基于高精地图的物流配送车路径规划与跟踪控制

为了解决园区等场景下无人车多途经点配送问题,提出了一种基于矢量化高精地图的车道级全局路径规划、生成和跟踪控制方法。考虑配送车往返途经点顺序对行驶路径总长度的影响,基于高精地图采用A*算法计算各配送点间的最优路径,在此基础上,利用动态规划算法求解经过多个配送点的全局最优路径。应用贝塞尔曲线对规划的路径进行平滑,并根据道路曲率设定不同路径处的参考行驶速度,进而生成车道级的可用于跟踪的目标轨迹。利用车辆二自由度模型设计模型预测控制器进行轨迹跟踪,实现低速物流配送车的自主控制。在 CarSim/Prescan/Simulink联合仿真平台和实车平台上对提出的规划控制方法进行了试验。结果表明,相比传统的依据最近配送点策略确定的路径,所提出的方法搜索出的路径长度平均缩短了 6.15%。所设计的轨迹跟踪控制器能确保配送试验车与目标轨迹的横向偏差在 0.25 m 以内,航向角偏差在5°以内。     

Path Tracking for Autonomous Race Car Based on G-G Diagram

Currently, the autonomous driving technique is attracting increasing research focus from all over the world. Generally, the control systems of an autonomous vehicle include environment perception, path planning and path tracking control systems. In this paper, the path tracking control issue of the autonomous vehicle will be focused on. Few of the previous proposed path tracking controllers consider the vehicle driving and handling limit, which degenerates the potential of the autonomous vehicle to finish the desired path as quick as possible. To this end, this paper proposes a path tracking controller for autonomous vehicle, which aims at pushing it to the driving and handling limit. The limit dynamic performance of the autonomous vehicle is represented by the G-G diagram, which indicates the acceleration capability of the autonomous vehicle. The G-G diagram is obtained by phase portrait method and it is validated by a modified FSAE racing car. Finally, a path tracking controller based on the G-G diagram is proposed. The simulation validation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed controller.     

Yaw rate and side-slip control considering vehicle longitudinal dynamics

Most conventional vehicle stability controllers operate on the basis of many simplifying assumptions, such as a small steering wheel angle, constant longitudinal velocity and a small side-slip angle. This paper presents a new approach for controlling the yaw rate and side-slip of a vehicle without neglecting its longitudinal dynamics and without making simplifying assumptions about its motion. A sliding-mode controller is used to develop a differential braking controller for tracking a desired vehicle yaw rate for a given steering wheel angle, while keeping the vehicle’s side-slip angle as small as possible. The trade-off that exists between yaw rate and side-slip control is described. Conventional and proposed algorithms are presented, and the effectiveness of the proposed controller is investigated using a seven-degree-of-freedom vehicle dynamics model. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed controller is more effective than the conventional one.     

Using µ Feedforward for Vehicle Stability Enhancement

A differential braking control strategy using yaw rate feedback, coupled with µ feedforward is introduced for a vehicle cornering on different µ roads. A nonlinear 4-wheel car model is developed. A desired yaw rate is calculated from the reference model based on the driver steering input. It is shown that knowledge of µ offers significant improvement of the vehicle desired trajectory over that of a yaw rate controller alone. Uncertainties and time delay in estimating µ are shown to still yield a system that is superior to using no µ information at all.     

Using µ Feedforward for Vehicle Stability Enhancement

A differential braking control strategy using yaw rate feedback, coupled with µ feedforward is introduced for a vehicle cornering on different µ roads. A nonlinear 4-wheel car model is developed. A desired yaw rate is calculated from the reference model based on the driver steering input. It is shown that knowledge of µ offers significant improvement of the vehicle desired trajectory over that of a yaw rate controller alone. Uncertainties and time delay in estimating µ are shown to still yield a system that is superior to using no µ information at all.     

Active front wheel steering model and controller for integrated dynamics control systems

We report a model and controller for an active front-wheel steering (AFS) system. Two integrated dynamics control (IDC) systems are designed to investigate the performance of the AFS system when integrated with braking and steering systems. An 8-degrees-of-freedom vehicle model was employed to test the controllers. The controllers were inspected and compared under different driving and road conditions, with and without braking input, and with and without steering input. The results show that the AFS system performs kinematic steering assistance function and kinematic stabilisation function very well. Three controllers allowed the yaw rate to accurately follow a reference yaw rate, improving the lateral stability. The two IDC systems improved the lateral stability and vehicle control and were effective in reducing the sideslip angle.     

