考虑点腐蚀影响的船体板疲劳寿命评估

针对疲劳现象对点腐蚀极为敏感的问题,基于点腐蚀蚀坑处的应力集中系数,计算了含点腐蚀船体板单元的疲劳寿命。结果发现:对于半球形蚀坑,蚀坑处应力集中系数随蚀坑深度的增加而增大,两者基本上呈线性关系;当蚀坑深度为0,即无点腐蚀时,累积损伤度约为1,结构的疲劳寿命约等于设计寿命,这与客观事实是相符的,验证了基于应力集中系数计算结构疲劳寿命的合理性;当蚀坑深度仅为0. 2倍板厚时,含2种蚀坑的板单元疲劳寿命迅速减小到原寿命的47%、9%和23%;当蚀坑深度达到板厚时,板单元被蚀穿。这一结果说明结构的疲劳寿命随蚀坑深度的增大急剧减小,结构的疲劳寿命对点腐蚀极为敏感。     

老龄化船体结构的腐蚀疲劳风险评估

提出了对由于腐蚀和疲劳而引起的船体结构极限强度老化进行风险评估的方法。提出了由腐蚀增长、疲劳裂纹和腐蚀一疲劳裂纹联合作用引起的船体强度降低的随机时域函数模型。并利用二阶可靠性方法计算主要船体结构的瞬时可靠性。提出了进行老龄化船体结构时域可靠性分析的方法，用统计和概率的方法描述了腐蚀和疲劳裂纹参数对老龄化船体结构可靠性的敏感度。最后以一艘老龄化油船的结构为例进行了验证。     

单点腐蚀船体板剩余疲劳寿命的数值计算

船体板在波浪载荷下会受到交变拉/压作用,因此必须考虑疲劳对船体板剩余寿命的影响,尤其是对含点腐蚀船体板剩余寿命的影响。本文对单点腐蚀船体板剩余疲劳寿命进行了数值计算,结果表明:使用二次单元对含蚀坑船体板应力集中系数的计算误差不超过10%,而使用线性单元误差可达40%;蚀坑直径对单点腐蚀船体板疲劳寿命的影响不大,而船体板剩余疲劳寿命随蚀坑深度的增大而迅速减小。可见,对于点腐蚀钢板的应力集中计算,使用而二次单元比使用线性单元更准确;蚀坑深度对单点腐蚀船体板剩余疲劳寿命的影响比蚀坑直径的影响更为显著。     

海上采油平台桩腿同时存在腐蚀与疲劳损伤时的寿命预测

介绍了在海水腐蚀环境中的疲劳寿命试验,给出了试验得出的S-N曲线及da/dN-△K曲线,得出了服役海上平台的桩腿的疲劳损伤计算方法.考虑了海水中的均匀腐蚀损伤及点蚀损伤,给出了这些腐蚀损伤的计算方法.根据疲劳与蚀损伤的综合评价,给出了桩腿寿命的预测方法.     

腐蚀、疲劳损伤下船体结构可靠性研究现状与展望

对考虑腐蚀、疲劳损伤影响下船体结构可靠性分析层面的研究现状进行梳理和概述。通过综述发现:近年来,船体结构可靠性分析的对象已由拟建船体向现役船体结构方向扩展,且研究重心开始由腐蚀、疲劳损伤单一影响下的可靠性分析向两者交互作用影响下的可靠性分析方向发展。未来开展腐蚀、疲劳损伤下船体结构可靠性研究工作的重点将主要体现在以下4个方面:1)点蚀损伤船体结构破坏机理及对应的评估方法研究;2)腐蚀、疲劳损伤交互作用下的船体结构破坏机理研究;3)基于有限的实船损伤勘验数据,开展合理、可行的可靠性评估方法研究,进行船体结构全寿命周期内综合损伤下的可靠性分析;4)建立不同服役环境、服役期限的实船腐蚀、疲劳损伤数据库。     

船舶结构应力腐蚀疲劳的模糊可靠性计算

采用将实际裂纹作为随机变量，临界裂纹作为模糊随机变量处理的形式，计算了在书知裂纹尺寸下的腐蚀应力件的模糊可靠度，研究对于进行腐蚀应力下的疲劳疲劳纹可靠２性研究，具有较好的实际应用价值及广泛的推广前景     

