上软下硬地层盾构施工技术研究

依托深圳地铁2号线东延线土建2222标侨香站—香蜜站盾构区间,分析了在上软下硬地层中盾构法施工存在进度缓慢、刀具磨损严重、喷涌等难点和风险。为提高上软下硬地层盾构施工的掘进效率,文章给出了具体的盾构掘进参数;针对上软下硬地层盾构施工易发生结泥饼和喷涌等问题,从其发生机理出发,研究了相应碴土改良技术;针对上软下硬地层周边环境复杂、开舱作业风险高的问题,研究了带压开舱换刀技术。     

南京上软下硬地层盾构半敞开式掘进关键技术研究

上软下硬地层造成盾构施工风险增加,引起地表沉降增大。文章以南京软硬不均地层盾构施工为工程背景,通过分析盾构掘进过程中开挖面的稳定性及相关施工参数的规律,提出了复合地层中适宜的盾构掘进模式及辅助措施,地表沉降分析验证了该施工方法的可行性和可靠性。     

复合地层盾构隧道对硬岩的处理方案

文章结合广州地铁在复合地层硬岩中大量的盾构施工实践,从复合式盾构机的角度,重新区分“硬岩”、“软硬不均地层”,并总结出针对不同硬岩地段的处理方案,对今后的盾构隧道建设有一定借鉴作用.     

南京轨交机场线复合盾构掘进施工技术

南京轨交机场线工程所处地层条件复杂,地质软硬不均,采用复合盾构进行施工。详细分析了盾构在全断面黏土、上软下硬地层及全断面岩层中掘进所存在的风险及应对措施。总结了复合盾构在安山岩及砂岩等地层中掘进的控制要求。其对今后类似地层盾构施工具有借鉴和参考的意义。     

浅谈深圳地铁2222标盾构法施工风险及质量控制措施

深圳地铁2号线东延线2222标侨香站—香蜜站区间、香蜜站—香梅北站区间采用盾构法施工,施工中克服了全断面硬岩地层、上软下硬地层、下穿建筑物、空推段施工等技术难题,于2010年9月10日实现了全线贯通。文章针对本标段内两个盾构区间隧道施工风险及质量控制的重点和难点,从工程施工管理上提出了具体的控制要求,并介绍了本标段盾构施工风险控制达到的效果。     

盾构始发端头的硬岩处理技术探析

城市地铁建设中已越来越多地采用盾构法施工,而盾构所穿过的地层条件直接决定着盾构掘进能否顺利进行,尤其在盾构始发端头的上软下硬地层对盾构掘进非常不利。文章以广州地铁9号线某区间泥水盾构始发穿越上软下硬地层为背景,对该工程采用地面开挖多个竖井除岩的处理方法进行了研究。研究表明,该方法可安全快速地去除盾构始发端头的硬岩,不但有效解决了盾构始发端头上软下硬地层的问题,同时可免去盾构始发端头的地层加固处理措施。     

极软流塑地层盾构隧道施工技术研究

为了解决“庆建区间”区间隧道洞内的地层施工时,盾构机在极软流塑地层施工时,易发生盾构上浮、管片开裂等现象,施工风险高、难度大等目的,通过研究增大盾构机的自重或配重,可以有效地克服极软流塑地层的上浮能力,对于防止盾构上浮和管片开裂等现象具有很大的作用;适当地加大对盾构隧道施工数据的监控和反馈,有利于对隧道收敛变形进行控制。以此为相关施工提供参考。     

富水砂卵石地层洞内深孔定点填充注浆加固技术浅析

成都地铁富水砂卵石地层中土压平衡盾构施工已经证明是可行的,但盾构施工隧道上方的滞后沉降时有发生,直接影响到地铁上方管线、建筑物和人的安全,严重的会造成等级事故。根据成都富水砂卵石地层土压平衡盾构施工滞后沉降机理分析,提出的洞内深孔定点填充注浆加固技术,能够有效降低滞后沉降的风险,对类似地层盾构施工有一定的指导作用。     