车速控制系统自适应油门控制器设计

在分析非线性车辆纵向动力学模型及简化模型基础上，采用一种简化非线件模型设计自适应油门控制器，并应用李亚谱诺夫理论证明了传动系统存在动态过程时控制系统的稳定性。通过对基于简化线性和非线性模燃的自适应控制器的仿真研究，结果表明后者具有更好的收敛性。试验结果也进一步表明，基于非线性模型的自适应控制器可以通过自适应调节减小参数不确定造成的干扰，当传动系统存在动态过程时可以保证车速跟踪误差有界。     

Drive control system design for stability and maneuverability of a 6WD/6WS vehicle

This paper describes a drive controller designed to improve the lateral vehicle stability and maneuverability of a 6-wheel drive / 6-wheel steering (6WD/6WS) vehicle. The drive controller consists of upper and lower level controllers. The upper level controller is based on sliding control theory and determines both front and middle steering angle, additional net yaw moment, and longitudinal net force according to the reference velocity and steering angle of a manual drive, remotely controlled, autonomous controller. The lower level controller takes the desired longitudinal net force, yaw moment, and tire force information as inputs and determines the additional front steering angle and distributed longitudinal tire force on each wheel. This controller is based on optimal distribution control and takes into consideration the friction circle related to the vertical tire force and friction coefficient acting on the road and tire. Distributed longitudinal/lateral tire forces are determined as proportion to the size of the friction circle according to changes in driving conditions. The response of the 6WD/6WS vehicle implemented with this drive controller has been evaluated via computer simulations conducted using the Matlab/Simulink dynamic model. Computer simulations of an open loop under turning conditions and a closed-loop driver model subjected to double lane change have been conducted to demonstrate the improved performance of the proposed drive controller over that of a conventional DYC.     

智能汽车轨迹跟踪与横摆稳定性协同控制

为了提高四轮独立驱动智能电动汽车在变曲率弯道下的轨迹跟踪精度和横摆稳定性,提出了一种模型预测控制与直接横摆力矩控制协同的综合控制方法。建立了横纵向耦合的车辆动力学模型,采用2阶龙格库塔离散法保证了离散模型的精度,并基于简化的2自由度动力学模型推导了车辆横摆稳定性约束,设计了非线性模型预测控制器;利用直接横摆力矩控制能够改变车辆横摆角速度和航向角的特点,考虑模型预测控制器的预测状态、控制量以及跟踪误差,设计了协同控制规则。仿真结果表明,协同控制方法解决了考虑横摆稳定性约束的模型预测控制器中存在的稳定性约束与控制精度相矛盾的问题,并补偿了模型预测控制器没有可行解时对横摆稳定性的约束,同时提高了智能汽车的轨迹跟踪精度和横摆稳定性。     

A novel direct yaw moment controller for in-wheel motor electric vehicles

A novel direct yaw moment controller is developed in this paper. A hierarchical control architecture is adopted in the controller design. In the upper controller, a driver model and a vehicle model are used to obtain the driver's intention and the vehicle states, respectively. The upper controller determines the desired yaw moment by means of sliding mode control. The lower controller distributes differential longitudinal forces according to the desired yaw moment. A nonlinear tyre model, ‘UniTire’, is utilised to develop the novel distribution strategy and the control boundary.     

Vehicle stability control system for enhancing steerabilty,lateral stability,and roll stability

The Vehicle stability control system is an active safety system designed to prevent accidents from occurring and to stabilize dynamic maneuvers of a vehicle by generating an artificial yaw moment using differential brakes. In this paper, in order to enhance vehicle steerability, lateral stability, and roll stability, each reference yaw rate is designed and combined into a target yaw rate depending on the driving situation. A yaw rate controller is designed to track the target yaw rate based on sliding mode control theory. To generate the total yaw moment required from the proposed yaw rate controller, each brake pressure is properly distributed with effective control wheel decision. Estimators are developed to identify the roll angle and body sideslip angle of a vehicle based on the simplified roll dynamics model and parameter adaptation approach. The performance of the proposed vehicle stability control system and estimation algorithms is verified with simulation results and experimental results.     

