SA335P91管道与12Cr1MoV蒸汽取样器异种钢的焊接及热处理

为解决某火电厂5~#机组施工完毕的主蒸汽管道上漏项设计蒸汽取样器的问题,根据现场实际情况,在主蒸汽管道上补装。通过分析厚壁大径主蒸汽管道(SA335P91)与小径蒸汽取样器(12Cr1MoV)的异种钢焊接工艺特点,制定了焊接、热处理工艺方案。经过严格控制焊接线能量和热处理预热、层间温度及焊后热处理工艺过程,获得优良的焊接接头,焊后进行外观目测、无损检测、硬度检测,符合要求。机组已安全运行约55 000 h,验证了该焊接与热处理工艺是正确的。     

Hastelloy B-2镍钼合金的焊接

分析哈氏合金B系列合金的焊接特性,结合在实践中成功焊接哈氏合金B-2的经验,指出焊接时容易出现焊缝金属污染和焊接接头的中温敏化脆化,解决的关键是重视焊前处理和对高温焊缝的保护以及控制焊接线能量。     

双相不锈钢2205的焊接

介绍了双相不锈钢2205的焊接特点和焊接工艺。平衡铁素体和奥氏体两相组织在焊缝金属和热影响区中的比例,保证焊接接头的性能,是双相不锈钢焊接的基本要求。根据双相不锈钢的焊接冶金特点,采用含镍、氮高的焊接材料,控制焊接线能量,是满足双相不锈钢焊接要求的关键,钨极氩弧焊和焊条电弧焊是适宜的焊接方法。通过焊接工艺评定获得适宜的焊接工艺参数,应用在实际工程中取得了满意的效果。     

电站用P91与10CrMo910异种钢焊接工艺研究

探讨了电站安装中P91与 10CrMo910钢的异质焊接、热处理工艺 ,制订了相应的焊接工艺并进行了试验和总结 ,通过焊接工艺评定表明 :此焊接工艺选择适当 ,焊缝能满足各项焊接要求 ,对两种异质钢的工厂、工地现场焊接及热处理具有一定的参考价值。     

电站用P91与10CrM0910异种钢焊接工艺研究

探讨了电站安装中P91与10CrM0910钢的异质焊接、热处理工艺，制订了相应的焊接工艺并进行了试验和总结，通过焊接工艺评定表明：此焊接工艺选择适当，焊缝能满足各项焊接要求，对两种异质钢的工厂、工地现场焊接及热处理具有一定的参考价值。     

管道材料的焊接性能和显微组织研究

文中主要研究X70、304及P91材料在一定焊接工艺下的焊接接头的力学性能和显微组织。采用全谱直读式光谱仪进行化学成分分析;采用金相显微镜和体式显微镜进行显微组织分析、金相晶粒度评定和焊缝宏观组织分析;通过拉伸试验、低温冲击试验、弯曲试验及维氏硬度试验进行力学性能测试。经评定,按照各自焊接工艺施工的焊接接头质量合格,各项试验后指标优良,并满足相关技术要求。     

超声冲击对高速列车用S355J2W钢焊接接头力学性能和残余应力的影响

文章以高速列车转向架用S355J2W耐候钢对接接头为研究对象,用熔化极活性气体保护电弧焊、JM55II焊丝对12 mm厚的S355J2W耐候钢板进行了焊接,采用超声冲击法对焊接接头焊趾区域在不同时间条件下进行处理,通过硬度试验和拉伸试验对超声冲击处理和未处理焊接接头的力学性能进行测试,并利用X射线残余应力测试仪对接头冲击前后的残余应力进行分析。结果表明：S355J2W钢焊接接头的经超声冲击处理20 min强化效果最好,焊趾的硬度值较未处理状态提高了14.09%,抗拉强度提高了20.3 MPa;超声冲击降低了焊趾位置的应力集中系数,接头的断裂位置由焊趾位置转移到热影响区;超声冲击对降低焊趾区域的焊接残余应力效果显著,焊趾横向残余应力消除率最高达到334%,焊趾纵向残余应力消除率最高达到366%。     

