Dynamic simulation and performance investigation of no-frost refrigerator: Part I mathematical model

A dynamic approach for the modeling, simulation and analysis of no-frost Refrigerator (RF) is discussed. In Part I, the complex interactions among the components in the cooling system are analyzed in detail, based on which the modeling simplifications are proposed. Then, the mathematical models for the evaporator, cabinet and duct-fan are presented. The whole system is divided into two subsystems—refrigerant cycling system and air cycling system. In order to simplify the model, two closed-loop systems are broken into the compressor component and the evaporator component, respectively. A general distributed parameter model is employed for evaporator with homogeneous flow to simplify the two-phase evaporating flow region. The z-transfer function model is used to describe the cabinet load. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method is employed to obtain the pressure drop and flow rate curve of the duct-fan model.

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Threshold signature scheme with threshold verification based on multivariate linear polynomial

Secret sharing schemes are multi-party protocols related to key establishment. They also facilitate distributed trust or shared control for critical activities (e.g., signing corporate cheques and opening bank vaults), by gating the critical action on cooperation from t(t ∈ Z ⁺) of n(n ∈ Z ⁺) users. A (t, n) threshold scheme (t < n) is a method by which a trusted party computes secret shares Γ _i (1 ⩽ i ⩽ n) from an initial secret Γ ₀ and securely distributes Γ _i to user. Any t or more users who pool their shares may easily recover Γ ₀, but any group knowing only t−1 or fewer shares may not. By the ElGamal public key cryptophytes and the Schnorr’s signature scheme, this paper proposes a new (t, n) threshold signature scheme with (k,m) (k,m ∈ Z ⁺) threshold verification based on the multivariate linear polynomial.     

Aero-optical characteristics of supersonic flow over blunt wedge with cavity window

The optical rays that form the image of an object and propagate a supersonic flow over a vehicle are refracted by the density variations. A numerical analysis of the aero-optical characteristics of supersonic flow over blunt wedge with a cavity window is carried out. A hybrid method of Reynold averaged Navier-Stokes and direct simulation Monte Carlo (RANS/DSMC) is employed to simulate the flowfield. Refraction factor is introduced to evaluate the flowfield’s aero-optical characteristic. The results show that mean flow’s aero-optical effects are mainly caused by the shock wave, the expansion wave and the turbulent boundary layer. Fluctuation flow’s aero-optical effects are mainly caused by the turbulent boundary layer and the shock wave induced by the cavity window. The aero-optical effects at the leading side of window are caused by the mean density variations, while the effects at the trailing side are caused by the density fluctuations. Different draft angles of the cavity window are investigated. The airborne optical devices of supersonic vehicle should be mounted in the middle of the cavity window with a large draft angle.     

送风形式对飞机座舱引气污染物扩散影响

采用联合仿真方法实现了飞机环境控制系统对座舱环境的调节, 建立了飞机环境控制系统到座舱环境闭环仿真模型, 研究了考虑再循环风时不同送风形式对引气污染物在座舱内乘客呼吸区域传播的影响; 以B737-200座舱模型为研究对象, 分析了引气污染发生时相同供气量与不同再循环风比例下, 天花板送风、侧壁送风、混合送风下污染物在呼吸区的分布情况。研究结果表明: 在污染物进入座舱阶段, 不同送风形式与再循环风比例下不同位置污染物浓度存在差异, 天花板送风形式下污染物浓度较大; 再循环风比例每增加20%, 混合送风、侧壁送风、天花板送风形式下污染物浓度分别降低约18.9%、20.6%、15.6%, 侧壁送风形式下污染物浓度降低最多; 在污染物排除阶段, 侧壁送风形式相较于混合送风和天花板送风形式下排污效率分别提升约42.6%和38.7%;采用混合送风或天花板送风形式时, 随着再循环风比例的增加, 排污效率显著提升, 再循环风比例每增加20%, 混合送风和天花板送风排污效率分别提高约10.7%和7.7%;侧壁送风形式下随着再循环风比例的增加, 排污效率无明显提升, 在较高再循环风比例仍可保持最好的排污效率, 能够实现污染物排除和节能的双重优化。可见, 飞机座舱引气污染事件发生时在不改变送风量情况下采用侧壁送风形式和高再循环风比例可以使污染物危害降到最低。      

