Nonlinear feedforward–feedback control of clutch-to-clutch shift technique

To improve the shift quality of the vehicle with clutch-to-clutch gear shifts, a nonlinear feedforward–feedback control scheme is proposed for clutch slip control during the shift inertia phase. The feedforward control is designed based on flatness in consideration of the system nonlinearities, and the linear feedback control is given to accommodate the model errors and the disturbances. Lookup tables, which are widely used to represent complex nonlinear characteristics of powertrain systems, appear in their original form in the designed feedforward controller, while the linear feedback controller is calculated through linear matrix inequalities such that the control system is robust against the parameter uncertainties. Finally, the designed controller is tested on an AMESim powertrain simulation model, which contains a time-variant model of clutch actuators.     

Wet Single Clutch Engagement Behaviors in the Dual-Clutch Transmission System

A frictional torque was generated by a lubricated slip contact between a wet clutch pad and a steel separator during a wet clutch engagement. It is necessary to understand the generation of frictional torque to improve the performance of the frictional torque transfer and the durability of the wet clutch system. The analytical modeling of wet clutch torque transfer considers the effects of surface roughness, permeability, the elastic modulus of the frictional material, lubricant viscosity, temperature, etc. Experimental apparatus for wet clutch engagement was designed for the measurement of frictional torque transfer during wet clutch engagement. The experimental results were compared with the analytical results under various operational conditions for the verification of the theoretical analysis to evaluate the performance of the wet clutch system. Some correlations were investigated between the experimental and analytical results. We found that computation by analytical modeling can predict the effects of oil temperature, applied force, and slip speed, as well as engagement period and frictional torque transfer shapes.     

双离合器自动变速器仿真研究

建立了双离合器自动变速器系统仿真模型,对双离合器自动变速器的动态特性进行了分析,并开发了换挡控制器。应用仿真软件对装有双离合器自动变速器的车辆进行了整车动态性能仿真。仿真结果表明,双离合器自动变速器具有和传统自动变速器相近的换挡品质。     

Optimal launching-intention-aware control strategy for automated clutch engagement

Clutch engagement control is critical during launching process in a vehicle equipped with an automated manual transmission (AMT), which is a problem including muti-objective optimization and nonlinear control. In this paper, a optimal launching-intention-aware control strategy is proposed for clutch engagement. Firstly, a launching-intention-aware machine (LIAM) based on artificial neural network (ANN) is designed to identify the driver’s launching intentions. Then the optimal laws of clutch engagement for different launching conditions are obtained based on the dynamic programming (DP), which regard friction loss, vehicle shock, angular acceleration of engine and engine torque as the optimizing indexes. Next, a slidingmode controller (SMC) is designed for the clutch engagement. Finally, the performances of the optimal laws and the SMC are validated by the joint simulation of Simulink-AMESim, and the results show that the requirements of vehicle launching are met. The proposed clutch engagement control strategy would provide a better theoretical support for the practical-extended application of AMT.     

Automatic control of clutches and simulations for parallel hybrid vehicles

This paper is a continuation of a previous paper titled ??Modeling and Model Predictive Control for Hybrid Vehicle?? published on IJAT/2011 describing a mathematical model and design for a model predictive controller for tracking speeds and simulations. The present paper further describes a fuzzy logic controller for the smooth and quick engagement of an automatic clutch. The described controller uses both fuzzy logic and slip control algorithms to enable automatic clutch engagement. Clutch engagement and comprehensive simulations for the hybrid vehicle are conducted in MATLAB R2009s. The research described herein offers theoretical solutions for how to better control clutch slip and engagement within realistic parameters used for hybrid vehicles. Algorithms and operations of this fuzzy logic controller can be implemented in electronic control units for automatic clutch engagements and gear-shifting processes.     

