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1.
Toshiyuki Yamamoto 《Transportation》2009,36(3):351-366
The interactions among different types of vehicle ownership including car, motorcycle and bicycle are examined by developing
simultaneous vehicle ownership models in this study. Large scale person trip survey data for Osaka metropolitan area, Japan
and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia are used for empirical analysis. The results suggest that population density at residential area
significantly and negatively affects car ownership for both areas, and that the effects are larger for Osaka metropolitan
area than for Kuala Lumpur. Also, bicycle ownership becomes higher at higher population density area for Osaka area, while
higher at lower population density area for Kuala Lumpur, which represents the different usage patterns of bicycle between
the two areas.
相似文献
Toshiyuki YamamotoEmail: |
2.
Residential location,vehicle ownership and travel in Asia: a comparative analysis of Kei-Han-Shin and Kuala Lumpur metropolitan areas 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
The study examines the relationships between residential location, vehicle ownership and mobility in two metropolitan areas
of Asia, Kei-Han-Shin area of Japan and Kuala Lumpur area of Malaysia. It shows that, behind apparent similarities of household
auto ownership and travel time expenditure per household member, there are many causal relationships that are distinct between
the areas. The similarities and differences between the two areas point to the conjecture that the evolution of a metropolitan
area may be unique and path dependent, being heavily influenced by the history and culture of the locale, spatial and geographical
constraints, and historical progression in infrastructure development.
Metin Senbil is an Associate Professor in City and Regional Planning Department at Gazi University in Ankara, Turkey. He obtained the degree of Doctor of Engineering from Kyoto University, Japan. His research interests cover different aspects of urban travel demand and its interactions with telecommunications, land use, and policies directed at controlling as well as managing travel demand. Ryuichi Kitamura is Professor of Civil Engineering Systems at Kyoto University, Japan. His past research effort spans in the area of travel behavior analysis and demand forecasting, in particular in activity-based analysis, and panel surveys and dynamic analysis of travel behavior. He is associate editor of Transportation. Dr Jamilah Mohamad is Professor and Head of the Department of Geography, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur. Her main fields of research interest are travel behavior, the relationship between transport and spatial development and urban growth management. 相似文献
Jamilah MohamadEmail: |
Metin Senbil is an Associate Professor in City and Regional Planning Department at Gazi University in Ankara, Turkey. He obtained the degree of Doctor of Engineering from Kyoto University, Japan. His research interests cover different aspects of urban travel demand and its interactions with telecommunications, land use, and policies directed at controlling as well as managing travel demand. Ryuichi Kitamura is Professor of Civil Engineering Systems at Kyoto University, Japan. His past research effort spans in the area of travel behavior analysis and demand forecasting, in particular in activity-based analysis, and panel surveys and dynamic analysis of travel behavior. He is associate editor of Transportation. Dr Jamilah Mohamad is Professor and Head of the Department of Geography, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur. Her main fields of research interest are travel behavior, the relationship between transport and spatial development and urban growth management. 相似文献
3.
Norlida Abdul Hamid 《Transportation》2009,36(3):295-307
A parking utilization survey was undertaken with the main objective of analyzing and comparing the daily workday utilization
patterns of two main park and ride stations within the Kuala Lumpur conurbation. This study also aimed to gauge the level
of usage of the park and ride facilities. The findings showed that the overall utilization pattern of the facilities was very
high with a utilization rate of between 80 and 95%. The stations, however, recorded a contrasting accumulation pattern. The
study further revealed that most of the rail-based suburban park and ride users were long term parkers. The results of this
study are comparable to results of similar studies in Seoul, Calgary, Tyne and Wear and others. Since parking availability
is an important factor that has influence on the behavior of a park and ride user, more accurate information relating to the
supply and demand of the park and ride facility will assist in planning new transport infrastructure.
相似文献
Norlida Abdul HamidEmail: |
4.
In Brazil, the explosion of informal transport activity during the past decade has had profound effects on formal public transport
systems and is a source of great controversy in the urban transportation sector. A variety of policies have been proposed
to manage the growth of the sector. This study seeks to understand how proposed policies will impact the users of these systems.
A corridor in Rio de Janeiro with substantial informal activity was used as a case study. Measures of welfare changes in a
discrete choice framework were used to estimate proposed policies’ impacts on users. Eleven candidate policies were evaluated,
ranging from the eradication of the informal modes and investment in formal modes, to the legalization of the informal modes.