Forchheimer方程参数量化及达西—非达西转变临界点

为探究岩体裂隙中水流的运动规律，基于真实岩体材料建立裂隙渗流模型，对裂隙中的渗流状态及渗流参数进行了研究. 区别于水泥、玻璃、亚克力、钢材等常见非石材类材质，选用天然大理石岩块为基材构建单裂隙渗流模型，开展不同隙宽（0.77、1.18、1.97、2.73 mm）的渗流试验，考察压力损失与流量的关系，探讨达西—非达西流转变的临界点及Forchheimer方程的参数量化问题. 研究结果表明:隙宽为0.77 mm时压力梯度与流量基本呈线性达西关系，随着隙宽和流量的增大，二者呈现出明显的非达西特征，可用Forchheimer方程描述；Forchheimer方程的粘滞项和惯性系数均可表达为隙宽的幂函数，引入雷诺数对惯性项系数进行修正可以减少误差；提出以压力梯度-流量曲线的斜率变化特征来判断达西—非达西流临界点的方法，并在本试验中得到了验证.      

大功率PEMFC空气系统电流跟随分段PID控制方法研究

为优化大功率燃料电池系统空压机控制效果,基于离心式空压机系统模型,提出了大功率质子交换膜燃料电池(proton exchange membrane fuel cell, PEMFC)空气供给系统的电流跟随分段PID控制方法.该方法以离心式空压机响应特性为基础,以实际工作电流为跟随目标,在动态响应与稳态控制阶段采用不同的PID参数进行闭环控制,并进行了模拟仿真研究.最后,在实验室已有的150 kW燃料电池系统基础上的实验验证,模拟仿真与实验验证结果表明,仿真模型计算误差控制在5%以内,准确的反映了离心式空压机与空气供给系统的特性,所提出的大功率PEMFC空气供给系统的电流跟随分段PID控制方法不仅能够满足PEMFC电堆稳态控制要求,同时将动态响应时间缩短至3 s以内,控制效果良好.      

泥石流松散固体物质临界集聚量估算模型研究

松散固体物质是泥石流形成的重要物质基础。本文根据国内外主要试验场的泥石流观测资料，讨论了泥石流流量，输沙量及其与沟床纵坡，岩性之间的关系。并反演建立了松散固体物质临界集聚量Ｖ的估算的模型，最后给出了一个实际计算结果。     

A probability approach to anomaly detection with twin support vector machines

AbstractClassification of intrusion attacks and normal network flow is a critical and challenging issue in network security study. Many intelligent intrusion detection models are proposed, but their performances and efficiencies are not satisfied to real computer networks. This paper presents a novel effective intrusion detection system based on statistic reference model and twin support vector machines (TWSVMs). Moreover, a network flow feature selection procedure has been studied and implemented with TWSVMs. The performances of proposed system are evaluated through using the fifth international conference on knowledge discovery and data mining in 1999 (KDD’99) data set collected at MIT’s Lincoln Labs and the results indicate that the proposed system is more efficient and effective than conventional support vector machines (SVMs) and TWSVMs.     

Experimental study on the liquid slug of cryogenic slug flow in inclined tubes

An experimental study was carried out to understand the phenomena of the boiling flow of liquid nitrogen in inclined tubes with closed bottom by using a high speed motion analyzer.The experimental tubes are 0.018 and 0.014 m inner diameter(ID) and 1.0 m in length.The range of the inclination angle is 45°-90° from the horizontal.The experimental observation on the liquid slug was carried out along the tubes.Statistical method was employed to analyze the experimental data.The experiment analyzed the influences of the inclination angle and the tube diameter on the liquid slug length and velocity.The results show the liquid slug propagation velocity increases with the decrease of inclination angle θ.For all cases,the maximum values of the mean liquid slug lengths were obtained at θ = 60°.The mean liquid slug lengths were greater for large tube at higher tube position.These conclusions provide a basis for further study liquid slug of cryogenic two-phase undeveloped slug flow.     

