汽车限速及安全间距控制系统设计

超速和车距不足是导致车祸的两项重大原因,道路交通标志提示以及超速惩戒制度虽能取得相当的成效,但采取更为积极主动地汽车限速及安全间距控制系统,通过汽车与交通环境主动通讯,对车速和车距作出判断并通过声光信号提示,进而采取措施控制车速和间距,会取得更有效的结果。     

汽车振动舒适性的测量与评价（上）

本文作者提出了评价汽车平衡顺性的综合指标一汽车振动舒适度CV；并通过对ISO2631，GB4970，GB／12477等标准的研究，用振动舒适度将汽车座椅处的振动加速度均方振值与人对汽车振动舒适性的主观感觉联系起来，并运用不同车速，测量位置的加权矩阵函数计算出汽车总的振动舒适性指标，用于评价和比较汽车的振动舒适性，解决了由于不同车速，测点振动不同带来汽车平顺性难以评价和比较的问题，并实际应用于某旅行客车振动平顺性的测量和评价中，取得子满意的效果。     

基于红外测距的道路前方车辆探测预警系统研究

进行道路前方车辆探测预警系统设计时,通常采用红外测距仪来获取道路前方车距信息,并以此作为前车探测的基础数据。为了消除系统状态误差和测量误差对车距信息数据精度的影响,可根据车距信息和相对车速不会突变的特性建立预测模型,基于此预测模型,应用Kalman滤波理论准确预测相对车速,并利用车距信息和相对车速计算安全距离报警阈值。试验证明该探测及预警方法可大大提高车辆探测的准确性和鲁棒性。     

基于单片机的汽车刹车预警系统设计

通过光电式传感器测速、雷达测距来测量车辆的实时车速和前后车辆的距离,并将数据传入单片机进行分析、计算。在汽车处于一定车速时,当车距小于安全距离时,单片机就会控制车辆自动刹车,以保证车辆与前车处于安全车距。通过这样的控制方式,来实现车辆的实时制动,使车辆处于安全情况。     

汽车主动防撞系统的规避控制研究

提出了一种汽车主动防撞系统,介绍了该防撞系统的工作原理,并对其规避控制进行了研究。依据汽车运动学理论对安全车距模型进行了分析,建立了包括安全临界、锁定目标、危险临界和极限临界的汽车纵向安全车距模型以及横向安全车距模型;结合安全车距对危险目标进行识别和分类;针对不同危险程度的目标制定了相应的规避控制策略。     

基于车-车通信的车辆车速动态控制系统设计

为了更好地解决车辆纵向追尾碰撞问题,利用车联网技术,设计了基于车-车通信的车辆车速动态控制系统,在系统软硬件设计的基础上,实现了车辆之间的车速、位置等关键数据信息的相互共享,并且通过车载APP显示。系统通过对自车与前车之间的实际车距和理论安全距离比较,控制电机实现对本车的车速动态控制。实验结果表明,该系统能够有效避免车辆纵向追尾碰撞风险。     

我的一点儿想法

主编你好：我是一名大学生，关注贵刊快一年了，觉得你们做的非常好。也感谢你们让我了解了很多汽车知识。我非常喜欢汽车，高中时候就有自己的想法，想在汽车上装个电脑然后让卫星来为你导航（现在的GPS），再利用蝙蝠的超声波原理，让汽车也能发出超声波，自己来定位、掌握车距、调控车速等等。     

基于人车最终距离的碰撞车速估算模型

人车碰撞事故的仿真再现须先估算碰撞车速,而当碰撞位置未知时,基于行人抛距与车辆后制动距离的车速估算方法无法采用。但由于注意到碰撞后人、车最终距离是可测的,故本文中利用它来估算碰撞车速。基于经典力学理论和若干假设,研究了行人抛距与车辆后制动距离间的关系,并据此建立了基于人车最终距离的碰撞车速估算模型,并对模型计算结果进行各种验证。结果表明,基于人车最终距离的碰撞车速估算模型的计算结果与PC-Crash的仿真结果及文献中的试验和典型案例数据都很吻合。     

