对接接头焊趾应力集中有限元分析

研究焊缝几何参数对应力集中的影响,对于提高焊接结构疲劳强度有重要的意义.本文采用有限元方法,计算了双侧对称加强高和单侧加强高的对接接头焊趾处的应力集中系数,分析了几个主要参数,包括焊趾倾角、焊趾过渡圆弧半径和板厚对于应力集中系数的影响,研究了焊趾处应力集中沿板厚方向的变化情况,在分析大量计算结果的基础上给出了估算两种形式的对接接头应力集中系数的经验公式.结果表明,减小焊趾倾角,增大过渡圆弧半径,可以减缓焊趾处截面形状的变化,改善焊趾处的应力集中;板厚的增加使得应力集中系数增大.并且单侧加强高的对接接头应力集中系数小于双侧对称加强高对接接头的,其减小幅度只与θ有关.     

A design method of tensile triangles and low transformation temperature weld metal for reduction of stress concentration and residual stress of welded joints

Stress concentration and residual stress have a significant influence on fatigue life of welded joints. In order to reduce the stress concentration of welded joints, a mathematical design method of tensile triangles (MTT) based on bionics was applied to weld shape design. Accordingly, the stress concentration of various weld beads in the corner boxing welded joint and the fillet welded T-joint was dissected using our in-house FEM software JWRIAN. It was found that there existed a large stress concentration in the conventional welded joints, whereas those welded joints with elongated weld bead were accompanied by a lower stress concentration, especially for elongated weld bead with MTT design. Furthermore, among the weld shapes of the corner boxing fillet welded joint, the rectangle shape of weld bead had the minimum stress concentration factor (1.05). For the fillet welded T-joint with MTT design, the stress concentration of weld toe decreased dramatically with the increase of the index of designed shape, but there was a minor difference of stress concentration at weld root between the weld beads with MTT design. In addition, application of low transformation temperature (LTT) weld metal utilizing martensitic transformation to the fillet welded T-joints can produce compressive residual stress at weld toe.     

打磨处理改善焊缝疲劳性能的试验研究

由于高强度钢的使用，船舶结构许用应力水平的提高，船舶结构的疲劳强度越来越受到关注。船舶结构的疲劳寿命取决于其焊接结构的疲劳寿命。因此，了解焊缝几何参数对焊件疲劳强度的影响以及采用经济实用的方法改善船舶结构的疲劳性能是十分重要的。本文首先对焊缝几何参数对焊件疲劳寿命的影响进行了分析，在此基础上用ABS钢和945钢两种钢板做试件，分别进行了简单拉伸实验及打磨和未打磨条件下对接接头的疲劳试验。试验结果表明焊件的疲劳寿命可以通过打磨焊缝得到改善；尤其对于高强度钢焊件。试验还说明手工打磨焊缝和机械磨削焊缝对焊件疲劳强度的改善效果差别很大，疲劳寿命的分散性也很大。因此，应当对改善焊件疲劳寿命的工艺进行更详细的研究。     

低强匹配焊接接头匹配特性研究

焊接接头的屈服强度匹配方式对接头的设计、制造工艺、裂纹敏感性以及破坏行为有重要影响,焊缝金属、母材、焊接接头强度以及焊接接头强度匹配系数的分布是焊接结构强度、寿命和可靠性计算的基础.文章介绍了对12Ni3CrMoV钢焊接接头屈服强度匹配系数的分布进行的研究,并给出了分析结果.作者认为控制母材和焊缝金属的屈服强度分布的标准差,是降低失配概率的主要途径.     

Stress analysis of a transversely loaded aluminum weldment

The analysis of welded structural details is an important component in determining life cycle estimates. As part of a project to develop guidelines for reducing cracks in aluminum ship structures, the authors performed experiments showing that the stress levels developed strongly depend on the welded connection details. To properly quantify the effects of connection details, a stress analysis of the detail is required. This investigation summarizes the analysis of a common structural detail, one that results in a transversely loaded weldment.This paper is motivated by two sets of experimental test results. The first is the stress concentration observed at the intersection of the longitudinal and transverse members in a 1.5-m×3-m aluminum bottom panel tested under uniform pressure loading. The second is the reduction in fatigue life due to weld geometry variations between manually welded and machine-welded aluminum specimens. In order to clarify these two observations, the authors completed a detailed finite element analysis of a welded aluminum T-stiffener. The results show a significant stress concentration in the weld toe area. This stress concentration is shown to be strongly dependent on the weld toe geometry.     

