The role of travel demand and network centrality on the connectivity and resilience of an urban street system

In the transportation literature, two major and parallel approaches exist to identify the critical elements of a transportation system. On the one hand, conventional transportation engineering emphasizes travel demand, often in terms of traffic volume (i.e., demand side). On the other hand, newer techniques from Network Science emphasize network topology (i.e., supply side). To better understand the relationship between the two approaches, we first investigate whether they correlate by comparing traffic volume and node centrality. Second, we assess the impact of the two approaches on the connectivity and resilience of a transportation network; connectivity is measured by the relative size of the giant component, and resilience is measured by the network’s adaptive capacity (the amount of extra flow it can handle). The urban road system of Isfahan (Iran) is used as a practical case study. Overall, we find that traffic volume indeed correlates with node centrality. In addition, we find that the weighted degree of a node, i.e., the sum of the capacities of its incident links (for small disruptions) and node betweenness (for large disruptions), best captures node criticality. Nodes with high weighted degree and betweenness should therefore be given higher priority to enhance connectivity and resilience in urban street systems. Regarding link criticality, roads with higher capacities showed a more important role as opposed to betweenness, flow, and congestion.

     

Correction to: The role of travel demand and network centrality on the connectivity and resilience of an urban street system

Transportation - In the original publication of the article, the first, second and fourth authors’ affiliations are published incorrectly.     

船舶压载水防治措施探讨

船舶压载水是外来海洋生物入侵的重要途径,严重危害水域生态平衡,破坏生物多样性,危害环境,造成严重的经济损失。本文针对压载水污染问题,从压载水的管理、处理技术、无压载舱船舶设计等方面,探讨压载水的预防途径和防治方法。     

Disentangling the influence of neighborhood type and self-selection on driving behavior: an application of sample selection model

The causality issue has become one of the key questions in the debate over the relationships between the built environment and travel behavior. Although previous studies have tested statistical and/or practical significance of the built environment on travel behavior, few have quantified the relative roles of the built environment and residential self-selection in influencing travel behavior. Using 1,479 residents living in four traditional and four suburban neighborhoods in Northern California, this study explores the causal effect of neighborhood type on driving behavior and its relative contribution to the total influence of neighborhood type. Specifically, this study applied Heckman’s sample selection model to separate the effect of the built environment itself and the effect of self-selection. The results showed that, on average, the effect of neighborhood type itself on driving distance was 25.8 miles per week, which accounted for more than three quarters of the total influence of neighborhood type and 16% of individuals’ overall vehicle miles driven. These results suggest that the effect of the built environment on driving behavior outweighs that of self-selection. This paper also discussed the advantages and weaknesses of applying the Heckman’s model to address the self-selection issue.

Effects of neighborhood environments on perceived risk of self-driving: evidence from the 2015 and 2017 Puget Sound Travel Surveys

Autonomous vehicles (AVs), with an expectation of improving road safety, are closer to becoming a reality. A large number of people are still concerned about how AVs would operate in real-life driving environments. The present paper investigates the factors that affect people’s views of the interactions between AVs and other road users based on a large sample from the 2015 and 2017 Puget Sound Travel Surveys. We specifically highlight the effects of the neighborhood environment and road infrastructure. We estimate a generalized ordered logit model to demonstrate the extent to which certain neighborhood environment and road infrastructure features affect individuals’ safety perceptions of AVs, controlling for demographics, daily travel patterns, and general interest in riding AVs. The results reveal that designated bicycle facilities are positively associated with individuals’ safety perceptions related to AVs. We find that residents from neighborhoods with more pedestrian facilities are more likely to express higher levels of concern on AVs’ capabilities to react to the environment. Our results also suggest that people living in mixed-use neighborhoods are more confident in sharing the road with AVs. The findings provide useful implications for effective policy interventions and infrastructure provisions that may affect the market penetration rates of AVs while keeping up the standards for other road users, such as bicyclists and pedestrians.