Asymmetric deformation of near hemispherical diaphragm under uniform surface load

The asymmetric deformation and eccentricity problems of near hemispherical diaphragm under the uniform surface load are quantitatively characterized in the paper. The analysis is based on a 3D finite element analysis (FEA) model established according to elastic-plasticity and large displacement nonlinear finite element method. Besides, the deformation experiments are taken to validate the reliability of FEA model which shows that the simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental results. Then, three angle parameters, deflection angle β, circumvolving angle θ and distributing angle γ, are introduced and expressed to characterize the asymmetric deformation and eccentricity quantitatively. According to the angle parameters, the inversion processes of uniform thickness diaphragm and varying thickness diaphragm are calculated respectively. The inversion process of varying thickness diaphragm is much steadier than that of uniform thickness diaphragm. The present results show that the asymmetric deformation process can be characterized by curve of three angle parameters (β, θ, γ) exactly, the degrees of eccentricity can be indicated by the final value of deflection angle and the eccentricity position can be characterized by the final values of the three angle parameters.     

Dynamic response of warship structure under air non-contact explosion

The ship hull is simplified as a free beam with varying sections. Based on hydroelasticity and explosion mechanics theory,mechanical model and kinetic equation for hull girder vibration under non-contact explosion are established. The equation is solved by Wilson-θ algorithm. On the basis of the above principles,a structure kinetics analysis program is compiled. The dynamic response of supposed warship under air explosion is calculated conveniently and quickly. Under the explosion condition designed in the paper,the positive pressure period of non-contact explosion wave is much less than the natural periods of the first four modes of hull girder and the resonance of ship girder overall vibration can be avoided. The ratio of midship maximum moment to ultimate bearing strength under non-contact explosion accelerates with the increment of impact factor.     

考虑周期性波动因素的中长期空中交通流量预测

为准确把握空域单元交通流量的变化趋势和周期性波动规律,综合考虑气候、季节、交通需求等因素,通过分析中长期历史流量数据,在线性增长模型的基础上,建立了考虑周期性波动因素的空中交通流量动态线性改进模型,采用贝叶斯状态估计和预测方法对模型进行求解,提出了一种根据空域单元流量时序数据预测中长期流量及其变化趋势的预测方法.利用国内典型空域单元实际流量数据,对比分析了上述两种模型的预测性能.实例研究表明:与线性增长模型的预测结果相比,本文模型的流量预测结果更符合我国的实际情况,反映了流量周期性波动特点,年流量预测结果的平均绝对误差从3.14%下降到了1.71%,预测误差的标准差从2.01%下降到了0.02%.      

INFLUENCE OF REFRIGERANT DISTRIBUTION ON HEAT TRANSFER IN EVAPORATORS

Invaporcompressionrefrigerationsystem ,adryexpansionevaporatorwithlargecoolingcapacityisusu allydividedintoseveralparallelcoilstoenhancetheheattransferanddecreasethepressuredrop .Itishelpfulthattherefrigerantvapourandliquidaremixedhomoge neouslyinadistributorinstalledattheinletoftheevap oratorandthendistributedintoevaporatorcoilsequally .Inpractice ,however ,theinadequatedesignandmanu factureofdistributorsalwayscauseinsufficientmixingandunequaldistributionoftherefrigerant.Inthiscasethethermost…     

注射成形填充模拟的修正算法

为提高注射成形过程数值模拟结果的准确性,采用类似迎风法的概念,通过对平流方程作为填充状态控制方程而导致模拟失真原因的分析,提出了相应的数值修正算法.该方法在高效显式数值模拟算法和有限元软件基础上,通过对模型内流体速度场的系统性操作,削弱空气流动速度场对喂料填充的不真实影响,使得填充状态的输送更基于流动前沿面后部的流场作用,并对⊥型和L型模腔进行了数值仿真.结果表明:该方法能有效抑制填充流的失真现象,实现了在流动过程中流向发生大角度变化模腔的正确填充过程.      

