惯性释放法在大型复杂结构焊接变形预测中的应用（英文）

在进行大型结构焊接变形有限元分析时,为了固定整体结构刚体位移必须施加不少于6个自由度的约束,但对于自由状态下的结构而言,如何施加这6个最少约束是非常的困难,长期以来是困扰研究人员的难题,也是焊接结构有限元分析在工业现场应用的一个瓶颈。所谓惯性释放法就是可以在不加约束的情况下模拟自由结构的变形。该文将在航海航空领域得到广泛应用的惯性释放法引入大型焊接结构变形分析,解决了自由状态下结构必须施加约束的问题。首先以典型的对接接头为例,比较了两种不同的约束方法之间的差别。然后通过一个典型的船体焊接变形预测的实例,验证了惯性释放法在大型结构中应用的可行性,为焊接结构变形分析在工业生产中广泛应用提供了一个有效的方法。     

基于ANSYS的船舶复杂结构焊接变形预测研究

运用通用有限元软件ANSYS对LNG船304L不锈钢液舱及大型复杂耐压舱结构采用组合焊道和不同类型单元混合使用的等效简化,建立了三维有限元模型。在不影响计算精度的前提下,采取了一系列减少计算量和增强收敛的措施,成功地解决了热弹塑性有限元分析计算量大、收敛困难等问题,完成了大型复杂结构多道焊的热弹塑性有限元分析和预测结构的焊接变形。在不锈钢液舱简化模型中随着焊接道数的增加,变形越来越接近实际焊接变形,Y方向最大变形量减小趋势变缓,其最大下塌量小于4.22mm,复杂耐压舱结构的计算结果表明在结构刚度小的部位施加合适的支撑能有效减小结构的焊接变形,为焊接变形的控制提供了可靠的理论依据。     

焊接结构变形分析系统(Weld_Sta)的开发及其应用

为使现场工程人员方便进行焊接结构变形分析,开发了一个能简单地对焊接变形有限元分析所需的数据进行前处理,对焊接变形进行计算机分析并对仿真结果进行后期处理的软件-焊接结构变形分析系统。该软件操作简便,具有自动寻找焊缝,通过固有变形数据库自动导入焊接参数,自动施加约束条件,计算模块兼容性强等多项实用功能,从而满足现场工程人员要求。并以某大型船体分段焊接变形预测为例,验证了本软件系统的实用性和可靠性。     

固有变形计算方法及其在船舶焊接结构变形中的应用

采用基于固有应变法的弹性有限元分析预测大型复杂结构的焊接变形的前提是必须已知焊缝附近的固有变形。结构的焊接残余应力与焊接变形取决于其接头的固有变形大小及分布,因此开发精确计算接头固有变形的方法,并依此建立一个完善的固有变形数据库对于大型复杂结构焊接变形的预测有重要意义。文中提出了几种计算固有变形的方法包括公式法、热弹塑性有限元法、实测法,并分别采用这几种方法对典型T型接头的横向固有收缩与纵向固有收缩进行计算,三种方法得到的结果比较一致。在此基础上,进一步以典型船体结构为研究对象,采用依照这三种方法建立的固有变形数据库对其焊接变形进行预测,并与实测数据进行比较,验证了该数据库的有效性。     

基于固有应变理论的船体焊接变形仿真研究

大型船舶构件尺寸大、焊缝分布广,传统的有限元焊接仿真方法难以满足其大尺寸结构计算的要求。基于热弹塑性有限元法对T型局部接头进行焊接变形计算,获取焊缝处平均固有应变值,然后将其作为初始载荷施加在全尺寸壳单元分段模型上进行弹性计算,最终得到大型分段的整体焊接变形。仿真结果表明,结合小模型的热弹塑性法和大结构固有应变法,能准确高效的预测大型结构的焊接变形。     

焊缝收缩法焊接变形技术研究

以船体甲板结构为研究对象,采用热弹塑性法和局部整体法计算分析甲板分段典型焊接接头应变大小,并将该计算结果与实验测量结果相对比控制和验证有限元计算精准度。以典型焊接接头计算结果为基础,采用Weld-Planner焊缝收缩法预测甲板分段结构的焊接变形。采用焊缝收缩法计算工程结构的焊接变形时,计算过程易于收敛,计算效率显著提高,是预测大型复杂结构焊接变形一种方便有效的方法。     

T型焊接结构的角变形控制

T型焊接在船舶结构中的应用是非常广泛的.T型接头附近局部的加热及冷却使被焊结构产生残余应力及角变形.目前在船厂精度控制中,通常采用构件焊接后对某些部位进行火工校正的方法来控制残余角变形.论文提供了另外一种有效控制结构残余角变形的方法:对结构焊前施加弹性的反向角变形.文中首先利用热弹塑性有限元来模拟未施加反变形的结构的焊接过程,以估算残余角变形;然后模拟施加了弹性反变形的结构的焊接过程,并计算此时结构的残余角变形,以最终确定构件所需要的弹性反向角变形值.施加了弹性反向角变形的构件在焊接后无需进行火工校正.     