     

Meta-analysis of the relationships between space syntax measures and pedestrian movement

ABSTRACT

Ample research has been conducted investigating the built environment impacts on pedestrian movement (PM). A clear division is also evident in the literature on this topic: one group tends to use geographic measures (metric distance) of the environment to explain pedestrian behaviour; the other group uses syntactic measures (visual distance). Many review articles have been published on the former. However, relatively little is known about the effect size (ES), directions, and consistency of syntactic measures in explaining PM. This paper fills this gap through a meta-analysis of published and unpublished studies on this topic spanning over 1975–2016, and answers the following five research questions: (a) What are the different measures used in the space syntax literature to explain PM?; (b) What are the magnitudes and directions of associations between space syntax measures and PM?; (c) Which space syntax measure has a more consistent relationship with PM?; (d) To what extent do the explanatory powers of different measures vary between their derivation methods?; and (e) What are the likely causes of variations of the reported results in prior studies? This research examined four syntactic measures (integration, connectivity, choice, and control) in a random effect model with 95% confidence interval (CI). The choice and integration measures were further investigated based on their operational approaches (topological, angular and metric). Results show that integration (ES?=?0.206, 95% CI?=?0.173–0.238, p?<?0.001), choice (ES?=?0.481, 95% CI?=?0.391–0.561, p?<?0.001), and connectivity (ES?=?0.305, 95% CI?=??0.225–0.696, p?=?0.257) measures positively influence PM with choice being the strongest predictor. Both connectivity and control (ES?=??0.001, 95% CI?=??0.117–0.115, p?=?0.990) were found to have a statistically insignificant impact. The choice and integration measures show stronger effects when derived using the angular approach (ES?=?0.493 for choice, and ES?=?0.502 for integration) compared to topological approach (ES?=?0.374 for choice, and ES?=?0.124 for integration). However, the reported results of all measures are highly heterogeneous, perhaps due to the differences in research design. The significance, magnitude, and consistency of integration and choice measures justify their relevance in built environment interventions to promote PM.     

Towards measures of affective and eudaimonic subjective well-being in the travel domain

Studies of the connections between transportation and subjective well-being (SWB) require a clear understanding of the conceptual composition of travel-related SWB as well as psychometric instruments to measure these complex topics. Well-established psychological scales for measuring general SWB—including both hedonic (affective and cognitive) and eudaimonic aspects—are difficult to adapt or have yet to be tested in the travel domain. Existing measures of travel liking and travel satisfaction are somewhat inadequate for these purposes, especially for representing eudaimonia. Using a questionnaire survey of 680 commuters in the Portland, Oregon, region, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses examined responses to a total of 42 items. Results suggested four-factor measurement models of both travel affect (Enjoyment, Attentiveness, Distress, and Fear) and travel eudaimonia (Health, Competence, Autonomy, and Security). Despite some limitations and opportunities for enhancements, these models show promise as ways of measuring affective and eudaimonic SWB in the travel domain for future studies and travel surveys.

     

地铁车站边墙的变形特征及其控制措施

以上海市延长路地铁车站为背景,选取三个典型的地下连续墙水平位移监测点,根据其施工不同阶段的变形趋势,分析边墙的变形特征及其对环境的影响,并据此提出控制变形的有效措施.     

乌池坝特长公路隧道消防与防灾救援设计

即将开工建设的乌池坝特长公路隧道位于沪蓉国道主干线湖北恩施至利川的公路上,长约2×6.7 km,考虑到隧道所处的是一个特殊的环境,它受空间的限制,在发生火灾事故时,很有可能扩大到后续车辆,酿成更大的灾害,特别是特长公路隧道发生紧急事故时,救援困难,更容易造成严重损失,消防与防灾救援就显得十分重要.文章通过介绍该隧道的消防与防灾救援设计原则,以及采取的具体措施,提出了目前消防与防灾救援设计存在的问题和今后的研究方向.     

