基于不同优化算法的隧道洞口段拱顶沉降SVR预测模型及其比较评价

准确预测隧道洞口段沉降变形是保障安全进洞的重点工作，如何解决输入层维度高的问题以及准确描述机器学习预测模型的性能意义重大。因此，将主成分分析法（PCA）、优化算法和支持向量回归机（SVR）相结合，提出6个基于PCA和优化算法的SVR组合预测模型。首先，通过PCA筛选影响拱顶沉降的主要因素；其次，采用遗传算法（GA）、粒子群算法（PSO）和灰狼算法（GWO），对SVR的惩罚因子和核参数进行寻优；最后，将组合预测模型应用到温州市石鼻头隧道，采用相关性系数（R）、均方根误差（RMSE）和平均绝对误差（MAE）对预测模型的性能进行比较评价，并构建模型查询表。结果表明：组合预测模型均有较高精度，R≥0.987 0,RMSE≤6.792 4 mm,MAE≤3.493 7 mm;PCA降维后，GA优化后的SVR预测模型的预测效率提高了65%,PSO和GWO优化后的SVR预测模型减少了输入层维度，但需要更大的k值，降低了预测效率，PCA-GWO-SVR模型尤为明显；PCA-PSO-SVR预测模型的鲁棒性更强。     

深基坑施工对地铁盾构隧道的影响分析

以广州地铁黄沙上盖物业建筑群深基坑施工对一号线黄沙至长寿路站区间盾构隧道的影响为例,运用多种手段综合分析了深基坑施工对地铁区间盾构隧道的影响。首先,应用三维渗流数值分析手段,对基坑施工过程的渗流场和变形场进行了三维模拟,预测了场地的水位下降规律;然后,采用盾构隧道修正惯用法,探讨了影响盾构隧道受力和变形的主要因素,对比分析了隧道外壁侧向土压力、水位降、土层基床系数和隧道上方超载四种因素不同组合工况下的隧道结构受力;最后,利用区间隧道三维变形监测数据,从隧道绝对位移、道床绝对位移、道床与隧道中心相对位移、各测点与隧道中心相对位移、隧道收敛以及隧道变形曲率半径出发,详细分析了区间隧道的实测变形规律,并解析了诱发区间隧道道床开裂和水沟翻浆冒泥病害的原因。研究成果对认识地铁上盖物业深基坑施工对紧邻地铁区间盾构隧道的影响规律和制定相关地铁保护措施具有一定的指导意义。     

浅埋暗挖地铁隧道地表沉降研究现状

地铁隧道施工的突出特点是地质条件差、干扰因素多、周围环境复杂。相应地,地表沉降则成为浅埋暗挖隧道工程面临的主要安全问题。随着地铁隧道修建理论和技术的发展,国内外学者围绕地表沉降的预测与控制展开了较为深入的研究和探索。文章围绕国内外地表沉降预测与控制的研究现状,对浅埋暗挖地铁隧道的变形预测、施工方法、监测与信息反馈技术展开分析,并提出了今后的发展方向。     

上海越洋广场基坑设计中的地铁保护措施

结合上海越洋广场基坑工程设计实践,介绍了为确保地铁正常运营,在紧邻地铁车站旁进行深基坑工程时所采取的一系列保护措施。经对车站变形的检测,车站墙体位移和路基沉降均在控制范围之内。     

超大型深基坑施工技术方案的探讨

上海世纪大都会基坑围护工程2—3地块为超大超深基坑,其中地铁6号线区间隧道穿越基坑,并将其分为两部分,在深基坑开挖下形成双面临空结构;基坑南侧又紧邻世纪大道枢纽站。从施工角度介绍和探讨了如何在基坑围护施工、地基加固和土方开挖等阶段有效地预测并控制其变形的方法和措施。     

黄土地区地铁隧道不同湿陷变形方式模型试验系统的研制及应用研究

为研究不同湿陷变形方式下黄土地区地铁隧道周围土体的沉降量变化规律,研制出一种测量黄土在均匀湿陷、不均匀湿陷时沉降量的模型试验装置。该装置由模型箱、流速控制系统和沉降量测量系统组成。通过室内模型试验对黄土在遇水后的湿陷变形规律进行总结,并对黄土地层在两种不同浸水方式下隧道围岩土体的变形规律进行分析。试验结果表明:不均匀湿陷最终累计沉降量大于均匀湿陷最终累计沉降量,说明不均匀湿陷对地铁结构物的危害更大;两种湿陷变形方式均为隧道中线附近沉降最大,因此,施工时应该重点加强隧道中线的位移监测。通过室内模型试验,分析了均匀与不均匀湿陷对黄土地铁隧道变形影响,研究结果对湿陷性黄土地区地铁隧道建设中施工把控及灾害规避具有重要意义。     

