冲淤变动型泥石流沟中物质启动 类型及机理研究(Ⅱ)

对强度衰减启动型、冲刷切割启动型、沟槽(床)拖曳启动型等3种泥石流启动机理进行了较为深入的理论分析.,In this paper, the authors analyzed the basic characters and the startup conditions of the highways' debris flows, also proposed one of the debris flows' startup conditions and types.,     

从泥石流沟的岩土稳定性论冲淤变动型泥石流的物源问题——以西[ BF (昌)木(里)路平川泥石流为例

本文以极具典型的平川泥石流为例比较全面的分析 了冲淤变动型泥石流的物源问题.根据现场调研及室内岩土分析进行的研究成果显示,川西 南高山深谷地区的大型泥石流沟中的松散土体以中、粗粒段为主,其分布与地形密切相关; 位于泥石流沟中、前部位的松散土体的稳定性最差,是补给泥石流的重要物源;松散土体的 发育主要受控于地质及岩土环境,人类活动只能影响松散土体的稳定性.,The authors discuss roundly source of loose earth fo r impact-deposit debris flow to develop taking pingchuan debris flow,one of the quite typical impact-deposit debris flows in southwest sichuan province,as an example in this paper. on the basis of detailed investigations in-situ,geotechn ial testing in Lab and theory analysis,all results indicate obviously that moder ate and bulky loose earth in giant debris flow situating in southwest sichuan mo untainous area are main institute,whose tribulation are consistent with landform s.Loose earth locating in mid-forepart catchment are quite unstable,so often be comes main source of loose earth of debris flow.Formation of loose earth is cont rolled principally by geologic and geotechnical environment while human actions is the secondary factor for loose earth to form.In many times,human actions prov ide loose earth through loose earth stability.,     

Experimental study on the liquid slug of cryogenic slug flow in inclined tubes

An experimental study was carried out to understand the phenomena of the boiling flow of liquid nitrogen in inclined tubes with closed bottom by using a high speed motion analyzer.The experimental tubes are 0.018 and 0.014 m inner diameter(ID) and 1.0 m in length.The range of the inclination angle is 45°-90° from the horizontal.The experimental observation on the liquid slug was carried out along the tubes.Statistical method was employed to analyze the experimental data.The experiment analyzed the influences of the inclination angle and the tube diameter on the liquid slug length and velocity.The results show the liquid slug propagation velocity increases with the decrease of inclination angle θ.For all cases,the maximum values of the mean liquid slug lengths were obtained at θ = 60°.The mean liquid slug lengths were greater for large tube at higher tube position.These conclusions provide a basis for further study liquid slug of cryogenic two-phase undeveloped slug flow.     

滑坡治理过程中岩土体变形场的演绎趋势分析——以西(昌)木 (里)路新烧房滑坡为例

以西(昌)木(里)路新烧房滑坡为例 ,运用FEM数值计算方法比较详尽地分析了处于天然,开挖及治理状态下滑坡体及邻近岩土 体变形场的演绎过程,明晰了滑坡所处岩土环境的变形演绎趋势及过程,与实际情况符.该 方法对于评价、分析滑坡的稳定性态及治理效果具有重要的参考借鉴作用.,Landslide is a kind of universal and serious geologi cal disaster, which usually has characters suchas high happening frequency、high destroy force and many kinds of destroy performs. In modern highway engineering ,because highway is wider and has the higher amount of transport,it has higher demand for the stability of highways slopes.In the paper,taking the XinShao fang landslide in the Highway from Xichang to Muli as example, applying mathemat ical method of calculation and analysis, the author analyse the developing tende ncy of the rock and land mass deformation in the course of harnessing landslid e. This method is feasible and the analyzing result is prototype to some extend, which have value to analyze the slopes stability and harnessing landslide.,     

山区公路水毁机理与抗毁结构分析 --以凉山地区为例

以凉山地区境内的公路水毁为例,对山区公路水毁发育机理进行了分析研究,并针对本地区的地形、地貌、地质构造以及气象水文条件提出了有效的路基抗毁结构.研究表明,按不良地质现象及力学机制可将该区的公路水毁分为4类：重力剪切破坏型、泥石流诱发型、河流破坏型和地基失效.这一成因研究丰富了公路水毁学的科学内涵.,Base-watering of highways is the main wasting of highway in mountainous area. This paper analyzes base-watering of highways in mountainous area, taking base-watering of highways in Liangshan area as an example. And we suggest the effective anti-destroy structure against topography, geomorphology, tectonic and hydro-meteorology of this area. The base-watering of highways of this area can be divided into four types, i. e. slide inducing, mud-rock flow inducing, river flow inducing, and foundation losing efficacy. This classification has enriched connotation of base-watering of highways.,     