疲劳载荷作用下焊接点三维线弹性弯曲裂纹路径预测

利用二阶摄动方法研究了疲劳载荷作用下结构线弹性裂纹的弯曲扩展问题并求解了三维动态应力强度因子.利用二阶摄动方法研究了疲劳载荷作用下裂纹路径预测时的应力准则与能量准则之间的关系.就均匀物质而言,在二阶摄动分析理论的框架内,两种准则指明了相同的三维疲劳弯曲裂纹扩展路径.但在具有非均匀断裂韧度的物质中,能量准则优越于应力准则.作为二阶摄动方法的实际运用,研究了焊接结构中疲劳线弹性裂纹的形态特征和弯曲扩展路径问题,综合考虑了诸如远场动态作用应力、焊接残余应力、局部物质衰变以及不同尺寸的缺陷的存在等因素,绘制出疲劳载荷作用下退化区域中裂纹弯曲扩展的临界轨迹曲线.     

船舶结构应力腐蚀疲劳的模糊可靠性计算

采用将实际裂纹作为随机变量,临界裂纹作为模糊随机变量处理的形式,计算了在已知裂纹尺寸下的腐蚀应力构件的模糊可靠度;该方法的研究对于进行腐蚀应力下结构的疲劳裂纹可靠性研究,具有较好的实际应用价值及广泛的推广前景.     

疲劳载荷作用下焊接点三维线弹性弯曲裂纹路径预测（英文）

利用二阶摄动方法研究了疲劳载荷作用下结构线弹性裂纹的弯曲扩展问题并求解了三维动态应力强度因子。利用二阶摄动方法研究了疲劳载荷作用下裂纹路径预测时的应力准则与能量准则之间的关系。就均匀物质而言,在二阶摄动分析理论的框架内,两种准则指明了相同的三维疲劳弯曲裂纹扩展路径。但在具有非均匀断裂韧度的物质中,能量准则优越于应力准则。作为二阶摄动方法的实际运用,研究了焊接结构中疲劳线弹性裂纹的形态特征和弯曲扩展路径问题,综合考虑了诸如远场动态作用应力、焊接残余应力、局部物质衰变以及不同尺寸的缺陷的存在等因素,绘制出疲劳载荷作用下退化区域中裂纹弯曲扩展的临界轨迹曲线。     

钢筋混凝土构件正截面腐蚀疲劳验算问题研究

本文概述了钢筋混凝土受弯构件腐蚀疲劳复杂的工作状态，分析了混凝土和钢筋材料的腐蚀疲劳破坏及其产生的原因，探讨了腐蚀疲劳钢筋混凝土受弯构件正截面验算方法的基本问题。针对破坏形态、极限状态、破坏准则等方面的问题提出了基本的观点，给出了确定的方法和原则。对腐蚀和疲劳共同作用造成的材料劣化，提出了量化的方法。修正了构件的几何参数，确定了混凝土边缘最大压应力和钢筋允许疲劳幅值的计算原则，给出了腐蚀疲劳的计算模式及其相关的参数计算方法。     

Cyclic behavior and strain energy-based fatigue damage analysis of mooring chains high strength steel

This study investigates the low-cycle fatigue behavior of mooring chains high-strength steel grade R4 under different strain amplitudes and strain ratios at room temperature. A fatigue test program has been carried out on small low cycle fatigue specimens cut from large mooring chains. The experimental results characterize the cyclic stress-strain relationship, the mean stress relaxation behavior, and the cyclic plasticity parameters of the material. Strain energy density is correlated with fatigue life through a simple power-law expression and very well represented by Basquin-Coffin-Mansion relationship. Further, a non-linear elastic-plastic material model is calibrated to the experimental stress-strain curves and used for the estimation of energy dissipation in the specimens under applied cyclic loads. The predicted fatigue life using the calibrated material parameters demonstrates a close agreement with the experimental fatigue life. Numerical simulations are carried out to analyze local plastic straining and assess crack initiation at the pit site of corroded mooring chains considering the multiaxial stress state. An energy-based approach is employed to estimate the number of cycles needed for a crack to initiate from an existing corrosion pit.     

