智能车辆主动避撞与稳定性联合控制仿真

为改善车辆在主动避撞过程中的车辆动力学特性,在MATLAB/Simulink环境下结合驾驶员模型分别设计了基于模糊控制理论的主动避撞控制处理器、制动稳定性控制器和转向稳定性控制器,从而能够在车辆主动避撞过程中综合考虑避撞和稳定性两个目标.并在ADAMS中建立了整车模型,联合MATLAB进行了仿真研究,仿真结果证明,在相...     

Emergency steering control of autonomous vehicle for collision avoidance and stabilisation

ABSTRACT

Collision avoidance and stabilisation are two of the most crucial concerns when an autonomous vehicle finds itself in emergency situations, which usually occur in a short time horizon and require large actuator inputs, together with highly nonlinear tyre cornering response. In order to avoid collision while stabilising autonomous vehicle under dynamic driving situations at handling limits, this paper proposes a novel emergency steering control strategy based on hierarchical control architecture consisting of decision-making layer and motion control layer. In decision-making layer, a dynamic threat assessment model continuously evaluates the risk associated with collision and destabilisation, and a path planner based on kinematics and dynamics of vehicle system determines a collision-free path when it suddenly encounters emergency scenarios. In motion control layer, a lateral motion controller considering nonlinearity of tyre cornering response and unknown external disturbance is designed using tyre lateral force estimation-based backstepping sliding-mode control to track a collision-free path, and to ensure the robustness and stability of the closed-loop system. Both simulation and experiment results show that the proposed control scheme can effectively perform an emergency collision avoidance manoeuvre while maintaining the stability of autonomous vehicle in different running conditions.     

制动与转向协调动作的车辆避撞控制研究（双语出版）

为了弥补现有汽车避撞控制策略以及碰撞风险评价指标单一的不足,提出转向和制动协调的主动避撞控制系统。首先规划了五次多项式换道路径,在对其理论分析的基础上得到转向临界避撞距离和与目标车道车辆的安全距离约束。其次,考虑道路附着系数和系统延迟的影响,基于制动过程给出制动临界避撞距离,并以纵向行驶安全系数ξ和碰撞时间倒数T^-1_TC划分安全行驶区域,利用驾驶人实车跟车数据标定稳态跟随/定速巡航区域的阈值。随后,通过转向/制动临界避撞距离的对比给出2种避撞方式的安全收益范围。最后搭建Simulink/CarSim联合仿真模型,并对其进行不同初始条件下的避撞仿真试验。研究结果表明：转向操作在制动距离不足时仍是有效的;当主车高速近距离接近静止前车时,主车可以顺利采取转向换道动作,而常规ACC系统在2.5 s处的车间相对距离为-0.76 m,事实上已经发生了碰撞;当相邻车道前车与主车纵向间距不满足换道安全距离约束时,避撞控制系统进入紧急制动模式,最大制动减速度达到-0.8g（g为重力加速度）,实际最小车间距为5.1 m;通过转向和制动的协调动作,充分发挥了车辆的避撞潜力;ξ和T^-1_TC指标的融合,可以更好地评估碰撞风险并实现不同控制模式的转换,在保证行车安全的同时可避免过分制动给乘客造成的紧张感。     

Vehicle rollover avoidance by application of gain-scheduled LQR controllers using state observers

Many researches have been conducted in the area of control applied to vehicle dynamics, aiming at reducing the possibility of the occurrence of the type of accident known as rollover. In this research, based on a common nonlinear model and its linearisation, a method for properly selecting matrices for solving the Riccati equation considering different speeds was proposed. The method showed in which ways speed really influences the choice of controller gains. By developing the dynamic equations for the yaw- and roll-coupled motions and modelling of controllers and state observers, it is possible to compare the efficacy of this control strategy using both linear and nonlinear simulations using Matlab. Significant results were obtained regarding the reduction of the rollover coefficient for a double-lane change manoeuvre at different speeds, thus indicating advantages of using this controller in practical cases.     

队列车辆碰撞严重性及车队排布策略

针对自动驾驶车辆队列发生不可避免碰撞的事故场景,研究以整体碰撞严重性达到最低为目标的车队排布策略.首先根据引发事故的障碍物是否会明显影响领航车运动,将碰撞划分为队内碰撞和队外碰撞.队列几何构型一定时,针对均质化队列发生一维碰撞过程建立理论模型,计入碰撞前车辆对前车紧急制动的感应及自车进行紧急制动的过程,计算并定义时间截...     