Equivalent continuum model of rock mass with arbitrary fractures

The constitutive model and equivalent deformation modulus of an arbitrary column in representative elementary volume (REV) of fractured rock mass are derived. The deformation of fractured rock mass is composed of the rock part and the fracture part. The elasto-visco-plastic property is considered in this model. For the convenience in engineering practice, the complex elasto-visco-plastic model and its equivalent modulus are degraded, and the rock is taken as an elastic body. By statistical analysis of the geometric positions of the column and the fracture, the equivalent modulus of rock mass with arbitrary fractures is obtained.     

Design of Micropipette System with High Precision for Small Enzyme Immunoassay Analyzer

A small auto micropipette system is developed to improve the reliability and accuracy of the automatic enzyme immunoassay analyzer's microscale pipetting system. A sophisticated injection mechanism is designed by the means of dislocation parallel distribution of the screw and injector piston rod. It possesses the function of pipetting, taking and removing the pipette tips. In the control system, STM32 controller is used, controlling the single-axis S-type acceleration/deceleration algorithm and multi-threaded coordinated motion. The acceleration/deceleration curves are analyzed and optimized by using the method of segmentation; a minimum injection rate of 1 μL and a step rate of 0.05 μL are realized. The method of digital image processing is used to detect the amount of pipetting in micro-pipetting quantitatively. The liquid area is extracted by background contrast method, and the liquid volume in the tip is obtained by combining the geometric characteristics of the disposable tip, when the pipetting capacity is not qualified to carry out specific guidance on the pipetting system, and avoid the blocking needle, bubble and other abnormal pipetting phenomenon on the impact of pipetting accuracy. The experimental results show that the combination of the automatic sampling system and the image flow detection system can effectively improve the precision and reliability of the micro-pipetting system. Finally, the injection accuracy of the system at the test points with 10, 50 and 100 μL liquid volumes reaches 1.8%, 1.28% and 1.15%respectively.     

Review on the interlimb neural coupling and its potential usage in walking rehabilitation

Human performs bipedal gait with synchronized arm swing. Apart from the observation that arm movement during gait is the outcome of a mechanical and energetic optimization, the synergetic upper and lower limb movement during gait is a neutrally coordinated motor output, that is, the interlimb movement is neutrally coupled. Patients with injuries to the central nervous system demonstrate the interlimb neural coupling. Researches on central pattern generator and the reflex studies reveal that the interlimb neural coupling is a quadrupedal heritage. Based on the theory of the interlimb neural coupling, both the upper and lower limbs should be practiced synchronously during regular gait training to promote walking rehabilitation for patients with gait disorders. Frther development of a gait robotic system with synchronized arm swing is required to test the clinical application of the neural coupling in gait restoration.     

Exact Solution of Unsteady Flow of Viscoelastic Fluid in a Pipe with Fractional Maxwell Model

The unsteady flow of viscoelastic fluid in a cylindrical pipe was investigated using the fractional Maxwell model. Two special cases of unsteady pipe flow were expressed. The first is start-up flow, and the second is oscillating flow. The exact solution of start-up flow under a constant pressure gradient was obtained by using the theories of Laplace transform and Fourier-Bessel series for fractional derivatives. The exact solution of oscillating flow was obtained by utilizing the separation of variables.     

Analysis of Thermal-Fluid-Structure Coupling and Resonance Forecast for Link Butterfly Valve Under Small Opening

When the link butterfly valve operates at a small opening degree in high temperature working conditions,it is prone to the problem that the valve is stuck,the strength is insufficient and the butterfly plate is violently vibrating.This paper shows simulation experiments of both thermal-fluid-structure coupling and resonance forecast about DN600 link butterfly valve in the working conditions of 250℃ and 0.5 MPa by ANSYS software.The medium is mixed with compressed air and flue gas.Flow field characteristics of the valve and stress deformation,modal and flow-induced vibration of butterfly plate are analyzed when the valve opening is less than 30%.The results indicate that,when the valve opening is less than 30%,fluid flow is relatively smooth in front of butterfly plate,a large number of vortexes are found behind the butterfly plate,and fluid flow is greatly chaotic in this position.The equivalent maximum stress and deformation of butterfly plate are relatively large when the valve locates in openings between 10% and 30%; the intensity of the butterfly plate is enough; the axial deformation does not impact opening and closing of the valve.The butterfly plate is likely resonant when the valve opening is less than 10%.The research of this paper provides a crucial reference for flow field characteristics of link butterfly valve,an analysis of intensity and rigidity of butterfly plate,and a resonance forecast of butterfly plate when the valve works in small opening.     