基坑开挖引起超近距地铁隧道变形的实测分析

文章以深圳市某地铁车站上盖物业深基坑工程为背景,在基坑开挖前采用Midas有限元软件建立三维模型,分析深基坑施工过程地铁车站及区间隧道的变形发展过程,以及深基坑施工对地铁区间隧道结构变形的不利影响,并通过实测数据验证了采用数值模拟方法确定变形监测重点区域的正确性。     

基于支持向量机的隧道衬砌空洞机器识别方法

探地雷达是检测隧道衬砌空洞最为有效的方法之一,但检测数据的解析始终是限制其广泛应用的关键。基于支持向量机的基本理论,文章建立了一套隧道衬砌空洞探地雷达图像的机器识别方法,该方法包括图像预处理、特征提取和支持向量机识别三个步骤。首先,探地雷达图像需经过零时修正、滤波、偏移、增益等预处理以提高信噪比;其次,对图像的时域信号进行分段,在分段信号上提取方差、标准绝对偏差和四阶矩三个统计量作为图像特征;最后,利用已知数据对支持向量机模型进行训练,并用数值模拟和模型试验数据对训练好的支持向量机模型进行测试。结果表明,该方法不仅能够准确识别隧道衬砌和围岩内的空洞,还可以对空洞埋深及横向分布范围做出较准确的判断。     

地铁盾构掘进引起的软弱地层沉降分析

昆明地铁首次在含有泥炭质土软弱地层中采用盾构法施工,难度极大。文章依托昆明地铁首期工程实践,考虑含有泥炭质土软弱地层条件下先行隧道施工对后行隧道施工的影响,建立修正的Peck公式对地表沉降进行计算,在此基础上采用数值方法进一步分析该软弱地层条件下地铁盾构掘进引起地层沉降变形规律,并与地层沉降预测经验公式对比。研究表明:本文方法与数值模拟结果以及现场监测数据吻合较好,可以较好地分析含泥炭质土软弱地层中盾构掘进引起的地层变形规律;先施工隧道的外侧地表沉降变化率较大,后施工的隧道外侧地表沉降变化率较小,但横向沉降范围较大;最大沉降量位于两隧道轴线的中线和先施工隧道的轴线之间,主要由先施工的隧道引起。最后,结合盾构施工监测数据,提出了含泥炭质土软弱地层条件下地铁盾构施工地层变形控制技术措施。     

水位下降对地铁盾构隧道的影响分析

某基坑施工引起紧邻地铁隧道附近区域水位下降,导致隧道受力和变形状态发生改变,可能影响隧道防水和正常运营。为研究水位降对地铁隧道的影响,首先,运用三维流-固耦合数值方法,模拟了基坑施工过程的三维渗流场;其次,采用荷载-结构模式,分析了水位降对隧道结构受力和纵向变形的影响;最后,采用分层总和法,计算了水位降与隧道下方土层沉降量的关系。研究结果表明:该基坑工程施工引起的最大水位降不超过2 m,此水位降引起的隧道结构弯矩增量和盾构管片环缝接头张开增量均在其所对应总控制量的5%范围内。因此,理论上认为该基坑施工引起的水位降不会危及地铁隧道的正常运营。     

Development and testing of a fully Adaptive Cruise Control system

Adaptive Cruise Control systems have been developed and introduced into the consumer market for over a decade. Among these systems, fully-adaptive ones are required to adapt their behaviour not only to traffic conditions but also to drivers’ preferences and attitudes, as well as to the way such preferences change for the same driver in different driving sessions. This would ideally lead towards a system where an on-board electronic control unit can be asked by the driver to calibrate its own parameters while he/she manually drives for a few minutes (learning mode). After calibration, the control unit switches to the running mode where the learned driving style is applied. The learning mode can be activated by any driver of the car, for any driving session and each time he/she wishes to change the current driving behaviour of the cruise control system.The modelling framework which we propose to implement comprises four layers (sampler, profiler, tutor, performer). The sampler is responsible for human likeness and can be calibrated while in learning mode. Then, while in running mode, it works together with the other modelling layers to implement the logic. This paper presents the overall framework, with particular emphasis on the sampler and the profiler that are explained in full mathematical detail. Specification and calibration of the proposed framework are supported by the observed data, collected by means of an instrumented vehicle. The data are also used to assess the proposed framework, confirming human-like and fully-adaptive characteristics.     

