Risk management algorithm for rear-side collision avoidance using a combined steering torque overlay and differential braking

This paper describes a risk management algorithm for rear-side collision avoidance. The proposed risk management algorithm consists of a supervisor and a coordinator. The supervisor is designed to monitor collision risks between the subject vehicle and approaching vehicle in the adjacent lane. An appropriate criterion of intervention, which satisfies high acceptance to drivers through the consideration of a realistic traffic, has been determined based on the analysis of the kinematics of the vehicles in longitudinal and lateral directions. In order to assist the driver actively and increase driver's safety, a coordinator is designed to combine lateral control using a steering torque overlay by motor-driven power steering and differential braking by vehicle stability control. In order to prevent the collision while limiting actuator's control inputs and vehicle dynamics to safe values for the assurance of the driver's comfort, the Lyapunov theory and linear matrix inequalities based optimisation methods have been used. The proposed risk management algorithm has been evaluated via simulation using CarSim and MATLAB/Simulink.     

制动与转向协调动作的车辆避撞控制研究（双语出版）

为了弥补现有汽车避撞控制策略以及碰撞风险评价指标单一的不足,提出转向和制动协调的主动避撞控制系统。首先规划了五次多项式换道路径,在对其理论分析的基础上得到转向临界避撞距离和与目标车道车辆的安全距离约束。其次,考虑道路附着系数和系统延迟的影响,基于制动过程给出制动临界避撞距离,并以纵向行驶安全系数ξ和碰撞时间倒数T^-1_TC划分安全行驶区域,利用驾驶人实车跟车数据标定稳态跟随/定速巡航区域的阈值。随后,通过转向/制动临界避撞距离的对比给出2种避撞方式的安全收益范围。最后搭建Simulink/CarSim联合仿真模型,并对其进行不同初始条件下的避撞仿真试验。研究结果表明：转向操作在制动距离不足时仍是有效的;当主车高速近距离接近静止前车时,主车可以顺利采取转向换道动作,而常规ACC系统在2.5 s处的车间相对距离为-0.76 m,事实上已经发生了碰撞;当相邻车道前车与主车纵向间距不满足换道安全距离约束时,避撞控制系统进入紧急制动模式,最大制动减速度达到-0.8g（g为重力加速度）,实际最小车间距为5.1 m;通过转向和制动的协调动作,充分发挥了车辆的避撞潜力;ξ和T^-1_TC指标的融合,可以更好地评估碰撞风险并实现不同控制模式的转换,在保证行车安全的同时可避免过分制动给乘客造成的紧张感。     

智能安全车辆技术前沿跟踪

通过对智能安全车辆技术的起源和发展介绍。并针对有应用前景的智能安全车辆技术如：车道偏离预警系统、主动纵向避撞系统和自适应巡航控制系统,逐一进行了深入分析;给出了系统功能的定义和实现原理,指出了关键核心技术和实现难点所在。为我国开展实施智能安全车辆技术提出了建议和技术路线。     

智能车辆主动避撞与稳定性联合控制仿真

为改善车辆在主动避撞过程中的车辆动力学特性,在MATLAB/Simulink环境下结合驾驶员模型分别设计了基于模糊控制理论的主动避撞控制处理器、制动稳定性控制器和转向稳定性控制器,从而能够在车辆主动避撞过程中综合考虑避撞和稳定性两个目标.并在ADAMS中建立了整车模型,联合MATLAB进行了仿真研究,仿真结果证明,在相...     

基于等效力的汽车主动避撞模型及其仿真

为使汽车主动避撞模型能够在人-车-路不同行车环境下保证汽车的主动避撞效果,建立了基于等效力的汽车主动避撞模型.通过以汽车风险评估中提出的等效力模型为基础,加入路面附着系数因子、驾驶员激进程度因子和汽车速度因子,得到行车等效力模型,通过实际行车等效力与不同行车环境中的标准等效力进行对比,实现汽车主动避撞预警.利用Simu...     

智能汽车对无信号交叉口行人的避撞控制

针对智能汽车在无信号交叉口对横穿行人的避撞问题,研究了主动转向避撞控制策略。基于多层模型预测控制方法,采用分层控制策略设计局部规划层控制器与全局跟踪层控制器,在此基础上根据交叉口处汽车与行人的轨迹特征计算人车碰撞剩余时间,改进传统人工势场法构造避撞函数,规划出既能规避交叉口内存在碰撞风险的行人又能使偏差最小的局部避撞路径,并使智能汽车在满足多项动力学约束时准确跟踪参考路径,通过搭建CarSim/Simulink联合仿真平台,结合广东省2006—2018年交通事故数据库选取对交叉口人车碰撞有显著影响的因素,设计仿真场景进行仿真分析。结果表明：智能汽车能在多个初始点完成对参考路径的跟踪,控制器对不同速度和附着条件有较高的鲁棒性,高速低附着场景中,智能汽车横向加速度小于0.4 g、质心侧偏角小于2°、前轮侧偏角小于2.5°,各约束量满足舒适性和平稳性条件;4个典型交叉口场景中,智能汽车以不同速度直行或转弯通过交叉口,均能识别横穿行人中存在碰撞风险的行人实现主动转向避撞。     