Surface hardness evaluation of components made by color stereolithography

Surface hardness value is a commonly used indicator for describing the mechanical property of stereolithography parts. In order to investigate colorants how to influence the surface hardness of colorful resin component, a procedure is proposed to fabricate testing specimens based on color stereolithography technology in this study. Liquid photosensitive resin LPR2001 is mixed with two colorants （phthalocyanine blue and eosin powder） respectively before curing. The phthalocyanine blue powder is insoluble and only dispersive in the solid- liquid mixture which results in deposits. Therefore, surface modification is conducted to the phthalocyanine blue powder for improving wettability. By contrast, the eosin powder is dissoluble and does not cause any deposits in the liquid resin. Specimens are produced by laser curing colored resin and tested by MTSR Nano Indenter XP system. The change of hardness values is illustrated at certain mass percentages of colorant. Comparisons and discussions are carried out to explain the colorants＇ effect. It is concluded that incorporating colorant to liquid resin results in decreasing the surface hardness of components. But sensibilization effect of the colorants also influences the curing process. Surface modification to the phthalocyanine blue powder is a feasible method to increase the hardness value of color stereolithography components. Dissolvable eosin has an approximate linear effect on surface hardness.     

A New Experimental Rig of Testing Flow Boiling Heat Transfer of Refrigerant and Lubricant Mixture

This paper proposed a new experimental rig of testing flow boiling heat transfer of refrigerant and lubricant oil mixture. The quantity of oil in the test section can be controlled and regulated conveniently and accurately by connecting separate lubricant oil circuit with test section in parallel. It was built up by retrofitting a multiple air-conditioner and installing three oil-separators in serials at the compressor outlet. And so the lubricant oil in the discharged refrigerant gas of compressor can be removed completely. The refrigerant flow rate through test section can be bypassed by the by-path circuit of indoor unit. This experimental rig has advantages such as on-line and continuous oil injection, short time of obtaining stability, flexible operation, simple control, which lead to high efficiency in the research of flow boiling heat transfer of refrigerant and lubricant oil mixture.     

Asymmetric Rock Pressure on Shallow Tunnel in Strata with Inclined Ground Surface

By building a tunnel model with a semi-circular crown, the asymmetric rock pressure applied to the shallow tunnel in strata with inclined ground surface is analyzed. Formulae, which not only include the parameters related to both tunnel structure and surrounding rock mass, but the overburden depth, are developed. The computation for four tunnel models show that the method presented is feasible and convenient. Furthermore, the influence of the overburden depth on the rock pressure is elaborated, and the criterion to identify the deep or shallow tunnels is formulated as well.     

Fluctuation velocity correlation closure model for dense gas-particle turbulent flow

Turbulence model of kg-εg-kp-εp-kpg-θ is proposed.In the model,the two-phase velocity correlation turbulent kinetic energy k pg is modeled by transport equation.To close this turbulence model,algebraic expressions of two-phase Reynolds stresses and two-phase velocity correlation variable are established by considering both gas-particle interaction and anisotropy.This turbulence model is used to simulate dense gas-particle flow in a riser and in a downer.The predicted results show the core-annulus flow structure observed in the riser and the skin effect of particle concentration in the downer.The present model gives simulation results in much better agreement with the experimental results than those obtained by kg-εg-kp-εp-θmodel which is simply closed using a semi-empirical dimensional analysis.     

Geometrical design of blade＇s surface and boundary control of Navier-Stokes equations

In this article a new principle of geometric design for blade＇s surface of an impeller is provided. This is an optimal control problem for the boundary geometric shape of flow and the control variable is the surface of the blade. We give a minimal functional depending on the geometry of the blade＇s surface and such that the flow＇s loss achieves minimum. The existence of the solution of the optimal control problem is proved and the Euler-Lagrange equations for the surface of the blade are derived. In addition, under a new curvilinear coordinate system, the flow domain between the two blades becomes a fixed hexahedron, and the surface as a mapping from a bounded domain in R2 into R3 , is explicitly appearing in the objective functional. The Navier-Stokes equations, which include the mapping in their coefficients, can be computed by using operator splitting algorithm. Furthermore, derivatives of the solution of Navier- Stokes equations with respect to the mapping satisfy linearized Navier-Stokes equations which can be solved by using operator splitting algorithms too. Hence, a conjugate gradient method can be used to solve the optimal control problem.     