Benefits were compared with costs and the distribution of benefits across income classes was explored. Net benefits from some
policies were found to be substantial. Legalizing the informal sector was found to benefit users slightly but further investments
in the sector are probably inefficient. Users benefited most from improvements in formal mass transit modes, at roughly 100–200
dollars per commuter per year. Finally, policies to foster a competitive environment for the delivery of both informal and
formal services were shown to benefit users about 100 dollars per commuter per year. Together, the regulation of the informal
sector and investments in the formal sector serve to reinforce the movement towards competitive concessions for services and
help reduce the impacts of cartelization and costly in-road competition.
相似文献
Ronaldo BalassianoEmail: |
5.
Katrin Dziekan 《Transportation》2008,35(4):519-538
This paper studies the memory representations of residents regarding the public transport system in their city. Telephone
interviews were conducted with a representative sample of 204 inhabitants in a selected residential inner-city area in Stockholm.
Route knowledge questions, recognition tasks, free-recall tasks and estimations of service frequency were used to explore
memory representations. The results showed that, in general, residents in metropolitan areas have good knowledge of the public
transport options along well-known transport corridors. The memory representation of lesser-known transport corridors tends
to be of a poorer quality. In the results presented here, the variables gender, age, employment status, level of education
and car availability had no correlation with the quality of the memory representation, but experience increased knowledge.
Although frequent users of public transport had a more detailed representation of the system, the less frequent users also
had a considerable- and good-memory representation. An explorative hierarchy for representation of public transport lines
in the memory is proposed. It is hypothesised that memory representations of a transport line can be affected by the following
three factors: the extent to which a line is visible in the urban area, the straightness of the routes and whether or not
stops are labelled, for example, by destination area. Simply put, these factors determine how well a person knows a line.
It was found that people first remember a commuter train and a trunk bus line, followed by metro lines and suburban buses
and finally normal inner-city buses with the poorest anchorage in memory.
相似文献
Katrin DziekanEmail: |
6.
Konstantinos G. Zografos Konstantinos N. Androutsopoulos Teemu Sihvola 《Transportation》2008,35(6):777-795
Flexible transport services include a wide range of demand responsive transport systems that provide non-conventional passenger
and freight transportation services. Several alternative business models varying according to the local market conditions,
the socio-economic, legal, and institutional framework may be developed for the provision of Flexible Transport Systems (FTS).
The objective of this paper is twofold: first to present an integrated methodological framework for developing and assessing
alternative FTS business models and second to demonstrate its applicability to a case study regarding the prioritization of
alternative FTS business models for the provision of flexible passenger transport services in Helsinki.
相似文献
Teemu SihvolaEmail: |
7.
Galit Cohen-Blankshtain 《Transportation》2008,35(3):411-424
Transportation analysis emphasizes the necessity to internalize the transport externalities of car usage through taxation.
Yet taxation decisions are often made with non-transport goals in mind. In such cases, transport policies are made ‘by the
way.’ This paper examines such a case: Israel’s taxation policy on company cars. It shows that current taxation policies result
in increasing numbers of company cars and growing numbers of transport users who are not sensitive to the marginal cost of
car use and make excessive use of the car. As a result, a significant portion of Travel Demand Management (TDM) measures cannot
affect this group. The Israeli case of company car tax reform demonstrates the problematic effect of a policy that does not
take its overall consequences on other policy fields into account and thereby impairs efforts to reduce the negative impacts
of the transport system. Also, it demonstrates the importance of institutional aspects of transport policymaking.
Cohen-Blankshtain is a lecturer at the department of Geography and School of Public Policy at the Hebrew University. Her research interests include urban policy, transport and ICT policy and participation process in public policy. 相似文献
Galit Cohen-BlankshtainEmail: |
Cohen-Blankshtain is a lecturer at the department of Geography and School of Public Policy at the Hebrew University. Her research interests include urban policy, transport and ICT policy and participation process in public policy. 相似文献
8.
