Fe was less than in the northern Adriatic Sea, suggesting that diagenesis processes appear deeper in the sediment. Advective transport of sediment was a major source of metals for the deep basin. As much as 80% of the sediments in the South Adriatic Pit might be advected from the shelf. Remobilization fluxes in the South Adriatic Pit were significantly less than in the Northern and Central Adriatic Sea reflecting hemi-pelagic sediments.     

船用TA2钛合金晶粒尺寸的超声声速评定

通过对超声纵波声速的测量来评定船用TA2钛合金的平均晶粒尺寸。采用热处理改变了TA2合金试样的晶粒尺寸。实验结果表明,用5P14Z探头测得的纵波声速与晶粒尺寸之间有很好的线性关系。与奥氏体不锈钢、低碳钢等材料不同,随着TA2合金试样晶粒尺寸的增大,纵波声速增大。利用在超声纵波声速和金相测定的晶粒尺寸之间建立的关系图,能够无损评价TA2合金的晶粒尺寸。     

Marine molluscs as biomonitors for heavy metal levels in the Gulf of Suez, Red Sea

Levels of the heavy metals Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Nickel (Ni), Iron (Fe) and Manganese (Mn) were determined in coastal water, sediments and soft tissues of the gastropod limpet, Patella caerulea, and the bivalve, Barbatus barbatus, from seven different stations in the western coast of the Gulf of Suez. The concentrations of heavy metals in water ranged between 3.37–4.78, 18.83–21.46, 2.75–3.17, 0.22–0.27, 0.99–1.21, 2.69–3.65, 3.75–4.56 μg L^− 1 and 23.82–32.78 mg g^− 1 for Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Mn and Fe, respectively. The corresponding concentration values in the sediments were 8.65–12.16, 51.78–58.06, 36.52–42.15, 3.23–3.98, 9.03–12.75, 34.31–49.63, 3.28–4.56 and 64.20–70.22 μg g^− 1 for Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Mn and Fe, respectively. The highest accumulated metals were Fe, Zn and Mn in both P. caerulea and B. barbatus, while the lowest one was Cd. The accumulation of metals was more pronounced in P. caerulea than B. barbatus. The highest concentrations of all metals in water, sediments and mollusca were recorded at Adabiya harbour north of the Gulf, while the lowest concentrations were recorded at Gabal El-Zeit and Hurghada. Land based activities and ships awaiting berth are the main source of metal pollution in the northern part of the Gulf.     

LNG/LPG船耐低温材料的焊接发展综述

液化天然气和液化石油气需要在低温条件下储存和运输,因此液舱(液罐)材料的耐低温性能和焊接性是保证结构安全的关键。文中以殷瓦钢、5083铝合金和304不锈钢为例,介绍了LNG船与LPG船使用的耐低温材料的种类和物理性能,在此基础上分析了这三种材料的焊接性,总结了殷瓦钢、5083铝合金和304不锈钢的焊接研究进展及发展趋势。     

裕溪船闸闸门底枢蘑菇头和轴的激光熔覆试验研究

以裕溪一线船闸扩容改造工程中34 m口门三角闸门的底枢蘑菇头和轴为研究对象,从宏观金相、微观组织、X射线衍射仪、硬度计检测熔覆层的表面硬度以及盐雾试验机测试试件的耐腐蚀性等方面,对不同的基体材料和激光熔覆粉末进行试验对比研究.结果表明:Ni40粉末和Co40粉末都具有较高的硬度和优良的耐腐蚀性能,满足底枢蘑菇头和轴激光...     