空中高速路交通流的跟驰现象及流量模型

为研究下一代航空运输系统空中高速路的流量模型,针对连接远程、繁忙航线城市对的空中高速路具有航路单向、无交叉、有性能限制、高密度运行的特点,以下一代航空运输系统的运行规则为基础,基于跟驰理论,对单层航路建立了空中高速路交通流微观跟驰模型.通过对空中交通流量密度关系的分析,扩展出空中交通流的宏观流量模型,该模型可用于航路流量优化、安全分析和航路容量评估等.计算结果表明:由微观跟驰模型得出,运行于空中高速路上的航空器间隔越小、速度越快、后机反应强度越小,后机相对于前机的跟驰反应就越强烈;由宏观航路流量模型得出,飞机流中航空器间隔越小、起始速度越大,流量变化就越明显.      

Analysis and calculation of axial stiffness of tubular X-joints under compression on braces

This paper introduces the influence factors of axial stiffness of tubular X-joints. The analysis model of tubular joints using plate and shell finite element method is also made. Systematic single-parameter analysis of tubular X-joints is performed using Ansys program. The influences of those factors, including ratio of brace diameter to chord diameter (β), ratio of chord diameter to twice chord thickness (γ), ratio of brace wall thickness to that of chord (τ), brace-to-chord intersection angle (θ), and chord stress ratio, ratio of another brace diameter to chord diameter, in-plane and out-of-plane moment of braces, etc., on stiffness of tubular X-joints are analyzed.Two non-dimensional parameters-joint axial stiffness factor ηN and axial force capacity factor ωN are proposed,and the relationship curve of the two factors is determined. Computational formulas of tubular X-joint axial stiffness are obtained by multi-element regression technology. The formulas can be used in design and analysis of steel tubular structures.     

怠速工况下发动机性能的研究

文中研究了VOLVO B230F发动机在怠速工况下,通过改变空气流量传感器信号电压的大小,并且实时监测发动机功率、油耗、废气等相关数据的变化,从而研究空气流量传感器信号对发动机性能的影响。     

On the Existence of （v, 3 × 3,λ）-Splitting Balanced Incomplete Block Design with A between 2 to 9

Let (υ, u × c, λ)-splitting BIBD denote a (υ, u × c, λ)-splitting balanced incomplete block design of order υ with block size u × c and index λ. The necessary conditions for the existence of a (υ, u × c, λ)-splitting BIBD are υ ⩾ uc, λ(υ − 1) ≡ 0 0 mod (c(u − 1)) and λυ(υ − 1) ≡ 0 mod (c ² u(u − 1)). In this paper, for 2 ⩽ λ ⩽ 9 the necessary conditions for the existence of a (υ, 3 × 3, λ)-splitting BIBD are also sufficient with one possible exception for (υ, λ) = (39, 9). Foundation item: the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 10771193); the Starter Foundation for the Doctors of Zhejiang Gongshang University (No. 1020XJ030517); the Natural Science Foundation of Universities of Jiangsu Province (No. 07KJB110090); the Starter Foundation for the Doctors of Nantong University (No. 07B12)     

AT供电系统接触网在线防冰电流的决策与控制

为了保障行车安全,消除接触网覆冰,针对电气化铁路AT(autotransformer)供电系统特殊的长回路和短回路结构,建立防冰系统投入后AT供电系统的电路模型.用该模型分析各AT段内防冰电流和负载电流的分布,得到保障全线防冰所需电流值;根据防冰电流与供电臂末端电压的关系,得出了牵引网压允许的防冰电流值;在此基础上,制定了以温度为目标的在线防冰电流决策流程.以某AT供电区段为例,结合实测负荷数据进行了仿真,结果表明:投入的防冰电流值至少为接触网临界防冰电流值的2倍,才能使接触线表面温度维持在0 ℃以上.      

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研究机场终端区空中交通流时空特性,为揭示交通流内在相互影响及拥堵机理,优化终端区管控策略提供科学依据。本文根据实测的空管雷达信息,首先确定目标航段上空中交通流参数的时序分布;然后从交通流参数关系基本图出发,结合终端区空中交通运行方式与管制规则的分析,将空中交通流状态划分为自由流、弱管制干预流和强管制干预流三个阶段;最后,在状态划分的基础上,采用线性回归分析建立空中交通流的速度—密度模型、流率—密度模型和流率—速度模型,并以F和T检验对回归模型及回归系数的显著性进行检验。研究结果表明,本文建立的交通流模型能够较好地反映空中交通流特性,且对终端区空中交通时空态势的评估具有应用价值。