队列车辆碰撞严重性及车队排布策略

针对自动驾驶车辆队列发生不可避免碰撞的事故场景,研究以整体碰撞严重性达到最低为目标的车队排布策略.首先根据引发事故的障碍物是否会明显影响领航车运动,将碰撞划分为队内碰撞和队外碰撞.队列几何构型一定时,针对均质化队列发生一维碰撞过程建立理论模型,计入碰撞前车辆对前车紧急制动的感应及自车进行紧急制动的过程,计算并定义时间截...     

基于模型预测理论的车辆纵向避撞控制研究

为了实现电动车辆纵向避撞控制,提高车辆的安全性和人性化需求,文章针对分布式电动汽车,建立了平面运动的简化动力学模型;提出了基于 MPC 的纵向避撞控制策略,其中基于传感器获取的障碍物运动信息,采用滚动优化方法设计顶层控制器,以求解车辆期望纵向加速度。底 层分配控制器则基于车辆期望加速度,对车轮转矩进行最优分配,实现基于模型预测控制的车辆纵向避撞控制。最后通过仿真测试控制器的有效性。     

Emergency steering control of autonomous vehicle for collision avoidance and stabilisation

ABSTRACT

Collision avoidance and stabilisation are two of the most crucial concerns when an autonomous vehicle finds itself in emergency situations, which usually occur in a short time horizon and require large actuator inputs, together with highly nonlinear tyre cornering response. In order to avoid collision while stabilising autonomous vehicle under dynamic driving situations at handling limits, this paper proposes a novel emergency steering control strategy based on hierarchical control architecture consisting of decision-making layer and motion control layer. In decision-making layer, a dynamic threat assessment model continuously evaluates the risk associated with collision and destabilisation, and a path planner based on kinematics and dynamics of vehicle system determines a collision-free path when it suddenly encounters emergency scenarios. In motion control layer, a lateral motion controller considering nonlinearity of tyre cornering response and unknown external disturbance is designed using tyre lateral force estimation-based backstepping sliding-mode control to track a collision-free path, and to ensure the robustness and stability of the closed-loop system. Both simulation and experiment results show that the proposed control scheme can effectively perform an emergency collision avoidance manoeuvre while maintaining the stability of autonomous vehicle in different running conditions.     

Vehicle rollover avoidance by application of gain-scheduled LQR controllers using state observers

Many researches have been conducted in the area of control applied to vehicle dynamics, aiming at reducing the possibility of the occurrence of the type of accident known as rollover. In this research, based on a common nonlinear model and its linearisation, a method for properly selecting matrices for solving the Riccati equation considering different speeds was proposed. The method showed in which ways speed really influences the choice of controller gains. By developing the dynamic equations for the yaw- and roll-coupled motions and modelling of controllers and state observers, it is possible to compare the efficacy of this control strategy using both linear and nonlinear simulations using Matlab. Significant results were obtained regarding the reduction of the rollover coefficient for a double-lane change manoeuvre at different speeds, thus indicating advantages of using this controller in practical cases.     

Model predictive control with constraints for a nonlinear adaptive cruise control vehicle model in transition manoeuvres

A vehicle following control law, based on the model predictive control method, to perform transition manoeuvres (TMs) for a nonlinear adaptive cruise control (ACC) vehicle is presented in this paper. The TM controller ultimately establishes a steady-state following distance behind a preceding vehicle to avoid collision, keeping account of acceleration limits, safe distance, and state constraints. The vehicle dynamics model is for continuous-time domain and captures the real dynamics of the sub-vehicle models for steady-state and transient operations. The ACC vehicle can execute the TM successfully and achieves a steady-state in the presence of complex dynamics within the constraint boundaries.     