Definition of a merging assistant strategy using intelligent vehicles

In the area of active traffic management, new technologies provide opportunities to improve the use of current infrastructure. Vehicles equipped with in-car communication systems are capable of exchanging messages with the infrastructure and other vehicles. This new capability offers many opportunities for traffic management. This paper presents a novel merging assistant strategy that exploits the communication capabilities of intelligent vehicles. The proposed control requires the cooperation of equipped vehicles on the main carriageway in order to create merging gaps for on-ramp vehicles released by a traffic light. The aim is to reduce disruptions to the traffic flow created by the merging vehicles. This paper focuses on the analytical formulation of the control algorithm, and the traffic flow theories used to define the strategy. The dynamics of the gap formation derived from theoretical considerations are validated using a microscopic simulation. The validation indicates that the control strategy mostly developed from macroscopic theory well approximates microscopic traffic behaviour. The results present encouraging capabilities of the system. The size and frequency of the gaps created on the main carriageway, and the space and time required for their creation are compatible with a real deployment of the system. Finally, we summarise the results of a previous study showing that the proposed merging strategy reduces the occurrence of congestion and the number of late-merging vehicles. This innovative control strategy shows the potential of using intelligent vehicles for facilitating the merging manoeuvre through use of emerging communications technologies.     

What transportation modeling needs from a GIS: a conceptual framework

Both the geographic information system (GIS) and transportation modeling environments have seen continually developing analytic concepts and techniques. However, these developments have seldom resulted in the integration of GISs and transportation models. This paper explores the potential inherent in merging of these environments through a systematic investigation of the fundamental basis of integration. To do this, the traditional four step transportation modeling process is extended to include input and output steps. We then define functional components for GIS data handling — data management, manipulation, and analysis. The steps of modeling are matched against the list of GIS data handling functions within a matrix‐based framework. GIS functions that enhance a land‐use based urban transportation modeling process are then categorized. Conclusions are drawn and directions for future developments are discussed.     

Weight threshold estimation of falling UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) based on impact energy

Different weight thresholds for drone operations have been specified by regulatory agencies in different countries, without detailed backgrounds of guidelines. Therefore, this paper aims to study weight thresholds by focusing different levels of injuries caused by the impact of the drones on human head of different weights dropped at various heights. The work covers drone free drop modelling, FEM (finite element method) based impact modeling, and comparable drop impact experiments. The analyses and experiments were conducted accordingly to two individual commercially-available groups: small and large drones in weights. Two well-established indicators defining head injuries due to impact, which are known as Head Injury Criterion (HIC) and Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS), are used in the present weight threshold study. The proposed AIS level for the weight threshold estimation has been set at AIS level 3, which indicates major skull fracture, in the further analysis through the probability of fatality. The main focus of the present work is to perform a parametric study and to present a reliable model to estimate the weight thresholds of the drone operations based on HIC and AIS. In conclusion, the results obtained and presented in this paper have demonstrated and provided a comprehensive analysis of possible direct injuries of a falling drone impacting a human head, with relevant data of impact or injury levels associated with HIC and AIS obtained for a drone with different weights falling from various heights.     

A network level connectivity robustness measure for connected vehicle environments

This study introduces a new CONnectivity ROBustness model (CONROB) to assess vehicle-to-vehicle communication in connected vehicle (CV) environments. CONROB is based on Newton’s universal law of gravitation and accounts for multiple factors affecting the connectivity in CV environments such as market penetration, wireless transmission range, spatial distribution of vehicles relative to each other, the spatial propagation of the wireless signal, and traffic density. The proposed methodology for the connectivity robustness calculation in CONROB accounts for the Link Expiration Time (LET) and the Route Expiration Time (RET) that are reflected in the stability of links between each two adjacent vehicles and the expiration time of communication routes between vehicles. Using a 117 sq-km (45-square mile) network in Washington County, located west of Portland city, Oregon, a microscopic simulation model (VISSIM) was built to verify CONROB model. A total of 45 scenarios were simulated for different traffic densities generated from five different traffic demand levels, three levels of market penetration (5%, 15%, and 25%), and three transmission range values [76 (250), 152 (500), and 305 (1000) m (ft)]. The simulation results show that the overall robustness increases as the market penetration increases, given the same transmission range, and relative traffic density. Similarly, the overall connectivity robustness increases as the relative traffic density increases for the same market penetration. More so, the connectivity robustness becomes more sensitive to the relative traffic density at higher values of transmission range and market penetration. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to show the significant effect of relative traffic density, transmission range, and market penetration on the robustness measure. The results of the study provide an evidence of the ability of the model to capture the effect of the different factors on the connectivity between vehicles, which provides a viable tool for assessing CV environments.     

Future advanced long-haul Evacuated Tube Transport (EET) system operated by TransRapid Maglev (TRM): a multidimensional examination of performance

This paper presents a multidimensional examination of the infrastructural, technical/technological, operational, economic, environmental, social, and policy performance of the future advanced Evacuated Tube Transport (ETT) system operated by TransRapid Maglev (TRM) (the ETT-TRM system). The examination implies analyzing, modeling, and estimating selected performance criteria using the case of the Trans-Atlantic passenger transport market currently served exclusively by the Air Passenger Transport (APT) system. The purpose is to assess the ETT-TRM system’s competitive capabilities compared to those of the current and future APT system and consequently its potential contribution to mitigating impacts of both systems on society and the environment – the sustainability of the transport sector - under given conditions.     