轻质耐压壳体减重研究

本文结合几种材料的特性,对壳体的结构做了力学分析,研究了轻质耐压壳体的减重方向。研究中发现,隔板的设计对壳体的重量影响很大,因此详细分析了凹凸两种形式端板的力学特性,发现同等厚度条件下,凸型隔板的变形量小、安全系数高。分析对比了铝基合金、复合材料、钛合金的材料特性、加工特性、国内开发现状以及成本,认为现阶段应以铝基合金的改进为主,并关注其他材料的进展对壳体进行减重设计。     

碳纤维缠绕复合材料在潜水外压容器上的应用

在铝合金圆筒体以外以浸渍树脂碳纤维进行缠绕复合增强，可大幅度提高筒体的耐静水外压能力，整体缠绕的全复合材料筒体，在耐静水外压能力及减轻自身重量方面也获得了明显的效果。此外，在铝合金细长圆管的外壁复合缠绕纤维，能有效地提高圆管对轴向压载荷的抗失稳与抗屈曲破坏能力。     

A numerical transport model for predicting the distributions of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in the southern North Sea: the sensitivity of model results to the uncertainties in the magnitudes of metal inputs

A new transport model for metals (named NOSTRADAMUS) has been developed to predict concentrations and distributions of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in the southern North Sea. NOSTRADAMUS is comprised of components for water, inorganic and organic suspended particulate matter transport; a primary production module contributes to the latter component. Metal exchange between dissolved (water) and total suspended particulate matter (inorganic + organic) phases is driven by distribution coefficients. Transport is based on an existent 2-D vertically integrated model, incorporating a 35 × 35 km grid. NOSTRADAMUS is largely driven by data obtained during the Natural Environment Research Council North Sea Project (NERC NSP). The sensitivity of model predictions to uncertainties in the magnitudes of metal inputs has been tested. Results are reported for a winter period (January 1989) when plankton production was low. Simulated ranges in concentrations in regions influenced by the largest inflows, i.e. the NE English coast and the Southern Bight, are similar to the ranges in the errors of the concentrations estimated at the northern and southern open sea boundaries of the model. Inclusion of uncertainties with respect to atmospheric (up to ± 54%) and riverine (± 30%) inputs makes little difference to the calculated concentrations of both dissolved and particulate fractions within the southern North Sea. When all the errors associated with the inputs are included there is good agreement between computed and observed concentrations, and that for dissolved and particulate Cd, Cu and Zn, and dissolved Ni and Pb, many of the observations fall within, or are close to, the range of values generated by the model. For particulate Pb, model simulations predict concentrations of the right order, but do not reproduce the large scatter in actual concentrations, with simulated concentrations showing a bias towards lower values compared to those observed. A factor which could have contributed to observed concentrations, and which is not included in the model, is considered to be a substantial benthic input of dissolved lead during this winter period, coupled to a rapid and extensive scavenging of the dissolved lead to particles. Significant reductions in riverine and aeolian inputs of total Cd and Cu of 70% and 50%, respectively, consistent with aims of North Sea Conferences, are predicted to lead to minor decreases (~ 10%) in water column concentrations of dissolved and particulate Cd and Cu, except near river sources, where maximum reductions of ~ 30–40% may occur.     

Synoptic transects on the distribution of trace elements (Hg,Pb, Cd,Cu, Ni,Zn, Co,Mn, Fe,and Al) in surface waters of the Northern- and Southern East Atlantic

Surface seawater samples were taken in the framework of the GEOTRACES program on “POLARSTERN” expedition ANT XXIII/1 in the Eastern Atlantic in 2005 to study the distribution of the trace elements Hg (mercury), Pb (lead), Cd (cadmium), Cu (copper), Ni (nickel), Zn (zinc), Co (cobalt), Mn (manganese), Fe (iron), and Al (aluminium). With the exception of Hg, results were compared to earlier datasets from 1989 to 1990. The particulate fraction averaged over the transect was calculated to be 49% for Cd, 23% for Mn and 50% for Fe indicating a release of these TEI's (trace elements and their isotopes) from a leachable SPM fraction in the stored and acidified samples.Total Pb concentrations ranged between 5 and 20 pmol kg^? 1 in 2005 with highest values in the ITCZ (intertropical convergence zone). In 1989 Pb concentrations were twice as high in the region of the ITCZ, while by a factor of 10–15 higher values were obtained in the North Atlantic.Total Cd and Co are dominated, by different seasonal upwelling regimes (Equatorial upwelling, Guinea Dome, Angola Dome).Total Cu, Ni, Fe, Mn and Al show nearly identical concentrations in 1990 and 2005. For total manganese and aluminium strong maxima (3–4 nmol kg^? 1 and 55 nmol kg^? 1 respectively) are observed between 23°N and 0°, while the Fe maximum (6–9 nmol kg^? 1) is located at 7°N. Total Hg concentrations ranged between 0.5 and 4.5 pmol kg^? 1.     