Gerard de Jong Andrew Daly Marits Pieters Stephen Miller Ronald Plasmeijer Frank Hofman 《Transportation》2007,34(4):375-395
This paper provides a review of transport model applications that not only provide a central traffic forecast (or forecasts
for a few scenarios), but also quantify the uncertainty in the traffic forecasts in the form of a confidence interval or related
measures. Both uncertainty that results from using uncertain inputs (e.g. on income) and uncertainty in the model itself are
treated. The paper goes on to describe the methods used and the results obtained for a case study in quantifying uncertainty
in traffic forecasts in The Netherlands.
相似文献
Gerard de JongEmail: |
9.
Traffic microsimulation models normally include a large number of parameters that must be calibrated before the model can
be used as a tool for prediction. A wave of methodologies for calibrating such models has been recently proposed in the literature,
but there have been no attempts to identify general calibration principles based on their collective experience. The current
paper attempts to guide traffic analysts through the basic requirements of the calibration of microsimulation models. Among
the issues discussed here are underlying assumptions of the calibration process, the scope of the calibration problem, formulation
and automation, measuring goodness-of-fit, and the need for repeated model runs.
Yaron Hollander is a transport analyst, working for Steer Davies Gleave in London. His work combines advanced demand modelling, Stated Preference, appraisal, design of public transport systems, transport policy and network modelling. He completed his PhD at the Institute for Transport Studies in Leeds, and previously worked for the Technion – Israel Institute for Technology; for the Israeli Institute for Transportation Planning and Research; and for the public transport department at Ayalon Highways Co. Ronghui Liu is a Senior Research Fellow at the Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds. Her main research interests are modelling of traffic and microsimulation of driver behaviour and dynamical systems. She develops and applies network microsimulation models to a wide range of areas from transport policy instruments such as road pricing, to public transport operations and traffic signal controls. 相似文献
Ronghui LiuEmail: |
Yaron Hollander is a transport analyst, working for Steer Davies Gleave in London. His work combines advanced demand modelling, Stated Preference, appraisal, design of public transport systems, transport policy and network modelling. He completed his PhD at the Institute for Transport Studies in Leeds, and previously worked for the Technion – Israel Institute for Technology; for the Israeli Institute for Transportation Planning and Research; and for the public transport department at Ayalon Highways Co. Ronghui Liu is a Senior Research Fellow at the Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds. Her main research interests are modelling of traffic and microsimulation of driver behaviour and dynamical systems. She develops and applies network microsimulation models to a wide range of areas from transport policy instruments such as road pricing, to public transport operations and traffic signal controls. 相似文献
10.
Despite widespread growth in on-road public transport priority schemes, road management authorities have few tools to evaluate
the impacts of these schemes on all road users. This paper describes a methodology developed in Melbourne, Australia to assist
the road management authority, VicRoads, evaluate trade-offs in the use of its limited road-space for new bus and tram priority
projects. The approach employs traffic micro-simulation modelling to assess road-space re-allocation impacts, travel behaviour
modelling to assess changes in travel patterns and a social cost benefit framework to evaluate impacts. The evaluation considers
a comprehensive range of impacts including the environmental benefits of improved public transport services. Impacts on public
transport reliability improvements are also considered. Although improved bus and tram reliability is a major rationale for
traffic priority its use in previous evaluations is rare. The paper critiques previous approaches, describes the proposed
method and explores some of the results found in its application. A major finding is that despite a more comprehensive approach
to measuring the benefits of bus and tram priority, road-space reallocation is difficult to economically justify in road networks
where public transport usage is low and car usage high. Strategies involving the balanced deployment of bus and tram priority
measures where the allocation of time and space to PT minimises negative traffic impacts is shown to improve the overall management
of road-space. A discussion of the approach is also provided including suggestions for further methodology development.
相似文献
Bill YoungEmail: |
11.
Land use-transportation scenario planning: promise and reality 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Keith Bartholomew 《Transportation》2007,34(4):397-412
Land use-transportation scenario planning has become increasingly common in regional and sub-regional planning processes.
The technique promises to provide citizens with opportunities to engage in constructive dialogue about the future of their
communities, and to serve as a basis for assertive action to direct the course of that future. This study reviews 80 scenario
planning projects from more than 50 U.S. metropolitan areas. The analysis reveals important gaps in the practice of scenario
planning—particularly in the areas of public participation, methodology, and institutional structures—and recent efforts to
address the shortcomings.
相似文献
Keith BartholomewEmail: |
12.