A traffic analysis zone definition: a new methodology and algorithm

This paper develops a comprehensive approach to the definition of transportation analysis zones (TAZ), and therein, presents a new methodology and algorithm for the definition of TAZ embedded in geographic information systems software, improves the base algorithm with several local algorithms, and comprehensively analyses the obtained results. The results obtained are then compared to these presently used in the transportation analysis process of the Lisbon Metropolitan Area. The proposed algorithm presents a new methodology for TAZ design based on a smoothed density surface of geocoded travel demand data. The algorithm aims to minimise the loss of information when moving from a continuous representation of the origin and destination of each trip to their discrete representations through zones, and focuses on the trade-off between the statistical precision, geographical error, and the percentage of intra-zonal trips of the resulting OD matrix. The results for the Lisbon Metropolitan Area case study suggest a significant improvement in OD matrix estimates compared to current transportation analysis practises based on administrative units.

The perception of Bus Rapid Transit: a passenger survey from Beijing Southern Axis BRT Line 1

Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) has emerged as a cost-effective transport system for urban mobility. As a relatively new form of Mass Transit, its ability to provide a high-quality transport service and potential to stimulate land development remain largely unexplored. This study intends to investigate the public attitude towards BRT services, as well as respondents’ perception of living near BRT stations, using the Beijing Southern Axis BRT system as a case study. A data-set of responses to 525 questionnaires were assembled and analysed using a combination of statistical techniques. The results show that BRT has gained great popularity among passengers, and brought about a positive impact on the attractiveness of residential property. The data identify that the majority of passengers are work-related commuters and use BRT more than once a day. The captive users have a higher satisfaction than choice users with respect to reliability, comfort & cleanliness and overall satisfaction with the BRT service. It is argued that the BRT has significantly improved the attractiveness of residential property along the BRT corridor.     

Analysis of a consumer survey on plug-in hybrid electric vehicles

Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) show potential to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, increase fuel efficiency, and offer driving ranges that are not limited by battery capacity. However, these benefits will not be realized if consumers do not adopt this new technology. Several agent-based models have been developed to model potential market penetration of PHEVs, but gaps in the available data limit the usefulness of these models. To address this, we administered a survey to 1000 stated US residents, using Amazon Mechanical Turk, to better understand factors influencing the potential for PHEV market penetration. Our analysis of the survey results reveals quantitative patterns and correlations that extend the existing literature. For example, respondents who felt most strongly about reducing US transportation energy consumption and cutting greenhouse gas emissions had, respectively, 71 and 44 times greater odds of saying they would consider purchasing a compact PHEV than those who felt least strongly about these issues. However, even the most inclined to consider a compact PHEV were not generally willing to pay more than a few thousand US dollars extra for the sticker price. Consistent with prior research, we found that financial and battery-related concerns remain major obstacles to widespread PHEV market penetration. We discuss how our results help to inform agent-based models of PHEV market penetration, governmental policies, and manufacturer pricing and marketing strategies to promote consumer adoption of PHEVs.     

The impact of airport noise as part of a Strategic Environmental Assessment,case study: The Tivat (Montenegro) Airport expansion plan

Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is one of the most important instruments for making relevant decisions on the basis of which spatial planning is aligned with the tenets and principles of sustainable spatial development. Its primary application is in spatial (strategic) and urban planning, as well as in the planning and design of sectoral policies in the areas of energy, water management, waste management, transport, etc. The implementation of SEA allows developers to establish the benefits and implications of the proposed spatial changes, taking into account the capacity of the space to sustain the planned development, and to determine the degree of acceptability of the proposed spatial changes. This paper presents a specific method of assessing the impact of airport noise as part of a particular SEA. The particularity of this method is that it integrates the objectives, indicators and criteria for assessing the impact of airport noise on the population using the method of multi-criteria evaluation, applied in the preparation of the SEA for the Urban development plan regarding the expansion of Tivat Airport, Montenegro. The changes in noise intensity within the planning horizon to 2030 were predicted taking into account the following factors: physical, geographic and demographic characteristics of the space, the projected increase in the number and nature of the flights operated within the planning period, as well as the types of aircraft. On the basis of these data noise dispersion modelling was carried out using the IMMI model, and the results obtained were used in a multi-criteria evaluation as part of the SEA. The results of the research do not indicate any significant increase in noise intensity within the planning period to 2030 and they represent a good basis for making relevant decisions regarding the future development of Tivat Airport.