Remaining fatigue life assessment of corroded mooring chains using crack growth modelling

Failures caused by the combined actions of fatigue, corrosion and wear are important safety concerns for mooring chains used on floating structures in the oil and gas industry. Prediction of remaining corrosion fatigue life based on surface condition could therefore be a useful tool for the continued safe operation of corroded chains. This paper investigates the use of crack growth modelling for estimating the remaining corrosion fatigue life of mooring chains that exhibit significant pitting corrosion damage. A crack growth modelling approach is used to produce remaining fatigue life estimates for a selection of severely pitted mooring chains. Using fatigue crack growth rate test results for grade R4 high strength mooring chain steel, empirical crack growth laws are presented for free corrosion and cathodic protection conditions at load ratio R = 0.1. Two different methods for establishing equivalent cracks from surface scans of corrosion damage are presented. The mooring chains are proof loaded as part of their manufacturing process. Residual stresses introduced during this process have therefore been determined by finite element analysis and accounted for in the fatigue crack growth predictions. One of the equivalent crack models, accounting for the single dominant corrosion pit, provided quite accurate fatigue life predictions when compared with full scale test results.     

Numerical simulation of fatigue crack propagation under superimposed stress histories containing different frequency components with several mean stress conditions

Fatigue crack propagation behavior under superimposed stress histories containing different frequency components with several mean stress conditions was investigated. Numerical simulation of fatigue crack propagation based on an advanced fracture mechanics approach using the RPG (Re-tensile Plastic zone Generating) stress criterion for fatigue crack propagation was improved to extract the effective part from the applied stress history for fatigue crack propagation. The parameter, which is based on the plastic hysteresis energy consumed in the vicinity of a crack tip, was applied and implemented into the numerical simulation code of fatigue crack propagation. Fatigue crack propagation tests under various superimposed stress conditions with several mean stress conditions were performed and compared with the fatigue crack propagation histories obtained from the improved numerical simulations. These comparisons show the validity of the proposed procedure for extracting the effective stress history from the superimposed stress histories with different frequency components and mean stresses. Additionally, practical fatigue strength evaluations based on the linear cumulative fatigue damage parameter were conducted to investigate the tendency of the fatigue damage value under these stress conditions.     

Numerical simulation of fatigue crack propagation under biaxial tensile loadings with phase differences

Fatigue crack propagation under the biaxial tensile loading, which loading directions are normal and parallel to the initial crack position, is highlighted in this study. Most of in-service structures and vessels are subjected to many types of loading. Generally, these loadings have different axial components with different phases. However, the structural integrities of structures and vessels are evaluated according to design codes based on theoretical and experimental investigations under a uniaxial loading condition. Most of these codes are based on the S–N curves approach. An approach that does not use S–N curves has been favored by researchers, with the fracture mechanics approach preferred for evaluating the fatigue life of structures. An advanced fracture mechanics approach was developed based on the Re-tensile Plastic zone Generating (RPG) stress criterion for fatigue crack propagation. In this study, fatigue crack propagation tests under biaxial loading with six different phase and loading conditions are performed and the effect of the phase difference under biaxial loading is evaluated. A numerical simulation method of fatigue crack propagation based on the RPG stress criterion under different biaxial loading phase conditions is presented and compared to measured data.     

腐蚀和裂纹损伤下海洋平台极限强度试验研究

根据墨西哥湾某一典型固定式海洋平台为原型,按照刚度相似性和几何相似性,分别设计并制作了完好模型、腐蚀模型、裂纹模型,并对三个试验模型开展极限强度试验研究,试验结果表明腐蚀、裂纹损伤严重影响试验模型极限承载力,且试验模型失效模式各不相同.同时,采用非线性有限元方法,分别对三个试验模型进行计算,将计算结果与试验结果对比分析,验证了该方法在固定式海洋平台极限强度计算方面的有效性.     