Ahmad Sanusi Hassan 《Transportation》2009,36(3):309-324
George Town, Penang, is the oldest British colonial city in South East Asia. The colonial settlement layout in the inner city
area is still intact today. The establishment of George Town as a trading centre had attracted immigrants from all over the
world, especially from Asia (Chinese, Indians and Arabs). Recently, George Town has been enlisted under the UNESCO World Heritage
Lists as an outstanding example of traditional multi-cultural settlement. The uniqueness of this inner city is that the formation
of its urban pattern is the result of ‘divide and rule’ concept adopted by the British authority. Under the ‘divide and rule’
concept, these immigrants were located to settlement areas based on their ethnic background under one leader known as ‘kapitan’ (captain). The study finds that transport access in this inner city was influenced by the ‘divide and rule’ concept. Unlike
formation of well-planned gridiron pattern in other British colonial cities such as in North America, Canada and Australia,
the formation of the urban pattern in George Town has an irregular gridiron pattern. This type of urban pattern is typical
under ‘divide and rule’ concept and this had indirectly influenced the setting and planning of the present street access and
transport networks.
相似文献
Ahmad Sanusi HassanEmail: |
13.
Due to a variety of reasons, the previous century is characterized by an extraordinary growth in car use that has continued
into the current century. This has resulted in serious environmental repercussions. Despite technological advancements, the
externalities remain an ecological threat that can not be discarded by policy makers. Therefore, it is essential that policy
makers focus on reducing car use and on stimulating the shift towards more environment-friendly transport modes. In this study,
Q-methodology is adopted as the technique to segment people, and to ascertain which approaches and determinants matter to
medium distance travel. Segmentation is important, as policy measures will be more efficient and effective if they are fine-tuned
on specific target groups. The analysis revealed that four discourses preponderate the paradigm of environmentally sustainable
transport: travelers who use public transport as a dominant alternative, car-dependent travelers, travelers with a positive
perception of using public transport, and travelers with a preference for car use. Concerning rational, economic motives,
individuals evaluate travel time reliability as most important. To increase the reliability policy makers should consider
the use of separate bus lanes and traffic light manipulation. In addition, public transport can be made even more attractive,
when costs of cars are made more variable by road or congestion charging. When the s motives are discussed, the differences
between the different groups of travelers were more pronounced. Next to increasing the benefits of using public transport,
policy makers should also pay attention to removing psycho-social barriers.
相似文献
Mario CoolsEmail: |
14.
Transport models, philosophy and language 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Paul Timms 《Transportation》2008,35(3):395-410
The aim of this paper is to encourage debate about the nature of transport modelling. It does so firstly by considering the
underlying philosophies of science (apparently) adopted by transport modellers, over a period of more than 50 years, from
the 1950s until the present day. The conclusion is that a new philosophy of science needs to be developed, which is more in
tune with how transport modelling is actually carried out (as opposed to how early transport modellers thought it ought to
be carried out). It is recommended that such a new philosophy perceives transport modelling as a linguistic activity within
the overall context of transport planning, which is in turn considered as a communication process. The paper outlines three
main approaches that could be taken in this respect, analysing transport models from metaphorical, narrative and aesthetic
perspectives. Conclusions are drawn upon the possible future research directions that might follow from the analysis provided
in the paper, emphasising the importance of bringing formal philosophical thinking into transport modelling research and practice.
Paul Timms is a Senior Research Fellow at the Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds. He has been involved for 20 years in research covering a wide range of transport modelling (from traffic signals to world futures), applied to various locations in Europe, Asia and Latin America. 相似文献
Paul TimmsEmail: |
Paul Timms is a Senior Research Fellow at the Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds. He has been involved for 20 years in research covering a wide range of transport modelling (from traffic signals to world futures), applied to various locations in Europe, Asia and Latin America. 相似文献
15.
The impact of high-speed technology on railway demand 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper estimates a passenger railway demand function to analyse effects arising from the introduction and use of high-speed
technologies. The paper reports estimates of demand elasticities with respect to price, income, quality of service and a range
of exogenous characteristics. The results show that travel time savings from conventional high-speed technology have a larger
impact on passenger demand than tilting train technology. The introduction of conventional high-speed technology is associated
with an 8% increase in passenger railway demand. Increasing the use of either type of high-speed technology appears to induce
small positive effects on demand beyond those obtained from usual traffic density increases on non-high-speed existing technology.