含起重设备的船舶上层建筑吊装强度有限元分析

为准确计算船舶上层建筑吊装强度,采用MSC.Patran和MSC Nastran软件对175 000 t散货船上层建筑吊装建立整体结构有限元模型。采用含起重设备的有限元分析法计算上层建筑在吊装过程中的结构响应,并与直接约束法和惯性释放法进行对比分析,比较3种有限元分析法计算得到的应力、变形和吊点支反力情况,分析含起重设备的有限元分析法的准确性。结果表明,含起重设备的有限元分析法可对结构的应力、变形和吊点支反力进行较为准确的计算,优于直接约束法和惯性释放法。含起重设备的有限元分析法对船舶上层建筑吊装强度和吊装方案的评估具有一定的工程价值。     

弹塑性固有应变法在厚壁球面舱壁结构焊接中的应用

针对热弹塑性有限元法仅适用小规模焊接的弊端,采用弹塑性固有应变法对厚壁球面舱壁结构的焊接工艺进行模拟,并对球面舱壁结构的焊接工艺进行优化,最终给出球面舱壁结构合理的焊接工艺.在大型有限元软件ANSYS的基础上,通过开发的热弹塑性焊接计算程序得到单道焊缝焊接时的残余应变;通过残余应变等效,对球面舱壁的各焊缝处施加温度载荷;通过一次弹塑性有限元法得到厚壁球面舱壁结构的整体变形.通过开展不同焊接工艺下球面舱壁结构的焊接变形分析,给出厚壁球面舱壁结构合理的焊接工艺.     

固有变形计算方法及其在船舶焊接结构变形中的应用（英文）

采用基于固有应变法的弹性有限元分析预测大型复杂结构的焊接变形的前提是必须已知焊缝附近的固有变形。结构的焊接残余应力与焊接变形取决于其接头的固有变形大小及分布,因此开发精确计算接头固有变形的方法,并依此建立一个完善的固有变形数据库对于大型复杂结构焊接变形的预测有重要意义。文中提出了几种计算固有变形的方法包括公式法、热弹塑性有限元法、实测法,并分别采用这几种方法对典型T型接头的横向固有收缩与纵向固有收缩进行计算,三种方法得到的结果比较一致。在此基础上,进一步以典型船体结构为研究对象,采用依照这三种方法建立的固有变形数据库对其焊接变形进行预测,并与实测数据进行比较,验证了该数据库的有效性。     

An efficient FE computation for predicting welding induced buckling in production of ship panel structure

In a Thermal-Elastic-Plastic (TEP) FE analysis to investigate welding induced buckling of large thin plate welded structure such as ship panel, it will be extremely difficult to converge computation and obtain the results when the material and geometrical non-linear behaviors are both considered. In this study, an efficient FE computation which is an elastic FE analysis based on inherent deformation method, is proposed to predict welding induced buckling with employing large deformation theory, and an application in ship panel production is carried out. The proposed FE computation is implemented with two steps:(1) The typical weld joint (fillet weld) existing in considered ship panel structure is conducted with sequential welding using actual welding condition, and welding angular distortion after completely cooling down is measured. A TEP FE analysis with solid elements model is carried out to predict the welding angular distortion, which is validated by comparing with experimental results. Then, inherent deformations in this examined fillet welded joint are evaluated as a loading for the subsequent elastic FE analysis. Also, the simultaneous welding to assemble this fillet welded joint is numerically considered and its inherent deformations are evaluated.(2) To predict the welding induced buckling in the production of ship panel structure, a shell element model of considered ship panel is then employed for elastic FE analysis, in which inherent deformation evaluated beforehand is applied and large deformation is considered. The computed results obviously show welding induced buckling in the considered ship panel structure after welding. With its instability and difficulty for straightening, welding induced buckling prefers to be avoided whenever it is possible.     

Numerical prediction and mitigation of out-of-plane welding distortion in ship panel structure by elastic FE analysis

As an application to predict and mitigate the out-of-plane welding distortion by elastic FE analysis based on the inherent deformation theory, a panel structure of a pure car carrier ship is considered. The inherent deformations of different types of welded joints included in this ship panel structure are evaluated beforehand using thermal elastic plastic FE analysis. Applying idealized boundary condition to focus on the local deformation, elastic FE analysis shows that the considered ship panel structure will buckle near the edge and only bending distortion is dominant in the internal region. In order to mitigate out-of-plane welding distortion such as buckling and bending, straightening using line heating is employed. In the internal region, only inherent bending with the same magnitude as welding induced inherent bending is applied on the opposite side of welded joints (fast moving torch). On the other hand, only in-plane inherent strain produced by line heating is introduced to the edge region to correct buckling distortion (slow moving torch). The magnitude of out-of-plane welding distortion in this ship panel structure can be minimized to an accepted level.     