大连富水复合地层盾构施工关键技术探讨

富水复合地层已成为盾构施工过程中经常遇到的复杂地层条件之一,研究该地层条件下的盾构施工技术具有较大的应用价值。文章以大连市地铁2号线为工程背景,论述了盾构选型和盾构始发等施工技术;并针对盾构施工过程中出现的复合地层长距离小半径掘进、富水碎裂带掘进、硬岩掘进刀具控制等工程难点,分别从隧道轴线控制、掘进速度控制、刀具管理制度等方面提出了相应的应对措施。工程实践证明,经过严格选型的盾构适合大连的地质条件,而且对于富水复合地层具有较好的适应性,满足了本标段区间盾构施工要求。     

复合地层盾构刀具磨损控制技术研究

文章以杭州地铁2号线杭发厂站—人民路站盾构区间隧道工程为背景,首先对盾构穿越上软下硬复合地层段的刀具磨损情况进行了分析,揭示了刀具严重磨损所导致的一系列施工异常现象,包括盾构掘进参数异常、盾构出土异常、地表严重沉降等;其次,针对盾构刀具非预见性严重磨损的工况,提出了地基加固结合常压换刀的处理方法,以及后续盾构掘进过程中土体改良、设备配置优化、参数控制等措施。结果表明,通过对复合地层的盾构施工措施进行优化,刀具磨损量控制在允许范围内。     

Survey of R&D in PRT systems

A survey of research and development in advanced transit has been made by Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg in cooperation with Trans21 in Boston. Summary findings are reported for fourteen academic research programs and ten development programs for PRT. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the International Conference of PRT and other Emerging Systems held in Minneapolis in 1996.     

管道风险分析指数评分法中分值调整初探

管道风险分析指数评分法中重要步骤之一就是确定影响管道事故因素的权重,各个管道风险因素在整个管道事故中所占的权重是不相同的。针对目前管道风险分析指数评分法基本假设之一（各因素的分值范围都是0～100分）,为了更加客观、准确、合理地反映各个风险因素对于管道事故的影响程度,提出并论述了依据层次分析法的数学逻辑性进行综合计算得出管道风险因素的权重,然后对评分法中各个因素的最高分值,根据其权重不同进行相应调整,从而增强评价者对风险因素的认识和评判能力,提高管道风险评价结果的准确性。     

A century of evolution of the accessibility concept

The concept of accessibility has acquired numerous meanings along multiple dimensions during the century of its evolution. This essay argues for the salience of two dimensions: application-based and definition-based. In its application, accessibility has incorporated positive and normative dimensions which have varied in prominence over time. In its definition, accessibility has varied between a mode of evaluation incorporating measured mobility and proximity, on the one hand, and a predefined market basket of urbanist improvements to transportation and land use systems, on the other. Advocates of the accessibility shift should emphasize both the measured approach to accessibility and accessibility’s normative side.     

Real-world gaseous and particle emissions of a Bi-fuel gasoline/CNG Euro 6 passenger car

The objective of the present study is the assessment of the environmental impact of a bivalent (bi-fuel) vehicle, running either on gasoline or compressed natural gas (CNG). To that aim, a Euro 6 passenger car was tested under various real-world driving conditions. In order to cover the full range of conventional powertrains currently in the market, the tests were also repeated on a Euro 6 diesel passenger car. Both cars were driven in two routes, the first complying with the regulation limits and the second going beyond them. Carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO_x) and particle number (PN) emissions were recorded using a Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS). Apart from the aggregated emission levels, in g/km, the exact emission location along the route was also assessed. Natural gas proved beneficial for CO and PN emissions, the level of which always remained below the respective legislation limits. On the other hand, under the dynamic driving conditions with gasoline, the relevant limits were exceeded. Cold start, occurring at the beginning of the urban part, and motorway driving were identified as major contributors to total emissions, especially in gasoline mode. However, the application of natural gas was associated with a penalty in NO_x emissions, which were significantly increased as compared to gasoline. Local peaks within the urban part were identified in CNG mode. In any case, the diesel vehicle was by far the highest NO_x emitter.     