面向车道变换的路径规划及模型预测轨迹跟踪

为解决智能车辆在车道变换过程中的路径规划和路径跟踪问题,首先,利用梯形加速度法设计了车道变换虚拟理想轨迹,该路径规划方法的适应性取决于车道变换时间、横向加速度及变化率等关键变量的约束条件,因而对各关键变量之间的数学关系进行了定量计算,并绘制了不同工况下的车道变换虚拟理想轨迹,用于分析各关键变量对路径规划的影响;其次,建立了线性离散的车辆动力学预测模型,综合分析了车辆模型的控制输入、状态变量以及道路结构参数等约束条件,构建了多约束模型预测控制（MMPC）系统用于车道变换路径跟踪,并基于Hildreth二次规划算法对其目标函数进行了求解,获得前轮转向角控制量,从而保证智能车辆在车道变换过程中的路径跟踪性能及操纵稳定性能;最后,利用MATLAB和Carsim软件对提出的多约束模型预测控制系统进行联合仿真,并构建单约束模型预测控制（SMPC）系统与其进行性能比较,分别对车道变换时间为3 s和6 s时的车道变换性能进行比较分析。结果表明：当车道变换时间为6 s时,2种控制系统都能较好地实现车道变换功能;当车道变换时间为3 s时,与SMPC控制系统相比较,MMPC控制系统能够在有效跟踪期望行驶路径的同时改善车辆的操纵稳定性,从而提高车辆在路径跟踪过程中的主动安全性能。     

智能汽车对无信号交叉口行人的避撞控制

针对智能汽车在无信号交叉口对横穿行人的避撞问题,研究了主动转向避撞控制策略.基于多层模型预测控制方法,采用分层控制策略设计局部规划层控制器与全局跟踪层控制器,在此基础上根据交叉口处汽车与行人的轨迹特征计算人车碰撞剩余时间,改进传统人工势场法构造避撞函数,规划出既能规避交叉口内存在碰撞风险的行人又能使偏差最小的局部避撞路...     

基于模型预测控制的智能车轨迹跟踪控制研究

为了完成智能车的轨迹跟踪,提出一种基于模型预测控制的轨迹跟踪方法,利用将运动学模型这个非线性系统线性化的方案,来获得必须的线性时变系统,采取模型预测控制的三要素来设计控制器。并且基于MPC在控制过程中能增加多种约束的优点,建立基于车辆运动学模型的约束做轨迹跟踪仿真实验,最后,基于山东理工大学智能车平台上GPS提供的定位信息,在校园中采集路线并对前提规划好的的轨迹进行实车验证。实验结果表明:基于MPC算法所设计的控制器能快速且稳定地跟踪期望轨迹。     

装载机避障轨迹规划及模型预测轨迹跟踪

轮式装载机在工作区域行驶时,避障过程频繁,以往的避障轨迹规划未考虑整车转向半径约束和车速变化,也较少考虑整车在动力学模型条件下的轨迹跟踪性能.针对上述情况,以自动驾驶轮式装载机为对象,基于最优快速随机扩展树算法(RRT*),考虑车身膨胀圆个数,生成全局最优避障路径,以整车最小稳定转向半径为约束,利用CC-Steer算法...     

Modified lateral control of an autonomous vehicle by look-ahead and look-down sensing

This paper presents a modified lateral control method for an autonomous vehicle with both look-ahead and look-down sensing systems. To cope with sensor noise and modeling uncertainty in the lateral control of the vehicle, a modified LMI-based H lateral controller was proposed, which uses the look-ahead information of the lateral offset error measured at the front of vehicle and the look-down information of the vehicle yaw angle error between the reference lane and the centerline of the vehicle. To verify the safety and the performance of the lateral control, a scaled-down vehicle was developed, and the positioning of the vehicle was estimated with USAT. The proposed controller, which uses both look-ahead and look-down information, was tested for lane changing and reference lane tracking with both simulation and experiment. The simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller has better tracking and handling performance compared with a controller that uses only the look-ahead information of the target heading angle error.     