预测船体分段焊接变形方法概述

船体分段在焊接过程中产生的焊接变形会使船体结构强度降低,精确预测和控制焊接变形是现代造船工艺的要求.焊接变形分析方法包括实验法、解析法、数值分析法、等效载荷法等,常用的是后两种方法.数值分析法采用热弹-塑性有限元模型精确模拟焊接现象,但计算工作量大;等效载荷法计算焊接区域的固有应变,并将其转化为等效载荷,进而应用弹性有限元分析求得整个结构的焊接变形.     

A simplified non-linear numerical method for the assessment of welding induced deformations

Welding numerical simulation has always been a formidable challenge because of the involved complex phenomena to be modelled. The task is increasingly challenging when multi-runs welding or welding of ships is needed to be modelled. In these cases, the computational effort is so high that solving the problem via computational welding mechanics is impossible so far. Alternatively, different simplified numerical strategies were developed to overcome this issue such as those based on the inherent strain. Unfortunately, such numerical models are rarely able to capture the effects induced by a variation of the welding sequence or clamping conditions since they are solved in the elastic filed; most of them are therefore not useful to the design optimization of a welded assembly. In this scenario, a new approach is proposed to quantify the welding induced deformations that uses virtual elements to model the weld bead in the elastic-plastic filed and auxiliary elements to apply equivalent loads determined by experiments on a single welded joint. A specific inverse analysis algorithm has been developed to use the method. The model was applied to a real welded assembly in which both the welding sequence and clamping condition were varied. In addition, for the numerical validation, a novel registration algorithm has been developed to move from solid geometries to middle plane representations. Numerical results were found in good agreement with those obtained by experiments even when the welding sequence and clamping conditions are changed.     

应用固有应变法计算焊接变形时材料模型的选择研究

分别采用理想弹塑性模型和双线性强化模型,推导出各自的固有应变计算公式,研究不同材料模型对于焊接结构变形的影响。研究结果表明,两种固有应变计算公式所预测的变形结果之间相对误差较小,即不同材料模型的选择对预测结构焊接变形的影响可以忽略。     

20000TEU集装箱船水密横舱壁结构精度建造的预控

水密横舱壁作为20000TEU集装箱船的关键结构,对尺寸精度的要求十分严苛,尤其是焊接变形严重影响其建造精度。针对这一问题,采用基于固有变形理论的弹性有限元分析,来预测水密横舱壁结构的面外焊接变形。同时,比较了计算固有变形的两种方法的准确度,并且总结了热输入与固有变形各分量的经验公式,还提出了减小面外焊接变形的措施。结果表明,通过与实测数据对比验证了弹性有限元分析可快速、准确地预测水密横舱壁结构的面外焊接变形;对于对接接头,变形反演法比应变积分法得到的横向固有弯曲更准确;热输入与固有变形各分量呈线性递增关系;将整个水密横舱壁结构由原来的3段分成5段,并采用对称焊接顺序,面外焊接变形最小,同时会降低对船厂吊装能力的要求。     

基于固有应变的海洋平台典型结构焊接变形预测

针对半潜式起重拆解平台,运用热弹塑性有限元分析和弹性有限元法,对平台中连接平台和浮体的典型结构,进行焊接变形的预测。通过对焊接接头的预测分析,得到其固有变形,再将计算得到的固有变形,以载荷的形式加载到整个结构中,得到整个结构的焊接变形。通过对三种焊接顺序的比较,得到焊接变形最小的方案。在此基础上,考虑开口对结构焊接变形的影响。研究结果将对半潜式起重拆解平台特殊结构的焊接工艺优化提供理论支撑和数据支持。     

Prediction and mitigation of out-of-plane welding distortion of a typical block in fabrication of a semi-submersible lifting and disassembly platform

Out-of-plane welding distortions of block structures during fabrication of offshore structure will significantly influence its dimensional accuracy and production schedule. Taking a B514 block of a semi-submersible lifting and disassembly platform as research object, typical welded joints and their welding conditions were summarized based on actual welding procedure specification (WPS). Effective thermal elastic plastic (TEP) finite element (FE) analysis with parallel computation technology was carried out to examine thermal-mechanical response. Welding inherent deformations, which are considered as the elementary cause of welding distortion, were then evaluated. With welding inherent deformations as mechanical loading, elastic finite element (FE) analysis was then employed to predict dimensional accuracy of examined B514 block, which has a good agreement with measurement data. In order to ensure the fabrication accuracy with less out-of-plane welding distortion, inverse deformation approach was applied to reduce the out-of-plane welding distortion, and influence of welding sequence on out-of-plane welding distortion was also examined. Both mitigation practices have obvious effect on dimensional accuracy of examined B514 block, while corresponding mechanical mechanisms were also clarified.