An Approximate Analytical Solution for Grout Transport Modeling： A Case Study in Luling Mining, China

This case study describes the effects of a grouting process developed to decrease groundwater flow exiting from a ruptured mine ventilation shaft lining in Luling coal mine at Huaibei, China. The primary purpose of grouting at this site is to prevent groundwater flow into the mine from adjacent aquifers. The study supports a transport perspective to describe the miscible grout movement, and provides an approximate analytical method to determine grout concentration based on Wilson and Miller's (1978) model. This study shows that the breakthrough curves (BTCs) established from the Wilson and Miller's model match the experimental BTCs obtained from test grouting performed at the site, and Rd a retardation factor of 1.1 is determined. The retardation factor and the BTC are subsequently used to guide the actual production grouting. The monitored result shows that the groundwater inflow at the disrupted ventilation well has been reduced by 47% after drilling and grouting just one borehole. The discharge rate was measured at no more than 4 m3/h after completion of four injection boreholes, which is about 13% of the 30 m3/h before grouting.     

An Active Endoscopy Robotic System for Direct Tracheal Inspection

The development of active endoscopy techniques is one important area of medical robot.This paper designed a new flexible and active endoscopy robotic system for direct tracheal inspection.The mobile mechanism of the robot is based on the inchworm movement actuated by pneumatic rubber actuator.There are five air chambers controlled independently,by adjusting pressures in air chambers,the robot can move in a straight mode or in a bending mode.The inspection sensors and some therapy surgery tools can be equipped in the front of the robot.The prototype was made and its mechanical characteristics were analyzed.The robot could move smoothly in a small plastic tube,and the robot is respectable to be used for inspection in human trachea directly.     

The Tip Leakage Flow Structure of an Axial Fan with Tip Clearance

Experiment and numerical simulation technique are used to investigate the tip leakage flow in an axial fan with tip clearance at the design condition. The flow field in the tip region of fan is measured using a PDA (Particle Dynamics Analysis) system. The flow is surveyed across the whole passage at fifteen axial locations (from the 100% axial chord in front of the leading edge to the 100% axial chord behind the trailing edge), mainly focusing on the outer 90% blade span. Both experiment measurement and numerical simulation indicates the leakage flow orig-inated from the tip clearance along the chord rolls-up into three-dimensional spiral structure to form leakage flow vortex. The interaction of leakage flow and main flow will produce the low velocity zone, and block the flow. The leakage flow almost occupies the most part of flow passage behind the trailing edge.     

Two-phase flow pressure drop of liquid nitrogen boiling in the straight section downstream of U-bend

The gas-liquid(two-phase) flow pressure drop of liquid nitrogen boiling in the straight section downstream of U-bend is investigated experimentally. The mass flux ranges from 32 to 280 kg/(m2· s). The inlet pressure of U-tube is from 140 to 272 kPa. And the curvature ratio is from 6.67 to 15. The tube wall including the U-bend is heated uniformly and the heat flux ranges from 0 to 22 kW/m2. The tube with higher inlet pressure has higher pressure drop in the downstream section of the bend. The bended degree of the U-bend influences the pressure drop in the downstream straight section of U-bend. A new correlation taking the effect of the secondary flow into account is proposed for the two-phase slip speed ratio. The pressure drop in the straight section downstream of U-bend calculated by the new correlation agrees well with experimental measurements.     

Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation of Subcritical Flow past Generic Side Mirror

In the present study, the subcritical flow past a generic side mirror on a base plane is investigated at the Reynolds number of 5.2 × 10~5 using delayed detached eddy simulation(DDES) turbulence model. Asides from the capability of capturing main features of the large recirculation vortex in the wake of the side mirror and the front horseshoe vortex, the accuracy of DDES estimation of recirculation length is significantly increased by over20%, compared to the detached eddy simulation(DES) estimation using the same grid. And DDES prediction of pressure coefficient at the trailing edge of the mirror is in good agreement with the experiments, which is more accurate than both DES and large eddy simulation(LES) results. The results verify the capacity of DDES turbulence model to solve the turbulent flow around the side mirror. This is a key foundation for possible future study of full simulation of external flow field of vehicle.