Structural behavior and design of high-strength steel welded tubular connections under extreme loading

The present work is motivated by the increasing need for cost-efficient solutions in offshore structural systems for wind energy production and for improvement of their structural performance. The structural behavior and design of high-strength steel welded tubular connections (yield strength higher than 700 MPa) subjected to monotonic and strong cyclic loading is investigated. In the first part of the paper, an experimental investigation is presented on high-strength steel tubular X-joints subjected to monotonic and cyclic loading far beyond the elastic limit of the material, leading to weld fracture. Two grades of weld metal material are employed in the welding process of the specimens. The experimental results indicate that the weld material grade has a significant influence on the deformation capacity of the welded connection under monotonic loading conditions, and its low-cycle fatigue life. The experimental procedure is simulated using advanced finite element models, elucidating several features of joint behavior and complementing the experimental results. Overall, a good agreement is found between numerical simulations and experimental results, in terms of both global response and local strains at the vicinity of the welds. Furthermore, the structural performance of the welded tubular joints under consideration is assessed using available design methodologies in terms of both ultimate strength and low-cycle fatigue resistance, in an attempt to validate an efficient design methodology for low-cycle fatigue. The results from this research effort are aimed at developing the necessary background for the possible use of high-strength steel in tubular steel lattice structures, particularly in offshore platforms for renewable energy production. They can also be used as a basis for the possible amendment of relevant design specifications and recommendations for including special provisions for high-strength steel structural systems.     

Stress magnification effect of initial deformation on the notch stress field and fatigue strength of thin plate welded joints

Compared with thick plate welded joint, the welding joint of thin plate will produce initial deformation due to its low bending rigidity. The existence of initial deformation will cause the welded structure to produce secondary bending effect, which will produce greater stress magnification effect at the weld toe and seriously affect the fatigue strength of thin plate welded joints. Therefore, based on the correction formula of thick plate, considering the influence of initial deformation and geometric nonlinearity of thin plate, this paper deduces the stress magnification factor formula at the weld toe of T-shaped and cruciform specimens. The accuracy of the revised formula is further verified by comparing the notch stress calculated by the modified formula with the FE results. Finally, the modified formula is applied to the notch stress and fatigue evaluation of typical thin plate welded joints respectively. The results show that the proposed notch stress calculation formula can fully consider the stress amplification effect of thin plate structure, and can be used to quickly evaluate the notch stress field and fatigue strength of thin plate welded joints.     

Fatigue life prediction of welded ship details

Ship structures are submitted to variable cyclic loading during navigation. The cyclic motion of waves induces variable and complex loadings in the structure, which could generate fatigue damage. Moreover, most of these metallic structures are welded assemblies. This technique generates local stress concentrations at the weld toe, which becomes a critical area regarding fatigue. In previous works, a methodology to predict fatigue life was developed and tested on butt-welded and cruciform joints. The present work focuses on other welded assemblies in order to extend fatigue crack initiation life evaluation to a wider range of ship details. The strategy could be split into two steps. First, a finite element calculation is performed under constant or variable amplitude loadings, in order to analyze the elastic shakedown of the structure. To characterize the material heterogeneity of the welded joint, experimental tests together with micro-hardness measurements, are performed on a simulated heat-affected zone. If there is a shakedown in the structure, a post-treatment is applied to predict the fatigue crack initiation. It is based on a two-scale damage model, initially developed by Lemaitre et al. and again includes the heterogeneity of fatigue properties. To validate this methodology, some experimental tests have been performed on welded assemblies which are typical of shipbuilding applications, using a fatigue machine. These comparisons between experimental and numerical fatigue lives are encouraging.     

Geometric stress distribution along the weld toe of the outer brace in two-planar tubular DKT-joints: Parametric study and deriving the SCF design equations

