超浅埋暗挖隧道施工技术

文章介绍了在确保上方高速公路地面交通正常通行的情况下,超宽断面、埋深仅为0.5～2.5m的超浅埋平顶直墙下穿隧道工程采用管棚超前支护,结合小导管注浆加固地层、多导洞施工方案和微台阶开挖法来达到控制地表沉降和保证施工安全的"浅埋暗挖法"施工技术。     

深孔管注浆技术在地铁工程中的应用

以北京地铁安华桥车站出入口斜坡道暗挖施工过程为例,介绍了中洞内采取深孔注浆技术加固地层的施工方案。该技术止水效果良好,能有效减小并控制管线沉降变形的的特点,解决了多层导洞开挖下穿污水管的施工难题。     

北京地铁7号线达官营站八导洞开挖方案对比研究

北京地铁7号线达官营站开挖断面大,土质情况复杂,地下管线众多,地表为车流量大的广安大街且近距离下穿人行过街天桥。为了确保车站暗挖施工安全及市政设施正常运行,文章采用FLAC3D软件,建立了达官营车站导洞模型,对导洞不同开挖方案进行了对比研究。研究结果表明,先进行上部小导洞开挖比先进行下部小导洞开挖导致的拱顶、管线及地表沉降都小,衬砌受力更合理。因此,选择了先进行上部小导洞开挖的方案。在小导洞开挖过程中进行了导洞拱顶、管线及地表沉降的动态监测,监测结果与数值模拟结果较为一致,进一步验证了所采取的开挖方案的合理性,也表明利用数值分析方法预测沉降是可行的。     

连拱隧道三导洞和台阶法施工工法的比较

以某连拱隧道工程为例,应用ANSYS有限元软件建立数值模型后导入FLAC3D中,进行了三导洞法和台阶法开挖施工方案下连拱隧道左右洞拱顶沉降、地表沉降、拱顶及中隔墙大主应力变化、压力拱范围等过程的模拟分析。     

大跨度暗挖地铁车站拱盖法施工力学响应分析

依托大连地铁5号线石葵路站大跨度浅埋暗挖车站工程,采用FLAC3D有限差分软件进行三维数值建模,详细分析拱盖法施工过程中地表沉降、衬砌和围岩应力的变化情况,针对各施工阶段力学响应的特点提出相应的施工措施,并对大断面导洞合理的开挖控制间距进行优化,最后与实际监测数据进行对比。结果表明:大断面主体导洞的开挖是引起地表沉降的主要因素,拱顶二次衬砌施工完成后地表沉降基本保持稳定;单侧导洞的开挖存在明显的偏压效应,应严格遵循"先边后中"的导洞施工顺序;边导洞初期支护和中隔壁的拆除对初期支护和围岩应力的影响显著,可以采取分段、交叉拆除和以锚代撑等措施保障结构的稳定;大断面主体导洞的开挖控制间距对地表沉降的影响十分明显,合理的间距应控制在20～35 m范围内;数值计算结果与现场监测数据吻合较好,可为类似的工程实践提供参考。     

浅埋大断面土质隧道下穿明长城施工安全控制技术研究

针对西河口浅埋大断面隧道下穿明长城施工难点,为有效保护文物,确保施工安全,文章提出了采用水泥-水玻璃双液地表注浆加双层大管棚的洞内外预加固措施、双侧壁导洞超短台阶施工工法及支护参数局部优化的综合安全控制技术。通过模型试验论证了方案的可行性,给出了确保下穿明长城安全施工的地表沉降控制标准,并通过现场监测评价了方案的合理性。     

大断面地铁车站施工对邻近摩擦桩基桩侧摩阻力影响研究

地铁车站下穿或者并行桥梁桩基施工时,会使桥梁桩基一侧大面积开挖卸载。若近接摩擦桩,地铁车站施工势必会导致其桩侧摩阻力降低,威胁既有桥梁运营安全。基于此,文章采用理论分析手段,将地铁车站邻近既有摩擦桩基受力简化为四部分,推导了地铁车站邻近摩擦桩基的桩侧摩阻力计算公式,并以北京地铁19号线北太平桥站施工为工程背景进行验证。结果表明,当地铁车站开挖深度大于桩基长度时,桩侧摩阻力损失比最大为42.8%;地铁车站开挖宽度对桩侧摩阻力损失影响相对较小;通过施工前对桩基周围土体一定范围内的土体进行注浆加固可提高内摩擦角,且内摩擦角控制在25°～30°范围内较为合适。     