普通公路车头时距分布特征研究

在对典型一级和二级公路车头时距、车速、车型等调查获得基础数据及车型分类的基础上,将车辆按照小型车-小型车、小型车-大型车、大型车-小型车、大型车-大型车4种行驶模式进行组合,研究了不同行驶模式下车头时距的分布特征、车速差与车头时距的关系特征。结果表明,不同车型组合下车头时距的分布具有不同特征。     

面向痕迹采集的汽车-两轮车碰撞事故痕迹参数敏感性分析

为了快速、准确地采集与汽车-两轮车碰撞事故车速鉴定紧密相关的痕迹信息,通过经验分析初步获得车速鉴定所需及时关注的17个敏感参数。为进一步获得这些参数的敏感性,提出了基于随机森林模型的参数敏感性分析方法,并确定了各个需要及时关注的参数取值范围,再用所给方法分析了这些参数的敏感性。分析结果表明,汽车制动距离、骑车人和行人抛距在所有参数中对碰撞速度最为敏感。     

车路协同下车队避让紧急车辆的换道引导方法

为保证紧急车辆更安全、高效地到达紧急事故现场,基于车路协同系统,提出车队避让紧急车辆的换道引导策略。针对目标车道无车辆、有车辆和有车队3种不同场景,分别提出确保紧急车辆快速通过的协同换道策略。通过协同换道策略引导紧急车辆前方行驶的车队和目标车道的车辆改变速度以调整车辆间距,使其满足换道安全距离,依据换道轨迹规划使车队完成换道,并提出紧急车辆发送紧急避让信号的位置方法,计算当不影响紧急车辆的速度情况下,其发送紧急避让信号时与车队尾车的最短距离。利用SUMO交通仿真软件,实现车路协同环境下3种不同场景车队避让紧急车辆的换道引导,并比较目标车道为车队的场景下,车队换道至目标车队的每个空档中（方式A）和车队换道至目标车队的同一个空档中（方式B）2种不同的换道引导策略。研究结果表明：目标车道有车队的场景下,方式B的协同换道时间更短,发送紧急信号的位置距车队尾车82 m,较方式A的87 m更近,对周围车辆影响更小,因此此场景采用方式B的协同换道策略;在目标车道无车辆、有车辆和有车队3种场景下,紧急车辆分别距车队尾车71,71,82 m时发送紧急避让信号,其可以维持期望速度,验证了最短距离与车辆速度的关系式;与未使用换道引导策略的情况相比,紧急车辆的速度提高,延误减少。     

Frequency-domain method for evaluating the ride comfort of a motorcycle

In many European towns, the demand for fast and efficient mobility is frequently satisfied by means of two-wheeled vehicles. The improvement of comfort of two-wheeled vehicles used by tired and busy workers can increase safety in ground transport. Nowadays, multibody codes make it possible to predict the ride comfort of two-wheeled vehicles by means of time-domain or frequency-domain simulations. Comfort indices can be developed by post-processing the results of numerical simulations. This task is difficult, because the indices should depend on vehicle characteristics and should be independent of road quality and vehicle speed. Poor quality roads may generate nonlinear effects. Speed influences the trim of the vehicle and the wheelbase filtering, which takes place because the same road unevenness excites the front and rear wheel with a time delay which depends on the vehicle’s speed.

In this paper, the comfort of two-wheeled vehicles is studied by means of a frequency-domain approach. The wheelbase filtering is averaged considering typical missions of the vehicle. The missions are journeys with a forward speed that assumes different values according to a probability density function. Indices of comfort are calculated taking into account the human sensitivity. The examples show that the proposed comfort indices depend on suspensions’ characteristics and, hence, are useful design tools. Finally, some time-domain calculations are carried out to give emphasis to nonlinear effects and to show the limits of the frequency-domain analysis.     

Frequency-domain method for evaluating the ride comfort of a motorcycle

In many European towns, the demand for fast and efficient mobility is frequently satisfied by means of two-wheeled vehicles. The improvement of comfort of two-wheeled vehicles used by tired and busy workers can increase safety in ground transport. Nowadays, multibody codes make it possible to predict the ride comfort of two-wheeled vehicles by means of time-domain or frequency-domain simulations. Comfort indices can be developed by post-processing the results of numerical simulations. This task is difficult, because the indices should depend on vehicle characteristics and should be independent of road quality and vehicle speed. Poor quality roads may generate nonlinear effects. Speed influences the trim of the vehicle and the wheelbase filtering, which takes place because the same road unevenness excites the front and rear wheel with a time delay which depends on the vehicle's speed.