Seaport performance analysis using robust non-parametric efficiency estimators

Abstract

Seaport services have been developing year on year, playing an increasingly important role in the economy and the transportation markets of each country. This increases interest in measuring their performance. This paper evaluates the performance of a set of European seaports by means of robust non-parametric approaches. Using order-m and bootstrap procedures, the major problems of traditional data envelopment analysis and free disposal hull methods – concerning noise, presence of outliers and the ‘curse of dimensionality’ – are overcome. With this study considerable levels of inefficiency were found in the European seaports sector.     

Bicycle parking: a systematic review of scientific literature on parking behaviour,parking preferences,and their influence on cycling and travel behaviour

ABSTRACT

Cycling is experiencing a revival in many cities. Research has focused on the determinants of cycling – in particular the role of the built environment and road infrastructure. Bicycle parking has received little attention – even though bicycles are parked most of the time. This article reviews the scientific literature on bicycle parking and identifies existing gaps in research and knowledge. The review analyses 94 peer-reviewed papers identified through a search in Scopus and Web of Science, in December 2017. The annual number of papers increased 15-fold between 1995 and 2017. Overall, the level of evidence on the importance of bicycle parking is limited. The majority of studies are based on cross-sectional data with the presence of parking as a binary independent variable. Most studies focus on bicycle parking at public transport stops and at work places. Few studies report on bicycle parking throughout cities, and hardly any on parking at residential locations. Bicycle parking supply and quality appears to be a determinant of cycling for current and potential cyclists. Our findings can serve as input for an evidence-based debate on the role of bicycle parking. For practitioners, our research supports investment in bicycle parking, but acknowledges that a proper evaluation of such initiatives needs to be conducted to increase the level of evidence.     

Multilevel analysis of daily time use and time allocation to activity types accounting for complex covariance structures using correlated random effects

In this paper multilevel analysis is used to study individual choices of time allocation to maintenance, subsistence, leisure, and travel time exploiting the nested data hierarchy of households, persons, and occasions of measurement. The multilevel models in this paper examine the joint and multivariate correlation structure of four dependent variables in a cross-sectional and longitudinal way. In this way, observed and unobserved heterogeneity are estimated using random effects at the household, person, and temporal levels. In addition, random coefficients associated with explanatory variables are also estimated and correlated with these random effects. Using the wide spectrum of options offered by multilevel models to account for individual and group heterogeneity, complex interdependencies among individuals within their households, within themselves over time, and within themselves but across different indicators of behavior, are analyzed. Findings in this analysis include large variance contribution by each level considered, clear evidence of non-linear dynamic behavior in time-allocation, different trajectories of change in time allocation for each of the four dependent variables used, and lack of symmetry in change over time characterized by different trajectories in the longitudinal evolution of each dependent variable. In addition, the multivariate correlation structure among the four dependent variables is different at each of the three levels of analysis.     

从"神经末梢"到"国际枢纽"——十六大以来广西交通发展综述

文章总结了党的十六大以来广西交通发展取得的成绩,指出广西交通正在从"神经末梢"发展为"国际枢纽",为广西经济社会发展提供了重要支撑。     

Increasing urban tram system efficiency,with battery storage and electric vehicle charging

This paper examines the possible placement of Energy Storage Systems (ESS) on an urban tram system for the purpose of exploring potential increases in operating efficiency through the examination of different locations for battery energy storage. Further, the paper suggests the utilisation of Electric Vehicle (EV) batteries at existing Park and Ride (P&R) sites as a means of achieving additional energy storage at these locations. The study achieves this through MATLAB modelling utilising captured GPS data and publically available information. This study examines the scenario of uni-directional substations with no interconnection between the overhead catenary for both directions of travel, and discusses the trade-offs between ESS size and required current limits.The results show the savings in both energy and basic CO₂ emissions alongside the discussion of Return on Investment (RoI) that can be achieved through the potential installation of ESS at identified ideal locations along the tram network. Moreover, this may be extended to the use of EVs as stationary ESS sited at the existing P&R facilities. Further, the model may also be used to inform future infrastructure upgrades and potential improvements to air quality within urban environments.