高性能海工混凝土灌注桩施工问题及方案改进措施研究

对灌注桩混凝土配合比质量和施工工艺进行了试验研究,对施工中存在的问题进行了分析,提出了改进方案。实践证明经济和社会效益显著。     

高速公路车辆偷逃通行费的原因及应对措施

文章结合柳州高速公路运营有限公司收费管理实际,阐述了高速公路车辆偷逃通行费的基本情况,并多角度分析了车辆偷逃通行费的原因,提出了完善管理、强化堵漏、技术革新、法律支持的打击高速公路车辆偷逃通行费行为的措施与办法。     

青藏铁路关角隧道病害的综合整治

文章详细地介绍了青藏铁路关角隧道的病害情况,并根据病害产生的原因采取了合理的整治措施.效果明显.为高原高寒隧道施工提供了可借鉴性的经验.     

索道安全应急处理措施及救护预案

本阐明了在新的安全形势下索道安全应急处理在索道安全管理中的重要性,分析了可能导致索道临时停机的许多原因,并提出了相应安全应急处理措施,对于提高索道安全管理水平和优质服务质量具有重要意义。     

西山坪隧道隧底煤层采空区的整治

西山坪隧道位于国道212线重庆至合川高速公路上,为双洞单向交通隧道,其中左洞长2 510 m,右洞长2 485 m;隧道穿越三叠系上统须家河组第三段时遇煤层采空区,需要进行整治后方能够保证隧道的安全。文章着重分析了采空区对隧道的不利影响及其处理方式。     

大跨黄土隧道设计与安全施工对策

作者根据多年的工程经验,对以往各线黄土隧道设计、施工和塌方情况进行总结和分析,结合郑西客运专线大断面黄土隧道的设计、施工情况,提出了大断面黄土隧道安全施工的对策,希望对拟建的包西、太中银等黄土隧道较多的铁路线有一定的参考价值.     

盾构隧道混凝土管片表面裂纹成因及防治

文章根据广州、南京地铁管片生产的经验,从介绍混凝土配合比、生产工艺和管片构造等方面入手,着重分析了裂纹产生的原因,并提出了相应的解决方法.     

Partial productivity measures and total factor productivity in the air transport industry: Limitations and uses

In recent years the measurement of productivity has increasingly focused on measuring total factor productivity or TFP. Additional research has investigated the reasons for differences in TFP between firms. The implicit assumption behind this work is that simpler measures of industry productivity (such as revenue ton-miles per employee) can seriously misstate both the level and growth rate of productivity. As a result, accurate analysis of productivity requires information on TFP. While this argument is not open to debate on a theoretical basis, the extent that simple measures of productivity inaccurately portray TFP has not been investigated in anything but a cursory manner. This paper investigates the relationship between typical industry measures of productivity and TFP using a data set of U.S. and non-U.S. airlines for the period 1970–1983. The paper examines both levels of productivity and growth rates. The results indicate the extent to which industry measures accurately or inaccurately reflect the more comprehensive measure of productivity (TFP). To the extent that industry measures are inaccurate, this paper investigates the possible sources of error in order to determine if slightly altered industry measures might more accurately reflect TFP.     

江边水电站隧道岩爆预测及防治措施

以四川江边电站隧道为例,由于埋深较深,存在地应力较高引起岩爆和地下水发育等不良地质现象,给施工带来了极大的困难。就此电站施工中的对岩爆处理等措施进行了总结。提出了掌子面喷水、布设释放地应力锚杆、减少隧道壁聚能结构等有效的岩爆防治措施。     

立交桥病害分析及处理措施

介绍了立交桥的主要病害,对病害原因作了分析,并有针对性的采取了维修加固措施,加固后桥梁完全能够满足原设计要求,保障了桥梁的长期安全运营。     

黎平至洛香高速工程全面质量控制措施

分析了黎平至洛香高速公路工程施工总体进度、质量及安全计划,分别从工期、质量、安全、环保等方面阐述了全面质量控制措施,实施科学化管理,精细化控制,为打造优质工程、精品工程提供了良好的组织保障。