In this paper, the comfort of two-wheeled vehicles is studied by means of a frequency-domain approach. The wheelbase filtering is averaged considering typical missions of the vehicle. The missions are journeys with a forward speed that assumes different values according to a probability density function. Indices of comfort are calculated taking into account the human sensitivity. The examples show that the proposed comfort indices depend on suspensions' characteristics and, hence, are useful design tools. Finally, some time-domain calculations are carried out to give emphasis to nonlinear effects and to show the limits of the frequency-domain analysis.     

液压互联悬架抗侧倾控制研究（双语出版）

针对车辆减少能量消耗与提高抗侧倾能力需求,提出了一种主/被动可切换的液压互联悬架抗侧倾控制方法。基于9自由度车辆动力学模型,考虑蓄能器、液压缸、液压泵三者之间耦合的体积-流量-压力特性,建立液压互联悬架主动控制时域模型;结合"车身侧倾角-车身侧倾角速度"相平面法及车辆侧向加速度,得到车辆侧倾稳定域,并提出液压互联悬架系统侧倾稳定性控制介入与退出判据;在此基础上,采用Backstepping非线性控制算法设计主动液压互联抗侧倾控制器。最后,分析并改进侧倾稳定性评价指标,通过在MATLAB/Simulink环境下进行高速双移线、鱼钩试验等极端工况数值仿真,验证所提出的液压互联悬架主/被动切换控制系统能在减少能量消耗的情况下能否提高车辆抗侧翻的能力。研究结果表明：所提出的控制系统能有效提高车辆抗侧翻能力;当车辆侧倾状态超出设定的侧倾稳定区域介入线时,液压互联悬架系统由被动模式切换为主动抗侧倾模式,控制车辆侧倾状态回到稳定区域,以提高车辆侧倾稳定性;当判定车辆侧倾状态满足主动控制退出条件时,液压互联悬架系统回到被动模式,以减小能量消耗。     

Conceptual design of high-speed semi-low-floor bogie for train-tram

Train-tram railway vehicles implement the connection between urban tramlines and the surrounding railway network. Train-tram railway vehicles, which use existing infrastructure, can help to avoid large investments in new railways or tramlines and make interchanges between city center and surrounding cities unnecessary. However, present train-tram rail vehicle cannot carry out the integration of operating by means of high speed in intercity railways with operating on small radius of curvature in inner city tramlines. This paper aims to develop a new model for solid wheelsets train-tram railway vehicles, which will not only pass the curve of 25mR radius of curvature traveling on inner city tramlines with the speed of 18 km/h, but also can travel on straight railway with 200 km/h high speed between intercity. In this paper, a new train-tram model, including five car-body and five motor bogies with ten traction motors, is addressed. Expect as a real rail vehicle testing, this study prefer virtual simulation, which is an effective way to show the rail vehicle performance, such as ride stability, ride comfort and ride safety, by means of evaluating the dynamic characteristics of rail vehicle. Moreover, Design of Experiment (DOE) method is used to optimize solid wheelsets bogie system on improving passenger comfort, safety and stability of train-tram. Parameters of components of bogie system are tuned to minimize the derailment coefficient and the ride comfort index. The results shows that the best comfort index for passenger and minimum derailment coefficient are found. The results also show that this optimized new train-tram model is reliable and practical enough to be applied on real rail vehicle design.     

Automated Vehicle Merging Maneuver Implementation for AHS

Summary This paper presents a real-time implementation of a general merging algorithm for automated highway systems. A merging control problem is proposed first. A real-time algorithm is then presented, which is used to calculate a smooth reference speed trajectory for the merging vehicle based on the speed of the main lane vehicle. This algorithm can also be applied even when the main lane vehicles change speed. To make the algorithm adapt to different road layouts and to increase safety, a concept of virtual platooning is proposed. It effectively shifts the time of platoon formation forward prior to the start of real merging. Aspects closely related to real-time implementation are discussed, such as the controller adopted, the use of magnetometer based distance measurement and information passing by communication from main lane vehicles. Test results are presented and briefly analyzed.     