Antonio Couto is an assistant professor in the Faculty of Engineering (FEUP) at the University of Porto. He received his PhD from FEUP in 2005 having completed a thesis in railway transport economics. His research focuses on issues related to transport economics and infrastructures. Daniel J. Graham is a Reader in the Centre for Transport Studies at Imperial College London. He specialises in the economics of transport, focusing in particular on modelling the implications of transport provision and accessibility for productivity and economic growth. 相似文献
Daniel J. Graham (Corresponding author)Email: |
Antonio Couto is an assistant professor in the Faculty of Engineering (FEUP) at the University of Porto. He received his PhD from FEUP in 2005 having completed a thesis in railway transport economics. His research focuses on issues related to transport economics and infrastructures. Daniel J. Graham is a Reader in the Centre for Transport Studies at Imperial College London. He specialises in the economics of transport, focusing in particular on modelling the implications of transport provision and accessibility for productivity and economic growth. 相似文献
16.
Paul Stangl 《Transportation》2008,35(6):759-775
Following the passage of ISTEA, increased attention to pedestrian planning has led to the development of pedestrian plans,
particularly at the metropolitan and municipal levels. This has raised the issue of how cities and metropolitan areas evaluate
the walkability of the pedestrian realm and identify improvement projects. Three approaches to evaluating the pedestrian realm
are examined: instrumental rationality, communicative rationality, and phenomenology. Case studies demonstrating the application
of these approaches to the development of pedestrian plans are examined in the Phoenix metropolitan area, Portland, Oregon,
and Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Paul Stangl obtained a Doctorate in Geography at the University of Texas, Austin, in 2001 and a Masters Degree in City and Regional Planning from Rutgers University, in 1992. He has worked as a transportation planner for the City of North Charleston, S.C. and currently teaches city and regional planning at Western Washington University. 相似文献
Paul StanglEmail: |
Paul Stangl obtained a Doctorate in Geography at the University of Texas, Austin, in 2001 and a Masters Degree in City and Regional Planning from Rutgers University, in 1992. He has worked as a transportation planner for the City of North Charleston, S.C. and currently teaches city and regional planning at Western Washington University. 相似文献
17.
This paper reports the results of a stated-preference study aimed at investigating how transport decisions are made by receivers
or by transport operators about the potential use of an urban freight consolidation centre in the city of Fano, Italy. Because
there are no revealed preference data, a stated-choice methodology is used. The stated-choice experiments present two alternatives—one
using a private vehicle subject to various traffic regulations and one using the urban freight consolidation centre with varying
cost and efficiency levels. Conventional discrete choice data modelling shows that the potential demand is influenced mainly
by the distance of the parking bay from the shop, by access permit cost, by the service cost of the urban freight consolidation
centre, and by the delay in delivery time. Simulations are then performed to assess how the potential demand is affected by
various incentives and regulations affecting urban goods distribution.
Edoardo Marcucci is Associate Professor of Applied Economics at the Faculty of Political Sciences, University of Roma Tre, Italy, General Secretary of the Italian Society of Transportation Economists, and co-founder of the Kuhmo—Nectar Conference and Summer School Series on Pricing, Financing, Regulating Transport Infrastructures and Services. He has studied freight transportation concentrating on interactions along logistic supply chains. Romeo Danielis is Full Professor at the University of Trieste, Italy. He is managing editor of European Transport\Trasporti Europei. He has published articles on input-output modelling, regional environmental policy, social costing of transport externalities, EU enlargement and on several transport issues including road pricing, the Down-Thompson paradox, energy use and CO2 emissions, freight transport demand and stated preferences. 相似文献
Edoardo MarcucciEmail: |
Edoardo Marcucci is Associate Professor of Applied Economics at the Faculty of Political Sciences, University of Roma Tre, Italy, General Secretary of the Italian Society of Transportation Economists, and co-founder of the Kuhmo—Nectar Conference and Summer School Series on Pricing, Financing, Regulating Transport Infrastructures and Services. He has studied freight transportation concentrating on interactions along logistic supply chains. Romeo Danielis is Full Professor at the University of Trieste, Italy. He is managing editor of European Transport\Trasporti Europei. He has published articles on input-output modelling, regional environmental policy, social costing of transport externalities, EU enlargement and on several transport issues including road pricing, the Down-Thompson paradox, energy use and CO2 emissions, freight transport demand and stated preferences. 相似文献
18.