A tyre slip-based integrated chassis control of front/rear traction distribution and four-wheel independent brake from moderate driving to limit handling

This paper presents a tyre slip-based integrated chassis control of front/rear traction distribution and four-wheel braking for enhanced performance from moderate driving to limit handling. The proposed algorithm adopted hierarchical structure: supervisor – desired motion tracking controller – optimisation-based control allocation. In the supervisor, by considering transient cornering characteristics, desired vehicle motion is calculated. In the desired motion tracking controller, in order to track desired vehicle motion, virtual control input is determined in the manner of sliding mode control. In the control allocation, virtual control input is allocated to minimise cost function. The cost function consists of two major parts. First part is a slip-based tyre friction utilisation quantification, which does not need a tyre force estimation. Second part is an allocation guideline, which guides optimally allocated inputs to predefined solution. The proposed algorithm has been investigated via simulation from moderate driving to limit handling scenario. Compared to Base and direct yaw moment control system, the proposed algorithm can effectively reduce tyre dissipation energy in the moderate driving situation. Moreover, the proposed algorithm enhances limit handling performance compared to Base and direct yaw moment control system. In addition to comparison with Base and direct yaw moment control, comparison the proposed algorithm with the control algorithm based on the known tyre force information has been conducted. The results show that the performance of the proposed algorithm is similar with that of the control algorithm with the known tyre force information.     

Full drive-by-wire dynamic control for four-wheel-steer all-wheel-drive vehicles

Most of the controllers introduced for four-wheel-steer (4WS) vehicles are derived with the assumption that the longitudinal speed of the vehicle is constant. However, in real applications, the longitudinal speed varies, and the longitudinal, lateral, and yaw dynamics are coupled. In this paper, the longitudinal dynamics of the vehicle as well as its lateral and yaw motions are controlled simultaneously. This way, the effect of driving/braking forces of the tires on the lateral and yaw motions of the vehicle are automatically included in the control laws. To address the dynamic parameter uncertainty of the vehicle, a chatter-free variable structure controller is introduced. Elimination of chatter is achieved by introducing a dynamically adaptive boundary layer thickness. It is shown via simulations that the proposed control approach performs more robustly than the controllers developed based on dynamic models, in which longitudinal speed is assumed to be constant, and only lateral speed and yaw rate are used as system states. Furthermore, this approach supports all-wheel-drive vehicles. Front-wheel-drive or rear-wheel-drive vehicles are also supported as special cases of an all-wheel-drive vehicle.     

基于MPC的分布式驱动越野车辆原地转向控制研究

针对轮毂电机分布式驱动越野车辆在狭小空间快速机动的需求,设计了一种分层结构的原地转向控制策略。基于动力学原理分析了各轮载荷、附着条件对原地转向横摆速度的影响机理,并搭建原地转向运动学模型,上层采用模型预测控制算法设计原地转向理想轨迹以及期望的横摆角速度,开发基于PI滑模控制的横摆运动跟踪算法,通过补偿转向横摆力矩以提高方向角控制的鲁棒性和稳定性,下层以最优轮胎利用率为目标,设计二次规划算法优化分配各轮附加横摆力矩。dSPACE硬件在环测试结果表明,所提出的控制算法可在保证稳定性的前提下实现原地转向,大幅提高了车辆的转向机动性,在方向盘动态输入仿真中,车辆最大转弯半径为0.157 m,转向中心的最大偏移量为3.610 m;同时,驾驶员能对转向过程进行闭环控制,实现了原地转向过程中横摆速度的实时调节。     

A novel vehicle dynamics stability control algorithm based on the hierarchical strategy with constrain of nonlinear tyre forces

Direct yaw moment control (DYC), which differentially brakes the wheels to produce a yaw moment for the vehicle stability in a steering process, is an important part of electric stability control system. In this field, most control methods utilise the active brake pressure with a feedback controller to adjust the braked wheel. However, the method might lead to a control delay or overshoot because of the lack of a quantitative project relationship between target values from the upper stability controller to the lower pressure controller. Meanwhile, the stability controller usually ignores the implementing ability of the tyre forces, which might be restrained by the combined-slip dynamics of the tyre. Therefore, a novel control algorithm of DYC based on the hierarchical control strategy is brought forward in this paper. As for the upper controller, a correctional linear quadratic regulator, which not only contains feedback control but also contains feed forward control, is introduced to deduce the object of the stability yaw moment in order to guarantee the yaw rate and side-slip angle stability. As for the medium and lower controller, the quantitative relationship between the vehicle stability object and the target tyre forces of controlled wheels is proposed to achieve smooth control performance based on a combined-slip tyre model. The simulations with the hardware-in-the-loop platform validate that the proposed algorithm can improve the stability of the vehicle effectively.