基于分布式光纤测温的离合器摩擦表面温度场测量

离合器在工作过程中的摩擦表面温升是离合器传递扭矩的直接影响因素，研究离合器温升情况对于改善离合器控制和优化离合器设计都有着重要意义。但摩擦片工作表面封闭，表面温度往往难以准确测量，为解决离合器温度高精度测量的问题，使用国际上发展迅速的最新型分布式光纤传感技术，在设计的干式离合器摩擦特性测试台架上进行了测量试验。试验结果表明：与传统的热电偶插入式测量相比，分布式光纤测温能够得到离合器摩擦接触面的温度沿半径方向上的温度分布，为离合器表面温度场分析提供数据支持；同时，光纤测温能够实现在离合器系统内的各个部件的温度测温。通过对不同半径、不同工况、不同部件的温度变化情况的测量结果分析，离合器摩擦接触面的温度分布与半径有关，通常呈现半径越大温升越显著的特点；在单次接合分离的过程中，离合器摩擦片的2个摩擦接触表面的温升情况并不相同，靠近飞轮盘一侧的温度变化速率比靠近压盘一侧的要快。     

Improved optimal controller for start-up of amt trucks in consideration of driver’s intention

A linear-quadratic optimal controller is proposed for vehicle start-up, which is designed as a linear feedback form of the states and the measured (estimated) disturbances. The requirements of less friction loss and less driveline shock are represented by the weighting matrices of the cost function. The driver’s intension is also considered and the controller gains are adjusted on-line accordingly. The designed control strategy is tested on a complete powertrain simulation model. Through large amount of simulations, it is verified that the system is robust to the variations of driving conditions, such as variation of vehicle mass and road grade. It is also shown that the control performance is influenced greatly by the estimation error of engine torque and clutch torque, and the acceptable level of mean estimation error is about ±10%.     

汽车自动离合器的动态滑模控制

针对自动离合器的非线性特性、易受外部干扰和参数不确定性的特点,采用动态滑模控制器实现离合器的有效控制,该控制器能有效缓解抖振现象并提高自动离合器的鲁棒性.为验证所采用控制器的有效性和鲁棒性,建造了基于dSPACE的自动离合器快速控制原型试验平台并进行试验.结果表明,与PID控制器和常规滑模控制器相比,所采用的控制器具有更好的控制性能.     

基于反馈线性化的汽车AMT离合器滑模控制

电控离合器系统中，因为外界环境相当复杂，控制系统存在多种非线性，使得数学模型中参数是摄动的并且同时受到干扰，给机械式自动变速系统（AMT）的控制带来困难，针对离合器液压扫行机构，建立系统非线性动力学模型，进一步应用基于微分几何的反馈线性化方法，将原非线性系统等价为完全可控型线性化模型，然后设计滑模控制器，实车实验结果表明，设计的非线性控制器跟踪精度高，鲁棒性好。     

重型车AMT液控气助力离合器自动控制系统的设计与开发

在对传统重型车离合器驱动机构改造的基础上,设计了一种新型的液控气助力离合器自动控制系统;分析了系统的结构和工作原理,建立了系统仿真模型和控制算法,并对离合器接合过程的控制性能进行了分析和仿真检验;在开发的AMT重型载重汽车上进行了实车离合器系统控制性能试验。结果表明:所设计的液控气助力离合器自动控制系统能有效地实现离合器接合位置和速度的控制,具有超调量小、响应速度快等优点,能够满足AMT系统离合器控制的需要。     

基于MPC的独立驱动电动汽车稳定性集成控制

针对独立驱动电动汽车在高附着系数路面高速急转时易发生侧翻事故,在低附着系数路面急转易发生侧滑失稳事故,且单一控制器在不同附着系数路面适应性较差等问题,根据独立驱动电动汽车特点设计了基于分层式结构的稳定性集成控制器。建立了整车动力学模型,并进行了车辆状态参数估计;设计了稳定性集成控制器的控制策略,对车辆的侧倾、横向稳定性状态判定条件和协调策略的制定进行了研究,分别设计了侧倾稳定性控制器和横向稳定性控制器;设置了路面附着系数0.9到0.2的对接路面仿真工况,并在此工况下对所设计的控制器的控制性能进行了仿真测试。结果表明,所设计的稳定性集成控制器相比于单一控制器具有更好的适应性,可有效降低车辆高速行驶过程中的横向载荷转移系数、质心侧偏角等状态量,提高车辆行驶的稳定性和安全性。     

Automated Emergency Four-Wheel-Steered Vehicle Using Continuous Gain Equations

Advanced Vehicle Control Systems (AVCS), when realized, should substantially increase the convenience and safety of highway travel. Automated lateral control is an important step in the realization of AVCS. Much research has been concerned with lateral control during low-g maneuvers. However, before passengers' lives are in the hands of any automated laterally-controlled vehicle, the vehicle controller must be designed to respond to emergency situations where high-g maneuvers may be necessary.