基于模型匹配方法的汽车主动避撞下位控制系统

针对汽车主动避撞系统下位控制的鲁棒性要求，应用模型匹配控制理论，设计了汽车主动避撞下位系统的控材器；并解决了下位控制系统鲁棒稳定性和鲁棒跟随性难以得到兼顾的问题；通过实车试验结果对此控制器性能进行了验证；获得了较好的效果。     

Integration of vehicle yaw stabilisation and rollover prevention through nonlinear hierarchical control allocation

This work presents an approach to rollover prevention that takes advantage of the modular structure and optimisation properties of the control allocation paradigm. It eliminates the need for a stabilising roll controller by introducing rollover prevention as a constraint on the control allocation problem. The major advantage of this approach is the control authority margin that remains with a high-level controller even during interventions for rollover prevention. In this work, the high-level control is assigned to a yaw stabilising controller. It could be replaced by any other controller. The constraint for rollover prevention could be replaced by or extended to different control objectives. This work uses differential braking for actuation. The use of additional or different actuators is possible. The developed control algorithm is computationally efficient and suitable for low-cost automotive electronic control units. The predictive design of the rollover prevention constraint does not require any sensor equipment in addition to the yaw controller. The method is validated using an industrial multi-body vehicle simulation environment.     

Improving the robustness of an MPC-based obstacle avoidance algorithm to parametric uncertainty using worst-case scenarios

Previous work by the authors focused on obstacle avoidance in large, high-speed autonomous ground vehicles within unknown and unstructured environments. This work resulted in a nonlinear model predictive control based algorithm that simultaneously optimises both the speed and steering commands. The algorithm can exploit the dynamic limits of the vehicle to navigate it to a target position as quickly as possible without compromising safety. In the algorithm, a model of the vehicle is used explicitly to predict and optimise future actions, but in practice the model parameter values are not known exactly. Thus, in this paper, the robustness of the algorithm to parametric uncertainty is evaluated. It is first demonstrated that using nominal parameter values in the algorithm leads to safety issues in 24% of the evaluated scenarios with the considered parametric uncertainty distributions. To improve the algorithm's robustness, a novel double-worst-case formulation is developed that simultaneously accounts for the robust satisfaction of the two safety requirements of high-speed obstacle avoidance: collision-free and no-wheel-lift-off. Results from simulations with stratified random scenarios and worst-case scenarios show that the double-worst-case formulation renders the algorithm robust to all uncertainty realisations tested. The trade-off between robustness and the task completion performance is also quantified.     

智能安全车辆技术前沿跟踪

通过对智能安全车辆技术的起源和发展介绍。并针对有应用前景的智能安全车辆技术如：车道偏离预警系统、主动纵向避撞系统和自适应巡航控制系统,逐一进行了深入分析;给出了系统功能的定义和实现原理,指出了关键核心技术和实现难点所在。为我国开展实施智能安全车辆技术提出了建议和技术路线。     

基于主动转向技术的汽车防侧翻控制的研究

以汽车2自由度模型作为参考模型，建立了一种汽车防侧翻的控制方法。该方法采用主动转向技术来改变转向轮的转向角度，有效地减少了汽车的侧向加速度，提高了汽车的防侧翻的能力。在8自山度汽车动力学模型的基础上，运用主动转向技术的控制策略进行了汽车的性能仿真分析。与末采用汽车防侧翻控制系统的汽车动力学分析结果相比，汽车的主动安全性得到了增强。     

A study on model fidelity for model predictive control-based obstacle avoidance in high-speed autonomous ground vehicles

This paper investigates the level of model fidelity needed in order for a model predictive control (MPC)-based obstacle avoidance algorithm to be able to safely and quickly avoid obstacles even when the vehicle is close to its dynamic limits. The context of this work is large autonomous ground vehicles that manoeuvre at high speed within unknown, unstructured, flat environments and have significant vehicle dynamics-related constraints. Five different representations of vehicle dynamics models are considered: four variations of the two degrees-of-freedom (DoF) representation as lower fidelity models and a fourteen DoF representation with combined-slip Magic Formula tyre model as a higher fidelity model. It is concluded that the two DoF representation that accounts for tyre nonlinearities and longitudinal load transfer is necessary for the MPC-based obstacle avoidance algorithm in order to operate the vehicle at its limits within an environment that includes large obstacles. For less challenging environments, however, the two DoF representation with linear tyre model and constant axle loads is sufficient.     