挖泥船吸排泥管耐磨管材的选用

为了延长挖泥船吸排泥管的使用寿命,使用了耐磨管材。介绍吸排泥管耐磨管材的选用方法和耐磨复合钢管制作工艺。着重对高铬合金和Q345低合金刚作性能比较。新管材的使用取得良好的经济效益。     

国内铝合金焊缝PAUT技术应用现状

随着铝合金材料的普及使用，作为先进数字化检测手段的相控阵超声波检测(Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing, PAUT)技术应用备受关注。近年来，在先进超声波技术发展和应用需求结合下，陆续开展的相关试验研究为铝合金搅拌摩擦焊焊缝PAUT技术提供指导和规范引领，并形成相关行业应用标准。铝合金气体保护焊PAUT技术的应用需求逐渐显现，但相关研究和标准尚在起步阶段。梳理国内铝合金焊缝PAUT技术应用现状，可为推动铝合金焊缝PAUT技术研究、扩展应用场景提供技术基础。     

脉冲电沉积制备Ni-Mo合金析氢电极

分别采用直流电沉积法和脉冲电沉积法制备出了高催化活性的Ni-Mo合金电极。通过阴极极化曲线得到了析氢反应的动力学参数,进而比较了不同电极的析氢性能,并分别采用SEM、EDX及XRD等表征手段分析了不同电极析氢性能优劣的原因。结果表明,脉冲电沉积可以提高镀层中Mo元素的含量,且其镀层晶粒更加细小,呈现一种纳米晶态,这些都导致脉冲电沉积Ni-Mo合金电极析氢过电位比直流电沉积更低,从而显示了脉冲电沉积制备Ni-Mo合金电极有更好地应用前景。     

全海深双球连接耐压舱的结构设计探索

钛合金耐压球壳被广泛地应用于大深度载人潜水器.但是,由于受到材料强度的限制,若采用成熟的Ti-6Al-4VELI来设计3人型的全海深载人舱,其壁厚将超出很多国家的现有制造能力.为了解决这一矛盾,该文提出了一种新的双球连接的方案,并以中国船级社最新的强度标准作为优化约束条件,用有限元分析法对这种结构形式进行了优化设计.最后,对双球结构方案与传统单球方案作了比较.     

12毫米厚铝合金板的搅拌摩擦焊研究(英文)

Most of the investigations regarding friction stir welding(FSW)of aluminum alloy plates have been limited to about 5 to 6mm thick plates.In prior work conducted the various aspects concerning the process parameters and the FSW tool geometry were studied utilizing friction stir welding of 12 mm thick commercial grade aluminum alloy.Two different simple-tomanufacture tool geometries were used.The effect of varying welding parameters and dwell time of FSW tool on mechanical properties and weld quality was examined.It was observed that in order to achieve a defect free welding on such thick aluminum alloy plates,tool having trapezoidal pin geometry was suitable.Adequate tensile strength and ductility can be achieved utilizing a combination of high tool rotational speed of about 2000 r/min and low speed of welding around 28 mm/min.At very low and high dwell time the ductility of welded joints are reduced significantly.     

ICP-AES法分析六氟化钨中的金属粒子

提出了用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)法测定高纯六氟化钨中铬、锰、铁、钴、镍、铜、锌、镁、钙、钠、钾、铅及钼等金属元素的含量。六氟化钨极易与空气中的水分发生反应,为此设计了一套与空气隔离的密闭取样系统。在装有待测金属元素的取样器内,先后加入氨水、硝酸、氢氟酸使其溶解并定容,作为ICP-AES分析的待测溶液。在优化的实验条件下,得出各元素的检出限小于0.005mgL-1,方法的回收率在90.5%~104.2%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=11)在3.2%~7.8%之间。最终试验分析结果表明,样品满足高纯六氟化钨技术指标的要求。