地铁建设工程的风险管理应用研究

地铁建设工程作为一项大型工程项目,往往存在着大量的不确定风险因素,因而风险管理在地铁工程中变得越来越重要.文章通过对国内外地铁工程事故经验的探讨,提出了地铁建设工程中风险管理的框架,包括风险辨识、分析和评估、应对以及风险防范措施等,以预防和减轻地铁工程风险,达到降低风险等级的目的.     

铁路隧道风险评估若干问题探讨

文章探讨了当前隧道风险评估中存在的隧道初始和残余风险综合等级判定准则的不统一、施工阶段风险评估中风险因素的缺失及初步设计阶段风险评估"谈虎色变"、施工阶段风险评估"避轻就重"等问题,提出了解决这些问题的对策,即初始和残余风险综合等级就高准则、隧道施工阶段快速适时风险评估和特殊地区隧道初始风险等级合理确定等。     

设计阶段高尔寺特长公路隧道安全风险评估

高尔寺隧道位于国道318线康定县与雅江县交界处,为单洞双向行车特长高海拔越岭公路隧道,目前隧道工程风险评估处于起步阶段.文章遵循“公路桥梁和隧道工程设计安全风险评估指南”的要求,同时参照了国内外其它行业隧道工程风险管理规范或规程,针对高尔寺隧道特点,采用了隧道分段风险评估流程、基于工程类比的检查表法风险辨识和专家调查法风险估测进行了隧道设计阶段的安全风险评估,分析了潜在的风险事件和风险等级,以及有效的风险控制.在无现行规范可循的情况下,进行了设计阶段隧道工程安全风险评估工作的实践,具有一定的参考意义.     

破产重整的公路项目档案风险辨识与防控研究

为了促进公路项目档案管理工作水平的提升,以阳朔至鹿寨高速公路抢险复工工程为背景,从既有工程资料状况、档案风险辨识、风险防控、复工工程与既有工程文件的融合、竣（交）工验收实施方案等角度分析潜在的档案利用风险,总结项目资料收集、整理和归档工作中需要注意的事项,以此为相关档案管理工作提供参考。     

岩溶隧道突水风险与保险机制探讨

岩溶隧道突水风险损失严重,在加强工程防范措施的同时还应通过保险转移风险.通过与国外发达国家的保险现状相比较,分析了我国工程保险存在的问题;论述了我国岩溶隧道突水风险保险的必要性、可保性,分析了隧道突水风险的影响因素:并从工程保险实施的角度,对一定显著性水平下的区间估计的保险费率计算方法进行了探讨.     

道路旅客运输安全风险辨识原则和组织流程研究

本文确定了道路旅客运输安全风险辨识的原则、组织机构、辨识主体和工作程序,并从驾驶员、车辆、道路基础设施、交通环境和安全管理制度等5个方面对道路旅客运输安全风险源进行辨识,得到185个危险源,可为道路旅客运输企业的安全风险辨识提供参考。     

岩溶区公路隧道修筑风险评估方法及应用

文章结合工程实例采用地质经验法与目标分解方法、成分分析法相结合的方法,建立岩溶区公路隧道修筑风险评估指标体系,以层次分析法确定相应指标的权重,从定性的地质分析转向定量的数学模型计算,将各风险因素定量化,并确定其权重与主控风险因素,进行风险度计算和评定风险等级。     

大断面连拱隧道三导坑法施工风险分析及控制

本文针对连拱隧道三导坑法的施工风险,从风险分析、风险辨识和风险控制三个方面进行了探讨,对类似隧道施工具有参考价值。     

上海青草沙原水过江管工程盾构推进段施工风险评估

以国内首例单层衬砌输水隧道——上海青草沙原水过江管隧道为工程背景,在深入研究工程特点、建设要求、工程地质情况、周边及沿线环境的基础上,对工程项目盾构推进段施工过程中的主要风险点进行辨识与分析,并给予风险等级评定,最终结合风险发生机理提出风险控制措施及相应的意见和建议。     

岩溶隧道施工全过程风险管控措施

岩溶隧道是高速公路建设工程中的难点。岩溶地质灾害严重影响隧道施工工期、施工质量,并极大地增加了施工安全风险。文章提出了岩溶隧道施工全过程风险管控的理念,并针对当前隧道施工安全管理存在的一些问题与不足,结合实际工程案例,从施工前、施工中、施工后三个阶段对岩溶隧道风险管控措施进行了探讨,以期为同类工程提供参考。     

Survey of R&D in PRT systems

A survey of research and development in advanced transit has been made by Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg in cooperation with Trans21 in Boston. Summary findings are reported for fourteen academic research programs and ten development programs for PRT. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the International Conference of PRT and other Emerging Systems held in Minneapolis in 1996.     

Productive efficiency and ownership of urban bus services

The established ownership mix of urban bus operations in Australia provides a unique opportunity to investigate the productivity differences between public and private bus service supply. Using duality theory in economics which links economic indices of factor productivity to the cost structure of a firm, we develop empirical measures of total and partial productivity of inputs, and adjust the differences for the effects of ownership status and operating environment. The evidence supports the notion that private supply of public passenger transport in general has performed more efficiently in the past than public supply, although the differences in productivity need not continue in the future.     