初始裂纹尺寸对疲劳可靠性的影响

疲劳是船舶、海洋工程和桥吊等钢结构的主要破坏机理之一。影响疲劳裂纹成长的因素具有随机性质。用Paris定律描述疲劳的扩展,假定疲劳裂纹初始具有半椭圆形状,且在裂纹扩展中保持着半椭圆形状。失效准则采用在具有N次应力周期的给定时间中裂纹超过临界尺寸。用Paris定律,结合改进的Ⅱ水平方法,对不同初始裂纹对断裂破坏的可靠度进行了分析计算。     

基于腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展的自升式海洋平台桩腿时变可靠性研究

本文研究了腐蚀与疲劳载荷耦合作用下自升式平台桩腿服的可靠性问题。采用ANSYS对自升式海洋平台桩腿结构进行建模,根据平台服役海域的波浪散布图对桩腿结构的工况进行划分,确定浪溅区桩腿结构的疲劳关键节点及其等效应力;以桩腿材料E690高强钢为对象,进行腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展实验,获得了不同环境下的疲劳裂纹扩展参数;提出了基于断裂力学的浪溅区桩腿关键节点的时变可靠性模型,与采用现有腐蚀模型的桩腿时变可靠性指标进行了对比,结果表明了本文所提方法能有效地反映平台桩腿服役期间关键节点的时变可靠性变化趋势,为平台在服役期间的安全运行与维护保养提供了理论指导。     

耐压船体结构典型接点疲劳寿命评估

潜艇在潜浮过程中,由于静水外压引起的工作应力与焊接残余应力叠加,形成拉压循环应力,导致耐压船体的局部结构可能出现低周疲劳裂纹.一般情况下,高强度钢在抗拉强度提高的同时往往伴随着材料塑性储备和断裂韧性的下降,因此分析高强度钢潜艇结构的低周疲劳寿命非常重要.本文基于断裂力学和Paris公式建立了潜艇耐压结构低周疲劳寿命的工程估算方法,根据裂纹无损检测的概率统计和含裂纹圆柱壳极限应力分析,给出了初始裂纹和裂纹临界状态的建议值.应用本文的简化方法分析了某潜艇结构和锥柱结合壳模型的低周疲劳寿命,锥柱结合壳模型的数值算例表明本文的计算结果与试验测试结果相吻合.     

Multi-scale modeling of fatigue crack propagation applied to random sequence of clustered loading

Fatigue crack propagation in marine structures is obviously governed by mechanics of the considerably different four levels of multi-scale problems. Problems of structural response to environmental loads have length scale of several hundred meters, whereas possible detectable size of cracks from initial defects in a weld is of the order of millimeters. Once a fatigue crack initiates, crack tip plasticity is of the order of several grain sizes, while the resulting fatigue crack growth in each load cycle is of the order of nanometers. In our previous work, the first author and their associates have developed the so-called CP-System, which can treat the first two multi-level problems as an integrated system. Furthermore, we have incorporated the third level of mechanics by using the stress intensity range corresponding to the repeated tensile plastic deformation ahead of the crack tip. In the present paper, we shall discuss a more rational integral equation-based formulation in order to integrate the third and fourth levels of micro-mechanics to the first two levels of continuum mechanics.The method is then applied to fatigue crack propagation under the effects of random sequence of clustered loading. As an example of the random sequence of clustered load, we shall use the so-called “storm model”. In the crack propagation simulation, we have to take into account of the plastic wake on the crack surfaces, whose thicknesses are influenced by the material parameters involved in the crack growth model. These parameters are first identified by the fatigue tests under combined constant and random loading using a CT specimen. Then, fatigue crack growth is investigated by numerical simulation and fatigue tests for various random sequences of clustered loading. The experimental and numerical results agree quite well with each other, and fatigue crack propagation is found to be considerably retarded under random sequence loading, so that the conventional equivalent stress approach may provide rather conservative results to the real seaway loading.     

Markov决策过程在船舶结构维修中的应用

船舶腐蚀和疲劳是导致船体老化,进而使其逐渐丧失结构承载能力的重要原因.本文采用具有无后效性的Markov链来模拟船体结构老化过程,其状态空间由完好(不需要维修)、可见裂纹维修、油漆和阴极防护维修、腐蚀修理、疲劳裂纹修理、腐蚀疲劳组合修理和完全失效共计七种状态组成.每一状态均可采取无修理、修理和更新三者之一的维修方案.通过迭代来获得最佳维修方案以实现单位时间成本最低的维修优化目标.算例表明,Markov链可以合理地模拟船舶结构的老化过程,并可方便快捷地运用于船舶维修经济论证.