基于非线性模型预测控制的车辆纵向队列协调控制

本文中针对基于分层控制结构的车辆队列上、下层控制缺少联系的问题,提出了车辆队列跟驰与个体车辆动力学稳定性协调控制的思路,其基本思想是在保证队列中个体车辆安全稳定行驶的同时,尽可能实现队列跟驰控制的目标。基于非线性模型预测控制(nonlinear model predictive control,NMPC)方法设计了车辆队列协调控制方案,设计了包括跟驰间距误差、跟驰速度误差以及车速与车轮圆周速度差3个子目标的优化目标函数,将队列跟驰与车辆动力学稳定性的协调控制转化为约束优化控制问题;基于序列二次规划(sequential quadratic programming,SQP)方法进行求解,得到车辆前、后轴的制动/驱动力矩来实现上层决策输出的期望跟驰加速度。基于由3车辆组成的非线性队列模型对控制方案进行了仿真分析,结果表明,所提出的基于NMPC的车辆队列协调控制策略可以在大范围操纵工况下,在保证车辆安全稳定行驶的基础上实现队列的跟驰控制。     

Lateral dynamics of single unit skid-steered tracked vehicle

In the design and development of high-speed tracked vehicles, it is necessary to have an understanding of the interrelationship between the terrain factors and the vehicle characteristics during steering. The handling behavior of skid-steered tracked vehicles is more complex than that of wheeled vehicles because of non-linear characteristics arising from the sliding interface between the track and the ground. In the present work, a five degree-of-freedom (DOF) steering model of a tracked vehicle is developed, and the handling behavior during non-stationary motion is studied when operating at high and low speeds. It is demonstrated that the inclusion of roll and pitch DOF changes the steering response when compared to the response from three DOF models proposed earlier by several researchers. This is due to the strong coupling between the pitch and yaw motions. The effect of the initial forward velocities on the trajectory of the vehicle during non-stationary motion is also studied. It is observed from the results that the stability is influenced by the type of steering input, steering ratio and vehicle forward speed.     

智能网联车辆交通流优化对交通安全的改善

为改善常规驾驶车辆交通流追尾碰撞交通安全状况,提出智能网联车辆（Connected and Automated Vehicles,CAV）与常规车辆构成的混合交通流车队稳定性优化控制方法。基于全速度差模型,应用集成速度与加速度的多前车反馈构建CAV跟驰模型,考虑CAV混合交通流车辆空间分布的随机性,将各类型局部车队稳定性作为优化目标,以局部车队头车速度扰动为系统输入,以尾车速度扰动为系统输出,应用经典控制理论领域的传递函数法推导局部车队稳定性约束条件;分析关于平衡态速度与CAV反馈系数的车队稳定域,以各类型局部车队能够在任意平衡态速度下均稳定为控制目标,对CAV反馈系数输出进行优化控制;设计高速公路上匝道交通瓶颈数值仿真试验,在不同CAV比例等多种条件下,分析CAV混合交通流优化控制对交通流车辆追尾碰撞风险的影响。研究结果表明：CAV混合交通流优化控制可降低车辆追尾碰撞风险,在碰撞时间阈值小于2 s时,100%比例的CAV交通流可将交通流的车辆追尾碰撞风险降低85.81%以上;在碰撞时间阈值大于2 s时,追尾碰撞风险可降低48.22%～78.80%。所提优化控制方法可有效降低CAV车队优化控制的复杂性,为大规模CAV背景下的混合交通流优化控制以及车辆追尾碰撞交通安全提升策略提供直接理论参考。     

Course Tracking Control Algorithm Using Visual Information

Automatic steering control algorithm has been proposed, which uses the motion of objects in a visual image (Optical Flow) obtained from an ITV camera looking ahead in the situation without forward vehicles. This algorithm is improved to be applicable to the situation in which the forward tracking course is invisible owing to the interfarence of the forward vehicles. The adjustment of the control parameters against the change in vehicle speed is confirmed by the computer simulation experiments.