浅埋大跨径软土地层公路隧道下穿既有铁路车站路基施工技术

针对浅埋大跨径公路隧道近距离下穿既有铁路车站安全系数低的现状,文章以东孚隧道下穿既有厦深铁路站场区段工程实例为依托,通过理论分析、技术比选,提出了以"运用管幕法对隧道开挖方向围岩土体进行加固+挖孔桩上设承台作为临时支墩+挖孔桩结构选型与安全性检算+架设24 m D型便梁将既有铁路轨道托起+纵、横抬梁加固钢轨+弧形导洞预留核心土开挖+加固效果沉降监测与分析"相结合的施工技术总体方案。工程应用效果表明,加固效果显著,可快速、有效地限制隧道下穿区段地层沉降量,拱部管幕可以起到承载作用,D型便梁可减弱管幕体系所承受的外部荷载,大大提高了下穿隧道与既有铁路运营的安全系数,达到了预期效果。     

软弱地层超大矩形顶管盾构隧道近接施工加固方案优选研究

为保证软弱地层中超大矩形顶管盾构隧道近接施工安全，以某矩形顶管盾构隧道近接下穿既有高速铁路为工程背景，研究超大矩形顶管盾构隧道近接下穿高铁段不同施工加固方案的效果。结果表明：采用超前注浆可使开挖面主动失稳位移减小25.64%，被动失稳位移减小17.65%，轨道沉降减小30.38%。采用人工挖孔桩+D型钢便梁可使开挖面主动失稳位移减小51.28%，被动失稳位移减小29.41%，轨道沉降减小42.31%；现场监测表明，采用人工挖孔桩+D型钢便梁加固后轨道沉降最大值仅为1.65 mm，超大矩形顶管盾构隧道成功下穿既有高速铁路，人工挖孔桩+D型钢便梁保证了超大矩形顶管盾构隧道近接施工安全和高速铁路正常运营。     

城际铁路隧道与邻近建筑物的相互影响研究

城际铁路隧道不可避免地要下穿建筑物密集的市区,其开挖施工会引起地表沉降,危及建筑物的安全,因此评估城际铁路隧道和邻近建筑物的相互影响就成为迫切需要解决的问题。文章以实际工程为例,将隧道、地基和上部结构作为一个整体,系统地研究了建筑物和下穿隧道的相互影响,针对不同的施工工法和不同的地质情况进行了敏感性分析,并对各类工程措施的效果进行了评估。研究结果表明,基础桩端嵌入地层性质对建筑物沉降、结构内力以及后续的加固处理措施影响很大;相对于隧道不同部位的桩基受隧道施工的影响各不相同,隧道正上方和侧上方45°附近桩基受开挖影响较大;同样地层情况下,盾构法开挖后建筑物的沉降和内力值要比矿山法低;桩基托换对整体沉降的控制要好于加固地层措施,然而桩基托换措施却增大了建筑物局部变形和内力值;建筑荷载作用位置附近隧道段内力会有所增大。因此需要预计各类可能的情况,并根据具体情况综合采取相应的措施。     

Survey of R&D in PRT systems

A survey of research and development in advanced transit has been made by Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg in cooperation with Trans21 in Boston. Summary findings are reported for fourteen academic research programs and ten development programs for PRT. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the International Conference of PRT and other Emerging Systems held in Minneapolis in 1996.     

管道风险分析指数评分法中分值调整初探

管道风险分析指数评分法中重要步骤之一就是确定影响管道事故因素的权重,各个管道风险因素在整个管道事故中所占的权重是不相同的。针对目前管道风险分析指数评分法基本假设之一（各因素的分值范围都是0～100分）,为了更加客观、准确、合理地反映各个风险因素对于管道事故的影响程度,提出并论述了依据层次分析法的数学逻辑性进行综合计算得出管道风险因素的权重,然后对评分法中各个因素的最高分值,根据其权重不同进行相应调整,从而增强评价者对风险因素的认识和评判能力,提高管道风险评价结果的准确性。     

A century of evolution of the accessibility concept

The concept of accessibility has acquired numerous meanings along multiple dimensions during the century of its evolution. This essay argues for the salience of two dimensions: application-based and definition-based. In its application, accessibility has incorporated positive and normative dimensions which have varied in prominence over time. In its definition, accessibility has varied between a mode of evaluation incorporating measured mobility and proximity, on the one hand, and a predefined market basket of urbanist improvements to transportation and land use systems, on the other. Advocates of the accessibility shift should emphasize both the measured approach to accessibility and accessibility’s normative side.     