极限工况下主动前轮转向汽车稳定性控制

轮胎对汽车稳定性有重要影响,研究和利用轮胎的非线性特性有助于扩展汽车的稳定域。本文基于非线性轮胎模型,提出一种改进型线性时变模型预测控制(LTV-MPC)方法。该方法能扩展主动前轮转向汽车的稳定范围,提高极限工况下主动前轮转向汽车的稳定性。仿真结果表明,该方法比传统的LTV-MPC方法具有更好的稳定性控制效果。     

基于等效力的汽车主动避撞模型及其仿真

为使汽车主动避撞模型能够在人-车-路不同行车环境下保证汽车的主动避撞效果,建立了基于等效力的汽车主动避撞模型.通过以汽车风险评估中提出的等效力模型为基础,加入路面附着系数因子、驾驶员激进程度因子和汽车速度因子,得到行车等效力模型,通过实际行车等效力与不同行车环境中的标准等效力进行对比,实现汽车主动避撞预警.利用Simu...     

Risk management algorithm for rear-side collision avoidance using a combined steering torque overlay and differential braking

This paper describes a risk management algorithm for rear-side collision avoidance. The proposed risk management algorithm consists of a supervisor and a coordinator. The supervisor is designed to monitor collision risks between the subject vehicle and approaching vehicle in the adjacent lane. An appropriate criterion of intervention, which satisfies high acceptance to drivers through the consideration of a realistic traffic, has been determined based on the analysis of the kinematics of the vehicles in longitudinal and lateral directions. In order to assist the driver actively and increase driver's safety, a coordinator is designed to combine lateral control using a steering torque overlay by motor-driven power steering and differential braking by vehicle stability control. In order to prevent the collision while limiting actuator's control inputs and vehicle dynamics to safe values for the assurance of the driver's comfort, the Lyapunov theory and linear matrix inequalities based optimisation methods have been used. The proposed risk management algorithm has been evaluated via simulation using CarSim and MATLAB/Simulink.     

汽车纵向行驶安全报警系统开发

在介绍现代汽车主动避撞系统的基础上，设计了一个汽车纵向行驶安全报警系统，研制了系统相关硬件及安全报警软件，在此基础上，通过实车试验对车头时距报警算法和驾驶员预估报警算法进行了比较分析，证明了所开发系统的有效性。     

基于模型预测理论的车辆纵向避撞控制研究

为了实现电动车辆纵向避撞控制,提高车辆的安全性和人性化需求,文章针对分布式电动汽车,建立了平面运动的简化动力学模型;提出了基于 MPC 的纵向避撞控制策略,其中基于传感器获取的障碍物运动信息,采用滚动优化方法设计顶层控制器,以求解车辆期望纵向加速度。底 层分配控制器则基于车辆期望加速度,对车轮转矩进行最优分配,实现基于模型预测控制的车辆纵向避撞控制。最后通过仿真测试控制器的有效性。     

基于弹性绳理论的自主车辆防碰撞的路径规划

基于人工势场的引导策略,通过建立包括车道边界和障碍车的道路危险势场,采用弹性绳模型实现了车辆在高速公路上的车道保持和紧急避障功能。为了保证车辆在高速情形下避障的安全性,在障碍车辆原有势场基础上,在障碍车辆的前后各增加一个引导势场,使车辆能够提前避障,从而避障过程更安全。再结合Carsim仿真,在车辆的路径跟随过程中观察主车的横摆角速度的变化来判断车辆的稳定性。对直道和弯道两种情形进行避障仿真对比分析,结果表明:在障碍车辆前后添加引导势场能提前避障,从而使避障过程更安全。     

Model predictive control with constraints for a nonlinear adaptive cruise control vehicle model in transition manoeuvres

A vehicle following control law, based on the model predictive control method, to perform transition manoeuvres (TMs) for a nonlinear adaptive cruise control (ACC) vehicle is presented in this paper. The TM controller ultimately establishes a steady-state following distance behind a preceding vehicle to avoid collision, keeping account of acceleration limits, safe distance, and state constraints. The vehicle dynamics model is for continuous-time domain and captures the real dynamics of the sub-vehicle models for steady-state and transient operations. The ACC vehicle can execute the TM successfully and achieves a steady-state in the presence of complex dynamics within the constraint boundaries.