Optimization of bus stop locations for improving transit accessibility

A mathematical model is developed in this paper to improve the accessibility of a bus service. To formulate the optimization model, a segment of a bus route is given, on which a number of demand entry points are distributed realistically. The objective total cost function (i.e. the sum of supplier and user costs) is minimized by optimizing the number and locations of stops, subject to non‐additive users' value of time. A numerical example is designed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method thus developed to optimize the bus stop location problem. The sensitivity of the total cost to various parameters (e.g. value of users' time, access speed, and demand density) and the effect of the parameters on the optimal stop locations are analyzed and discussed.     

Determinants of modal choice in freight transport

In the next few years, exciting developments in the field of freight transport are likely to occur. The Channel Tunnel will be perceived as giving railways much greater distance of operation, compared to the current train ferry to/from Great Britain. The further development of swap-body technology will allow easier modal transfer and the creation, in 1992, of a single market in Europe will transform the pattern of trade. All of these are likely to have significant impacts on modal choice, and hence modal split, in freight transport. Reappraisal by many firms of the modes of transport used is likely but will it result in a net transfer of freight from road to rail and, if so, to what extent? To answer such questions, an accurate and reliable method of predicting modal split is required. Research in the past has concentrated on the development of modal split models based on generalised costs. These fail to explain adequately the prevalence of road freight in the UK. From surveys of freight managers within industry, it is clear that models to date rely too heavily on the economic cost factor and too little on behavioural factors (Jeffs 1985). This paper derives from a recent study of freight transport modal choice from the standpoint of the transport decision-maker within the firm. It attempts to shed light on the actual parameters which should be incorporated into a modal split model. Many variables appear to exert an influence on modal choice decision-making process. However, it is possible to categorise them into six main groups, namely: customer-requirements; product-characteristics; company structure/organisation; government interventions; available transport facilities; and perceptions of the decision-maker him/herself. It is the interactions and inter-relationships between these which ultimately determine freight modal split. This study has shown that the relationship between the outcome of the transport decision process and the values of particular determinants of modal split is not straight-forward, due to the complexity and variety of interactions involved. Perhaps one of the main reasons for researchers' failure hitherto to develop a successful modal-split model has been the preoccupation with techniques that rely on the development of common metric (e.g. generalised cost), which has led to the exclusion of some important explanatory variables along quite different dimensions. Another important issue concerns the appropriate level of aggregation. In order not to reduce the explanatory power of the key variables, it is important to work at a disaggregate level, although this does make substantial demands on data. The use of factor analysis enables both the aggregation of information without loss of behavioural reality and the specification of variables in terms of a common metric. In conclusion, freight transport has usually been examined within too narrow a framework. It must be placed firmly within the context of the total industrial process. The demand for freight transport is directly influenced by the level, composition and geographical distribution of production and consumption activities. Freight flows are complex and so it is highly unlikely that a universal mode-choice model can ever be developed. Future research should, therefore, be directed towards developing partial models in response to specific needs of those involved in decision-taking in the freight sector.     

管道风险分析指数评分法中分值调整初探

管道风险分析指数评分法中重要步骤之一就是确定影响管道事故因素的权重,各个管道风险因素在整个管道事故中所占的权重是不相同的。针对目前管道风险分析指数评分法基本假设之一（各因素的分值范围都是0～100分）,为了更加客观、准确、合理地反映各个风险因素对于管道事故的影响程度,提出并论述了依据层次分析法的数学逻辑性进行综合计算得出管道风险因素的权重,然后对评分法中各个因素的最高分值,根据其权重不同进行相应调整,从而增强评价者对风险因素的认识和评判能力,提高管道风险评价结果的准确性。     

天然气站往复式压缩机活塞失效分析

针对天然气站往复式压缩机活塞的断裂事故,运用失效分析方法,开展了活塞断口扫描电镜分析、能谱和金相分析。根据断口形貌的电镜和金相观察结果,结合理论知识,分析确定了该活塞发生断裂事故的主要原因,即在特定工况下该活塞的材料缺陷是造成断裂的主要因素。     

中国城市道路规划方位性问题研究

文章结合中国的传统建筑文化理念和现代科学原理,从历史文化、能源节约、环境保护、房地产定价、交通安全等多方面分析研究了城市道路在规划和设计时所应遵从的定向规则。     

Governing autonomous vehicles: emerging responses for safety,liability, privacy,cybersecurity, and industry risks

ABSTRACT

The benefits of autonomous vehicles (AVs) are widely acknowledged, but there are concerns about the extent of these benefits and AV risks and unintended consequences. In this article, we first examine AVs and different categories of the technological risks associated with them. We then explore strategies that can be adopted to address these risks, and explore emerging responses by governments for addressing AV risks. Our analyses reveal that, thus far, governments have in most instances avoided stringent measures in order to promote AV developments and the majority of responses are non-binding and focus on creating councils or working groups to better explore AV implications. The US has been active in introducing legislations to address issues related to privacy and cybersecurity. The UK and Germany, in particular, have enacted laws to address liability issues; other countries mostly acknowledge these issues, but have yet to implement specific strategies. To address privacy and cybersecurity risks strategies ranging from introduction or amendment of non-AV specific legislation to creating working groups have been adopted. Much less attention has been paid to issues such as environmental and employment risks, although a few governments have begun programmes to retrain workers who might be negatively affected.