输气管线用X70钢焊接工艺研究

针对X70管线钢进行了焊接性分析,确定其预热温度。通过合理的接头设计,恰当的焊接工艺参数,来控制焊接热输入,确保接头的性能,并依据API110 4标准对所制定的焊接工艺进行评定,取得了满意的效果。通过此工艺施工的焊接接头具有较高的安全性。     

钛管焊接时接头的保护

钛管焊接过程中的污染将严重地影响接头的焊接质量，降低其机械性能。分析了钛管焊接过程中接头污染的主要形式，并有针对性地提出了防止这些污染的工艺措施。实践证明：通过采取控制焊接环境，加强焊前清理及焊接过程保护等措施，可有效地防止钛管焊接接头的污染。     

长输管线用X80高强钢焊接技术研究

针对长输管线建设对焊接质量的要求,对X80高强度管线的焊接工艺进行了试验研究。通过对X80钢的材质特性分析,结合选定的焊接材料和工艺参数,采用STT根焊+FCAW自保护焊丝半自动填充、盖面的方法,对该管线钢进行了焊接,并对其焊接接头的力学性能进行测试。结果表明:X80高强度管线钢具有良好的焊接性能,焊接接头的强度、硬度、韧性等性能均满足X80管线的安全要求。所选用的焊接材料、焊接方法和工艺参数满足现场施工的技术要求,为现场施工提供了技术保证。     

Analysis of factors affecting the choice of route of pedestrians

Pedestrians as compared to vehicular traffic enjoy a high degree freedom of movement even in heavily congested areas. Consequently, there are more alternative links available to pedestrians between a given origin‐destination (O‐D) pair. This paper describes a study done by the University of Calgary to evaluate the factors affecting the choice of route on intra‐CBD trips or trips within the Central Business District (CBD).

An origin destination survey conducted in downtown Calgary, Alberta enabled the identification of the most significant factors influencing the choice. These factors were analyzed in relation to the physical characteristics of the location, personal characteristics of the trip maker and the type of the trip.

It appears that most people chose the shortest link and factors such as the level of congestion, safety or visual attractions were only secondary. This suggests that the length should be made a major consideration when planning and designing pedestrian links.     

输油管道中原油乳状液的流变性研究

原油乳状液的流变性是原油开采后在管道中输送的重要研究方面,为了更好地研究这一性质,采用电动搅拌机、偏光显微镜以及流变仪等仪器来测定不同含水率的原油乳状液在不同条件下的黏度,观测不同含水率的原油乳状液在偏光显微镜下的形态。并且分别对原油乳状液的黏度与含水率之间的关系以及与剪切速率之间的关系进行研究,初步确定了所测区块原油乳状液的转相点以及该区块原油乳状液的流变特性,为生产中的油气集输提供了理论依据。     

盾构隧道管片接头抗剪力学性能研究

通过对南京长江盾构隧道环向管片接头进行的三组原型抗剪(无螺栓剪切、有螺栓逆剪和有螺栓顺剪)加载试验,分析研究了管片接头在剪力作用下的受力、变形和破坏特征,给出了管片接头混凝土接触面的静摩擦系数,得到了接头剪力主要由混凝土接触面承担、破坏形式为连接斜螺栓剪切延性破坏的结论。通过对管片结构的有限元数值模拟计算得出:接头处的剪力与轴力比小于接缝面的摩擦系数,管片不会发生相互错动,结构是稳定的。     

混合动力列车的应用前景展望

本文阐述了混合动力列车的技术特点及其相应优势与劣势,同时介绍了其在国内外的研究动向,并对其应用前景进行了展望。尽管该类新型铁道车辆的续航能力、电池寿命以及成本等相关问题目前仍有待改善,但以其对城市环境的美化作用与优越的舒适驾乘性能,以及高效节能、绿色环保的显著优势,依然不失为一类充满前景的新型轨道交通运输方式。     