This paper presents the development of a nonlinear-gain-optimized (NGO) controller for emergency automated lateral control of four wheel steered automobiles. Continuous gain equations (GE) are used to account for changes in the vehicle speed. The NGO controller uses a linear vehicle/tire model to define the state model. The response of a nonlinear vehicle/tire model is used to choose the performance index that optimizes the feedback gains for high-g emergency maneuvers at discrete speeds. Continuous gain equations are then derived as least-square approximations to each set of gains.

The performance of the four-wheel-steer continuous gain equations (4WS-GE) controller is compared to that of a two-wheel-steer continuous gain equations (2WS-GE) controller. Significant improvements in vehicle response are realized by using the 4WS-GE controller. The robustness of the controller's performance is examined with respect to changes in tire parameters and changes in vehicle mass.     

基于扩展状态观测器和滑模控制的双离合器自动变速器起步自适应控制

双离合器自动变速器（Dual Clutch Transmission,DCT）随着服役时间的增加离合器性态会发生变化导致起步性能下降,为降低离合器性态变化对起步性能的影响,提出一种基于扩展状态观测器和滑模控制的DCT起步自适应控制方法。首先,建立DCT起步动力学模型、发动机模型和液压控制系统模型;将DCT起步问题转化为参考轨迹跟踪问题,通过工况识别并利用极小值原理获得了不同起步工况的参考轨迹;在DCT起步动力学模型中将与离合器性态变化相关的项定义为不确定项,设计扩展状态观测器对不确定项进行估计,同时结合自适应滑模控制器,获得了起步发动机转矩和离合器油压的自适应控制率;为了跟踪发动机转矩和离合器油压的自适应控制率,设计了发动机转矩跟踪控制器,同时对液压系统采用了PID闭环控制;通过MATLAB/Simulink平台仿真以及台架试验验证所提出的DCT起步控制方法对离合器性态变化的自适应效果。研究结果表明：所提出的起步自适应控制方法能够有效避免由离合器性态变化导致的起步延时,同时1挡缓起步和急起步的仿真冲击分别减小了53.11%和43.42%,试验起步冲击分别减小了35.66%和30.31%。     

基于混合仿真技术的车辆横向稳定性控制系统

介绍了利用先进计算机技术和仿真软件，进行车辆横向稳定性控制器设计以及系统混合仿真的过程。首先建立了8自由度车辆动力学系统模型，然后利用前馈补偿和模糊控制策略，设计了车辆横向稳定性控制器。最后对车辆横向稳定性控制系统进行了实时混合仿真研究。仿真结果表明所设计的车辆横向稳定性控制器控制有效，实时性好，而且在道路条件和行驶条件改变时具有较强的适应性和鲁棒性。     

A combined-slip predictive control of vehicle stability with experimental verification

In this paper, a model predictive vehicle stability controller is designed based on a combined-slip LuGre tyre model. Variations in the lateral tyre forces due to changes in tyre slip ratios are considered in the prediction model of the controller. It is observed that the proposed combined-slip controller takes advantage of the more accurate tyre model and can adjust tyre slip ratios based on lateral forces of the front axle. This results in an interesting closed-loop response that challenges the notion of braking only the wheels on one side of the vehicle in differential braking. The performance of the proposed controller is evaluated in software simulations and is compared to a similar pure-slip controller. Furthermore, experimental tests are conducted on a rear-wheel drive electric Chevrolet Equinox equipped with differential brakes to evaluate the closed-loop response of the model predictive control controller.     