G1501 跨泖港大桥主动防撞系统设计

G1501高速公路跨泖港大桥上跨平申线(上海段)航道。该航道是《上海市“十二五”内河高等级航道建设规划》中首批启动建设的航道,为黄浦江上游三大支流之一,目前航道等级Ⅴ改Ⅳ。改造过程中航道上桥梁被船撞风险高,通过对桥梁预防航道船舶碰撞预警系统工作模式与参数化技术、多源数据三维测量空间的平面转换算法与工程实现技术、基于多源数据融合的船舶通航异常行为的判别技术、桥梁预防航道船舶碰撞预警系统性能优化与工程测试技术等内容进行研究,突破基于多源数据融合的复杂背景下航道多目标检测/跟踪算法、基于多源数据融合的船舶-桥撞击态势预测等关键技术,泖港大桥采用主红外、可见光和激光测距三类传感器复合体制的航道桥梁主动防撞系统。从而实现全天候、全天时、全自动航道桥梁主动防撞监控及预警,其应用效果良好。     

道路交叉口车路协调实验系统设计与实现

提出了道路交叉口车路协调实验系统框架、实现方法并进行了系统搭建测试。在分析系统功能的基础上进行了系统逻辑框架与系统物理框架设计,实现了各子系统功能,包括：GPS车载定位信息采集、交通控制系统设定、路侧处理单元与车载处理单元程序设计与短程无线通信,在此基础上建立了道路交叉口车路协调实验系统,模拟实际交通运行状态对系统主要性能进行测试。实验结果表明该系统可以完成信号灯状态的车载实时显示,但应进一步提高定位精度与通信效果。实验系统不仅为进一步研究基于车路协调的下一代智能交通运输系统提供了实验平台,还能采集相关的车辆运行数据与驾驶员特征数据。     

Comparing and validating models of driver steering behaviour in collision avoidance and vehicle stabilisation

A number of driver models were fitted to a large data set of human truck driving, from a simulated near-crash, low-friction scenario, yielding two main insights: steering to avoid a collision was best described as an open-loop manoeuvre of predetermined duration, but with situation-adapted amplitude, and subsequent vehicle stabilisation could to a large extent be accounted for by a simple yaw rate nulling control law. These two phenomena, which could be hypothesised to generalise to passenger car driving, were found to determine the ability of four driver models adopted from the literature to fit the human data. Based on the obtained results, it is argued that the concept of internal vehicle models may be less valuable when modelling driver behaviour in non-routine situations such as near-crashes, where behaviour may be better described as direct responses to salient perceptual cues. Some methodological issues in comparing and validating driver models are also discussed.     

Development of an errorable car-following driver model

An errorable car-following driver model is presented in this paper. An errorable driver model is one that emulates human driver’s functions and can generate both nominal (error-free), as well as devious (with error) behaviours. This model was developed for evaluation and design of active safety systems. The car-following data used for developing and validating the model were obtained from a large-scale naturalistic driving database. The stochastic car-following behaviour was first analysed and modelled as a random process. Three error-inducing behaviours were then introduced. First, human perceptual limitation was studied and implemented. Distraction due to non-driving tasks was then identified based on the statistical analysis of the driving data. Finally, time delay of human drivers was estimated through a recursive least-square identification process. By including these three error-inducing behaviours, rear-end collisions with the lead vehicle could occur. The simulated crash rate was found to be similar but somewhat higher than that reported in traffic statistics.     

Improving the robustness of an MPC-based obstacle avoidance algorithm to parametric uncertainty using worst-case scenarios

Previous work by the authors focused on obstacle avoidance in large, high-speed autonomous ground vehicles within unknown and unstructured environments. This work resulted in a nonlinear model predictive control based algorithm that simultaneously optimises both the speed and steering commands. The algorithm can exploit the dynamic limits of the vehicle to navigate it to a target position as quickly as possible without compromising safety. In the algorithm, a model of the vehicle is used explicitly to predict and optimise future actions, but in practice the model parameter values are not known exactly. Thus, in this paper, the robustness of the algorithm to parametric uncertainty is evaluated. It is first demonstrated that using nominal parameter values in the algorithm leads to safety issues in 24% of the evaluated scenarios with the considered parametric uncertainty distributions. To improve the algorithm's robustness, a novel double-worst-case formulation is developed that simultaneously accounts for the robust satisfaction of the two safety requirements of high-speed obstacle avoidance: collision-free and no-wheel-lift-off. Results from simulations with stratified random scenarios and worst-case scenarios show that the double-worst-case formulation renders the algorithm robust to all uncertainty realisations tested. The trade-off between robustness and the task completion performance is also quantified.     

车辆碰撞避免系统的设计与仿真分析

汽车作为人们日常出行所使用的交通工具,在给我们的生活带来方便的同时,各类交通事故的发生也导致很多人受伤甚至死亡。为减少乃至避免交通事故的发生,本次研究主要是在不同路面附着状态辨识的基础上进行智能车辆碰撞避免系统的设计,通过联合滑移率和雷达检测的方法进行道路附着状态识别,并运用CarSim与Simulink进行联合仿真,对车辆位移、纵向和横向速度以及加速度进行耦合控制分析,验证本次设计的合理性。