Regarding the research efforts expended so far on the calculation of stress concentration factors (SCFs) in tubular joints, two major shortcomings can be noted: (a) significant effort has been devoted to the study of SCFs in various uni-planar connections. Nevertheless, for multi-planar joints which cover the majority of practical applications, very few investigations have been reported due to the complexity and high cost involved; (b) majority of these research works focused on the study of SCFs at certain positions such as the saddle, crown toe, and crown heel, and they have ignored the hot-spot stress (HSS) at other positions along the weld toe. In the present paper, effects of dimensionless geometrical parameters on the SCF distribution along the weld toe of main (outer) braces in the axially loaded right-angle two-planar tubular DKT-joints are investigated. In order to study the multi-planar effect, SCF distribution in two-planar joints is compared with the distribution in a uni-planar joint having the same geometrical properties. A complete set of SCF database is constructed based on the two-planar DKT-joint Finite element models which are verified against experimental results and the predictions of Lloyd’s Register (LR) equations. The FE models cover a wide range of geometrical parameters. Six new SCF parametric formulae are developed through nonlinear regression analyses for the accurate and reliable fatigue design of two-planar DKT-joints under axial loads. An assessment study of these equations is conducted against the experimental data, the original FEM database and the acceptance criteria recommended by the UK Department of Energy.     

12毫米厚铝合金板的搅拌摩擦焊研究(英文)

Most of the investigations regarding friction stir welding(FSW)of aluminum alloy plates have been limited to about 5 to 6mm thick plates.In prior work conducted the various aspects concerning the process parameters and the FSW tool geometry were studied utilizing friction stir welding of 12 mm thick commercial grade aluminum alloy.Two different simple-tomanufacture tool geometries were used.The effect of varying welding parameters and dwell time of FSW tool on mechanical properties and weld quality was examined.It was observed that in order to achieve a defect free welding on such thick aluminum alloy plates,tool having trapezoidal pin geometry was suitable.Adequate tensile strength and ductility can be achieved utilizing a combination of high tool rotational speed of about 2000 r/min and low speed of welding around 28 mm/min.At very low and high dwell time the ductility of welded joints are reduced significantly.     

F550Z海洋平台用钢SAW焊接接头低温韧性研究

为研究大热输入条件下埋弧自动焊（ submerged arc welding ,SAW）对海洋平台用550 MPa钢焊接接头组织与低温韧性的影响,采用50 kJ＆#183; cm-1的焊接热输入,测定接头各区域冲击吸收功,并观测各区断口形貌及显微组织．结果表明：焊接接头韧性从焊缝到母材,呈现先降低后升高的趋势,最低处在熔合线及熔合线2 mm处．焊缝处组织为针状铁素体加细小弥散的碳化物,断口形貌为韧窝和解理台阶,-60℃冲击吸收功为110 J．熔合线及熔合线2 mm处断口形貌基本相同,只由放射区组成,无纤维区,微观特征为大面积的解理面,没有韧窝;微观组织为粗大粒状贝氏体,冲击吸收功非常低只有25 J．熔合线5 mm处断口纤维区面积较大,微观形貌含有大量的韧窝,微观组织为细小的铁素体、碳化物及粒状贝氏体,该区为焊接接头的正火区,具有优异的低温韧性,-60℃冲击吸收功为202 J．     

不同强度匹配10CrNi3MoV船体钢焊接结构的安全评定

为了研究不同强度匹配对焊接接头安全性能的影响,基于"欧洲工业结构完整性评定程序(SINTAP)"提供的失效评定图FAD方法,针对不同强度匹配的10CrNi3MoV船体钢焊接接头,建立了对应的失效评定曲线。根据母材与焊缝的拉伸试验及CTOD(裂纹尖端张开位移)试验结果,对比分析了3种匹配条件下的接头安全评定结果。研究表明,对于选定的评定级别,不同强度匹配系数对FAD图形状的影响很小;焊缝强度较高时,接头对塑性失稳的抵抗能力取决于母材性能;接头韧度水平相似时,低匹配接头对塑性失稳及脆性断裂的抵抗能力均稍差,弱于等匹配与高匹配;焊缝强度稍高于母材的"等强匹配"安全裕度最大,安全性最佳。     

船用EH36高强钢无缝药芯焊丝焊接接头组织和冲击韧性研究

本文以SRSF501无缝药芯焊丝在船用EH36高强钢中的焊接应用为目的,研究了国产无缝药芯焊丝SRSF501在船用EH36高强钢焊接中的组织和冲击韧性。通过试验表明：SRSF501焊接EH36钢接头各区域的冲击性能均满足船级社要求;多层多道焊时,焊缝组织由粗大的柱状组织和细小的等轴晶组织组成,底层焊缝和末道焊缝柱状晶区域较大;盖面层两侧接头热影响区存在粗晶区,其它位置接头的热影响区不存在粗晶区;焊接接头中熔合线外2mm处,晶粒最细,冲击韧性最好。     