埋地管道防腐保温层失效评价

明确埋地管道防腐保温层的技术评价标准,对埋地钢质管道的安全运行,延长管道使用寿命具有重要意义。为了对埋地管道防腐保温层做出有效评价,从间接检测与开挖检测2个方面,结合现场检测数据,提出了基于防腐保温层的电流衰减率、绝缘电阻率、质量状况与厚度的分级评价标准及基于4种评价指标的综合评判方法。工程实践表明,该评价标准对防腐保温层是否存在失效能做出有效判断。     

注汽管道承压能力评估和实物试验验证

基于失效评估图技术对某注汽管道进行了承压能力评价,给出了管线在不同腐蚀壁厚情况下的极限承压能力和极限裂纹尺寸。并利用实物爆破试验验证了评价方法的安全性和有效性,通过对爆破断口进行宏观和微观分析,发现管段的开裂属于脆性开裂。     

Evaluation of pedestrian crosswalk level of service (LOS) in perspective of type of land-use

In India pedestrians usually cross the road at mid-block crosswalks due to ease of access to their destination or the development of adjacent land use types such as shopping, business areas, school and residential areas. The behaviour of pedestrian will change with respect to different land use type and this change in behaviour of pedestrian further reflects change in perceived level of service (LOS). So, it is important to evaluate the quality of service of such crossing facilities with respect to different land-use type under mixed traffic conditions. In this framework, pedestrian perceived LOS were collected with respect to different land-use type such as shopping, residential and business areas. The ordered probit (OP) model was developed by using NLOGIT software package, with number of vehicles encountered, road crossing difficulty as well as safety considered as primary factors along with pedestrian individual factors (gender and age), land-use type and roadway geometry. From the model results, it has been concluded that perceived safety, crossing difficulty, land-use condition, number of vehicles encountered, median width and number of lanes have significant effect on pedestrian perceived LOS at unprotected (un-signalized) mid-block crosswalks in mixed traffic scenario. The inferences of these results highlights the importance of land use planning in designing a new set of pedestrian access facilities for unprotected mid-block crosswalks under mixed traffic conditions. Also the study results would be useful for evaluating pedestrian accessibility taking into account different land-use type and planning required degree of segregation with vehicular movement at unprotected mid-block crosswalk locations.     

波纹管应力分析研究进展

评述了波纹管应力理论研究方法的进展情况，围绕解析法、工程近似法和数值法，对波纹管理论研究中的一些主要成果作了较详细的回顾和总结，对各种研究方法作出了评价，展望了亟待解决的一些问题。     

Non-parametric analyses of efficiency of airports

This paper estimates the efficiencies and productivity changes of 12 international airports in the Asia-Pacific region based on data from 1998 to 2006. We apply stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) to compute efficiency estimates and use the Malmquist productivity index (MPI) to analyze productivity changes. We use the SFA model with a translog-type production function after testing the statistical hypotheses. According to the results of the SFA hypothesis tests, airports have experienced a technological regression; the deviations from the efficiency frontier are caused more by technical inefficiency than random noise. However, the inefficiency was found to decrease. The MPI reveals a declining trend resulting more from technological change than from efficiency change, with a decrease in inefficiency. Taken together, both the hypothesis tests and the MPI not only provide consistent conclusions, but also suggest that airports should concentrate on technological progress.     

超声导波技术在压力管道腐蚀检测的应用研究

在传统的管道腐蚀检测技术中,一般采用逐点测量管壁厚度的方法检测管道的局部腐蚀,无法实现管道的全面检测,并且无法对占压、跨越、穿越和未开挖等处的地埋管道进行腐蚀检测。目前,导波技术在国内外压力管道腐蚀检测中得到了广泛的应用,在解决了上述问题的同时,此项技术在应用过程遇到了一些技术难题,特别是管道缺陷信号的提取和辨识。文中介绍了管道导波检测的基本原理和导波应用的案例。