Singapore motorisation restraint and its implications on travel behaviour and urban sustainability 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Piotr S. Olszewski 《Transportation》2007,34(3):319-335
The example of Singapore shows that rapid urban and economic growth does not have to bring traffic congestion and pollution.
Singapore has chosen to restrain car traffic demand due to its limited land supply. Transport policy based on balanced development
of road and transit infrastructure and restraint of traffic has been consistently implemented for the past 30 years. Combined
with land use planning, it resulted in a modern transport system, which is free from major congestion and provides users with
different travel alternatives. As the economic growth caused a substantial increase in demand for cars, several pricing policies
were introduced with the aim of restraining car ownership and usage. Growth of the vehicle population is now controlled and
potentially congested roads are subject to road pricing. These measures help to keep the roads free from major congestion,
maintain car share of work trips below 25% and keep the transport energy usage low. Although Singapore conditions are in many
aspects unique, its travel demand experience can provide useful lessons for other rapidly growing cities in Asia.
相似文献
Piotr S. OlszewskiEmail: |
19.
When a new public transport service is introduced it would be valuable for public authorities, financing organisations and
transport operators to know how long it will take for people to start to use the service and what factors influence this.
This paper presents results from research analysing the time taken for residents living close to a new guided bus service
to start to use (or adopt) the service. Data was obtained from a sample of residents on whether they used the new service
and the number of weeks after the service was introduced before they first used it. Duration modelling has been used to analyse
how the likelihood of starting to use the new service changes over time (after the introduction of the service) and to examine
what factors influence this. It is found that residents who have not used the new service are increasingly unlikely to use
it as time passes. Those residents gaining greater accessibility benefits from the new service are found to be quicker to
use the service, although the size of this effect is modest compared to that of other between-resident differences. Allowance
for the possibility that there existed a proportion of the sample that would never use the new service was tested using a
split population model (SPD) model. The SPD model indicates that 36% of residents will never use the new service and is informative
in differentiating factors that influence whether Route 20 is used and when it is used.
Kiron Chatterjee has been a Senior Lecturer at the University of the West of England, Bristol, since 2003 and previously was at the University of Southampton. Currently, a main focus of his research is on longitudinal analysis of travel behaviour to improve policy analysis. Kang-Rae Ma received a PhD in Planning from University College London. He worked at the University of the West of England, Bristol, and the Korea Transport Institute before he joined Chung-Ang University as an Assistant Professor. His research interests include modelling of travel behaviour and urban excess commuting. 相似文献
Kang-Rae MaEmail: |
Kiron Chatterjee has been a Senior Lecturer at the University of the West of England, Bristol, since 2003 and previously was at the University of Southampton. Currently, a main focus of his research is on longitudinal analysis of travel behaviour to improve policy analysis. Kang-Rae Ma received a PhD in Planning from University College London. He worked at the University of the West of England, Bristol, and the Korea Transport Institute before he joined Chung-Ang University as an Assistant Professor. His research interests include modelling of travel behaviour and urban excess commuting. 相似文献
20.
Wireless ICTs are often used in public transport. Using survey data collected amongst 98 train travellers this article aims
to gain insight into important factors that affect train travellers’ intentions to communicate with distant others while travelling.
More specifically, the focus is on the decision-making process that leads to the intention to choose for a confidential conversation
either via ‘audible’ mobile phone or via ‘silent’ SMS/e-mail. An approach that is related to the Extended Model of Goal-directed
Behaviour (EMGB) is applied. Structural equation modelling results indicate that in particular past SMS behaviour, the desire
to communicate (goal desire), the perceived efficacy and controllability influence the intention to conduct a confidential
phone conversation in the train. The influence of the social environment (e.g. eavesdropping) seems to be less important.
Several EMGB constructs are strongly influenced by age. It seems that older respondents have more negative attitudes towards
telephoning while travelling by train, and find it more difficult to call other people in such a situation. Finally, they
have a lower intention than younger respondents to conduct a confidential conversation over the phone while travelling.
相似文献
Martin DijstEmail: |