B级碳素船体钢焊接接头耐蚀性研究

通过室内腐蚀挂片及电化学测量试验 ,研究了B级碳素船体钢三种常见焊接接头的耐海水腐蚀性能。结果表明 :在海水中 ,接头的焊缝区最易受到腐蚀 ,其次为母材 ,热影响区腐蚀最轻 ;几种接头相比 ,B级碳素船体钢与J4 2 2焊条匹配后焊接接头的综合耐蚀性高于其与J50 7和H0 8MnSi2A两种焊接材料匹配后接头的耐蚀性。     

外接平板型金属夹层结构连接构件极限强度分析

激光焊接钢质夹层结构在国外已用于实船,其连接形式是亟待解决的关键问题之一。基于有限元分析软件ANSYS,研究了面内载荷作用下,I型金属夹层结构外接平板型连接构件的失效模式和极限承载能力,以及5种典型初始缺陷的尺寸和连接构件的设计参数对极限载荷的影响规律。结果显示,连接构件较短时,结构失效的主导因素是焊接接头形成了塑性铰;连接构件较长时,主导因素是连接构件失稳。对于各种类型的初始缺陷,随初始缺陷尺寸的增大,极限载荷均降低;连接构件、以及靠近连接构件的夹层面板和夹层腹板的初始缺陷对极限载荷的影响较大。在控制重量的条件下,欲增大极限承载能力,最有效的途径是增大连接构件厚度,并选取合适的连接构件长度。     

变幅载荷作用下焊接接头疲劳寿命预测方法

船舶与海洋结构物在其服役过程中受到波浪等载荷的交变作用而引起结构的疲劳损伤.检测结果表明船舶及海洋结构的疲劳热点部位大多数是在构件相互连接的焊缝焊趾处.因此,研究典型接头表面裂纹应力强度因子统一计算方法以及变幅载荷作用下表面裂纹扩展规律对船舶与海洋结构物的寿命预测是十分重要的.本文讨论了裂纹闭合及开口比的计算,在Newman有效应力强度因子计算方法的基础上,提出了考虑因素更全面的有效应力强度因子幅计算式以及变幅载荷作用下船舶与海洋结构物典型焊接接头疲劳裂纹扩展寿命预测模型.     

Weld toe versus root fatigue failure mode and governing parameters: A study of aluminum alloy load-carrying fillet joints

In load-carrying fillet welded connections, two fatigue failure modes are possible i.e. weld toe cracking and weld root cracking. The fatigue life associated with weld root cracking is typically much lower than weld toe cracking, exhibiting a wider scatter band, especially for welded aluminum alloys. This paper examines fatigue failure mode transition behaviors in load-carrying fillet welds made of aluminum and their governing parameters, among plate thickness, weld penetration, joint misalignment, weld material, and ultrasound impact peening(UIP). Through both experimental and theoretical studies, a quantitative fillet weld sizing criterion was proposed for avoiding weld root cracking in fillet-welded aluminum connections.     

I型金属夹层结构连接构件强度特性研究及灵敏度分析

在国外,激光焊接钢质夹层结构已用于实船,其连接构件的强度特性是尚待解决的关键问题之一.应用有限元分析软件ANSYS,研究2种典型连接构件的面外强度特性及灵敏度.计算中,为降低计算规模,采用MPC壳体连接和子模型分析技术;进行灵敏度分析时,为减少大量方案计算所需的繁琐人工操作,应用Matlab驱动ANSYS,以批处理方式的有限元分析计算各方案的响应值.计算结果显示,在普通焊接接头处存在一定的应力集中.在控制结构重量的条件下,若要降低接头的应力集中系数,对于内嵌方框型连接构件而言,增大连接构件长度和夹层端部面板长度最为有效,增大水平板厚度也有一定的作用;对于外接平板型连接构件而言,最有效的途径是增大连接构件的厚度,并选取合适的连接构件长度.     

钛合金焊接接头疲劳裂纹声发射特征研究

钛合金以其良好的性能得到工业界广泛的应用,但是钛合金建造和焊接工艺极难控制,容易产生焊接缺陷.本文利用声发射技术对不同厚度钛合金焊接接头拉伸和疲劳损伤过程进行动态监测,获得了钛合金焊接接头焊缝从裂纹萌生、扩展、直至断裂过程的声发射事件数量、幅度、危险程度分布特性,提出了钛合金焊接接头疲劳损伤声发射阶段性理论,为声发射技术应用于钛合金结构服役过程的全寿命安全监测提供了理论依据.