Real-world gaseous and particle emissions of a Bi-fuel gasoline/CNG Euro 6 passenger car

The objective of the present study is the assessment of the environmental impact of a bivalent (bi-fuel) vehicle, running either on gasoline or compressed natural gas (CNG). To that aim, a Euro 6 passenger car was tested under various real-world driving conditions. In order to cover the full range of conventional powertrains currently in the market, the tests were also repeated on a Euro 6 diesel passenger car. Both cars were driven in two routes, the first complying with the regulation limits and the second going beyond them. Carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO_x) and particle number (PN) emissions were recorded using a Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS). Apart from the aggregated emission levels, in g/km, the exact emission location along the route was also assessed. Natural gas proved beneficial for CO and PN emissions, the level of which always remained below the respective legislation limits. On the other hand, under the dynamic driving conditions with gasoline, the relevant limits were exceeded. Cold start, occurring at the beginning of the urban part, and motorway driving were identified as major contributors to total emissions, especially in gasoline mode. However, the application of natural gas was associated with a penalty in NO_x emissions, which were significantly increased as compared to gasoline. Local peaks within the urban part were identified in CNG mode. In any case, the diesel vehicle was by far the highest NO_x emitter.     

Seaport performance analysis using robust non-parametric efficiency estimators

Abstract

Seaport services have been developing year on year, playing an increasingly important role in the economy and the transportation markets of each country. This increases interest in measuring their performance. This paper evaluates the performance of a set of European seaports by means of robust non-parametric approaches. Using order-m and bootstrap procedures, the major problems of traditional data envelopment analysis and free disposal hull methods – concerning noise, presence of outliers and the ‘curse of dimensionality’ – are overcome. With this study considerable levels of inefficiency were found in the European seaports sector.     

Bicycle parking: a systematic review of scientific literature on parking behaviour,parking preferences,and their influence on cycling and travel behaviour

ABSTRACT

Cycling is experiencing a revival in many cities. Research has focused on the determinants of cycling – in particular the role of the built environment and road infrastructure. Bicycle parking has received little attention – even though bicycles are parked most of the time. This article reviews the scientific literature on bicycle parking and identifies existing gaps in research and knowledge. The review analyses 94 peer-reviewed papers identified through a search in Scopus and Web of Science, in December 2017. The annual number of papers increased 15-fold between 1995 and 2017. Overall, the level of evidence on the importance of bicycle parking is limited. The majority of studies are based on cross-sectional data with the presence of parking as a binary independent variable. Most studies focus on bicycle parking at public transport stops and at work places. Few studies report on bicycle parking throughout cities, and hardly any on parking at residential locations. Bicycle parking supply and quality appears to be a determinant of cycling for current and potential cyclists. Our findings can serve as input for an evidence-based debate on the role of bicycle parking. For practitioners, our research supports investment in bicycle parking, but acknowledges that a proper evaluation of such initiatives needs to be conducted to increase the level of evidence.     

Multilevel analysis of daily time use and time allocation to activity types accounting for complex covariance structures using correlated random effects

In this paper multilevel analysis is used to study individual choices of time allocation to maintenance, subsistence, leisure, and travel time exploiting the nested data hierarchy of households, persons, and occasions of measurement. The multilevel models in this paper examine the joint and multivariate correlation structure of four dependent variables in a cross-sectional and longitudinal way. In this way, observed and unobserved heterogeneity are estimated using random effects at the household, person, and temporal levels. In addition, random coefficients associated with explanatory variables are also estimated and correlated with these random effects. Using the wide spectrum of options offered by multilevel models to account for individual and group heterogeneity, complex interdependencies among individuals within their households, within themselves over time, and within themselves but across different indicators of behavior, are analyzed. Findings in this analysis include large variance contribution by each level considered, clear evidence of non-linear dynamic behavior in time-allocation, different trajectories of change in time allocation for each of the four dependent variables used, and lack of symmetry in change over time characterized by different trajectories in the longitudinal evolution of each dependent variable. In addition, the multivariate correlation structure among the four dependent variables is different at each of the three levels of analysis.     

从"神经末梢"到"国际枢纽"——十六大以来广西交通发展综述

文章总结了党的十六大以来广西交通发展取得的成绩,指出广西交通正在从"神经末梢"发展为"国际枢纽",为广西经济社会发展提供了重要支撑。     

Increasing urban tram system efficiency,with battery storage and electric vehicle charging

This paper examines the possible placement of Energy Storage Systems (ESS) on an urban tram system for the purpose of exploring potential increases in operating efficiency through the examination of different locations for battery energy storage. Further, the paper suggests the utilisation of Electric Vehicle (EV) batteries at existing Park and Ride (P&R) sites as a means of achieving additional energy storage at these locations. The study achieves this through MATLAB modelling utilising captured GPS data and publically available information. This study examines the scenario of uni-directional substations with no interconnection between the overhead catenary for both directions of travel, and discusses the trade-offs between ESS size and required current limits.The results show the savings in both energy and basic CO₂ emissions alongside the discussion of Return on Investment (RoI) that can be achieved through the potential installation of ESS at identified ideal locations along the tram network. Moreover, this may be extended to the use of EVs as stationary ESS sited at the existing P&R facilities. Further, the model may also be used to inform future infrastructure upgrades and potential improvements to air quality within urban environments.