模糊滑模变结构控制在DCT电控离合器上的应用

针对电控离合器系统的强非线性、难以建立精确的数学模型等特点,设计了滑模变结构控制器。利用模糊控制器来调整滑模趋近律参数,从而削弱了滑模控制的抖振现象。建立了无刷直流电机的数学模型,用该控制方法在MATLAB软件里对双离合器自动变速器起步、换挡进行仿真,并与传统PID控制器进行比较。仿真结果表明,该控制器跟踪指令信号性能良好,抗干扰性能强于PID控制器。     

车辆换挡过程的离合器仿真研究

离合器是车辆传动系统的重要部件,在车辆行驶过程中它的接合与分离频繁,对它的控制是目前研究的重点之一。建立了整车模型中离合器的动力学仿真模型,分析了换挡过程中离合器的控制问题,在其控制策略中对离合器的控制与换挡动作进行了协调,并且综合考虑了换挡品质的三个评价指标;最后,运行建立的整车模型,在整车模型中进行验证,得到了换挡过程中与离合器相关的系列曲线,取得了较好的效果。     

Development of a model of the dual clutch transmission in autonomie and validation with dynamometer test data

Owing to ever more stringent regulations and customers’ expectations, auto manufacturers have been considering numerous technology options to improve vehicle fuel economy. One of these is transmission technology, which has been shown to be one of the most cost-effective technologies. Over the past few years, transmissions have significantly evolved and have impacted both performance and fuel efficiency. As one of the advanced tranmissions, the dual clutch transmission (DCT) is the first automatic transmission to provide better efficiency than manual transmissions. DCTs provide reduced shift shocks and better driver comfort in addition to higher top speeds and torques. In this paper, a model and shifting controller for the DCT are developed in the vehicle systems context using Autonomie, a model-based vehicle simulation tool. Finally, the Autonomie DCT model and control strategy are validated using vehicle test data from Argonne’s Advanced Powertrain Research Facility.     

Development and implementation of a torque vectoring algorithm for an innovative 4WD driveline for a high-performance vehicle

The sporting spirit that characterises a high-performance car can be observed in certain technical solutions. The power distribution on the rear wheels is the simplest example of that. It is well known that rear-wheel drive (RWD) vehicles are more fun to drive and faster in their reactions. Unfortunately, they are also less intuitive and harder to control because of their natural oversteering behaviour. The idea of maintaining an RWD driveline in the future is not farseeing, because it would imply an excessive tyre dimension increasing to let the driver use all engine power in many cornering and low-friction conditions. The choice of adopting a part-time all-wheel drive (AWD) driveline comes from the will of enhancing the overall performance by using all the available friction every time that it is needed. It has to be kept into account that a normally aspirated motor of a sport car can supply 500–600 Hp nowadays, and that it will supply 700–800 Hp in the very near future. However, the proposed driveline has not to worsen the weight characteristics (mass and load distribution) that make an RWD vehicle better than other cars. Because of all these considerations and constraints, a new driveline system has been designed. It derives from an RWD driveline with a semi-active differential, to which has been added a controlled wet clutch that directly connects the engine to the front differential. This device allows the drive torque to be distributed between the two axles. It can be understood that in such a device, the torque distribution does not depend only on the central clutch action, but also on the engaged gear. Because of this particular layout, this system can not work in the whole gear range because of thermal problems due to kinematical reasons. So the centre clutch controller has to consider the gear position too. The control algorithms development was carried out using a vehicle model, which can precisely simulate the handling response, the powertrain dynamic, and the actuation system behaviour. Such a modelling precision required the development of a customised powertrain model library in Matlab/Simulink.     

A lateral driver model for vehicle–driver closed-loop simulation at the limits of handling

This paper presents a lateral driver model for vehicle–driver closed-loop simulation at the limits of handling. An appropriate driver model can be used to evaluate the performance of vehicle chassis control systems via computer simulations before vehicle tests which incurs expenses especially at the limits of handling. The driver model consists of two parts. The first part is an upper-level controller employing force-based approach to reduce the number of unknown vehicle parameters. The feedforward part of the upper controller has been designed by using the centre of percussion. The feedback part aims to minimise ‘tangential error’, defined as the sum of body slip angle and yaw error, to match vehicle direction and road heading angle. The part is designed to regenerate an appropriate skid motion similar to that of a professional driver at the limits. The second part is a lower-level controller which converts the desired front lateral force to steering wheel angle. The lower-level controller also consists of feedforward and feedback parts. A two-degree-of-freedom bicycle model-based feedforward part provides nominal steering wheel angle, and the feedback part aims to eliminate unmodelled error. The performance of the lateral driver model has been investigated via computer simulations. It has been shown that the steering behaviours of the proposed driver model are quite close to those of a professional driver at the limits. Compared with the previously developed lateral driver models, the proposed lateral driver model shows good tracking performance at the limits of handling.