Apoptosis of motor neurons in the spinal cord after ischemia reperfusion injury delayed paraplegia in rabbits

Objective To clarify the pathologic change of the motor neuron on spinal cord ischemia reperfusion injury delayed paraplegia. Methods The infrarenal aorta of White New Zealand rabbits （n=24） was occluded for 26 minutes using two bulldog clamps. Rabbits were killed after 8, 24, 72, or 168 hours （n=6 per group）, respectively. The clamps was placed but never clamped in sham-operated rabbits （n=24）. The lumbar segment of the spinal cord （L5 to L7） was used for morphological studies, including hematoxylin and eosin staining, the expression of bcl-2 and bax proteins in spinal cord was detected with immunohistochemistry. The apoptotic neurons in spinal cord were measured with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP-biotin nick end-labeling of DNA fragments （TUNEL） staining. Results Delayed paraplegia occurred in all rabbits of ischemia reperfusion group at 16-24 hours, but not in sham groups. Motor neurons were selectively lost at 7 days after transient ischemia. After ischemia, the positive expression of bcl-2 protein were in the sham controls but decreased significantly as compared with that of the IR group （P〈0.01）, especially in 72 hours reperfusion. The positive expression of bax protein were also in the sham controls, but increased in the IR group, especially in 72 hours reperfusion; In addition, TUNEL study demonstrated that no cells were positively labeled until 24 hours after ischemia, but nuclei of some motor neurons were positively labeled at peak after ischemia reperfusion at 72 hours. Oenclusion Spinal cord ischemia in rabbits induces morphological and biochemical changes suggestive of apoptosis. These data raise the possibility that apoptosis contributes to neuronal cell death after spinal cord ischemia reperfnsion.     

Protective effect of glutamine pretreatment on ischemia-reperfusion injury of spinal cord in rabbits

Objective To investigate the effect of glutamine (Gln) on the content of reduced glutathione hormone (GSH) and aminoglutaminic acid (Glu) of spinal cord following ischemia-reperfusion injury. Methods Totally 40 healthy adult male rabbits were randomly divided into five groups: sham-operation group (S group), ischemia-reperfusion injury group (I/R group), low-dose glutamine group (L Gln group), median-dose glutamine group (M Gln group) and high-dose glutamine group (H Gln group). After glutamine preconditioning, the model of spinal cord ischemia-reporfasion injury was established according to Zivin's method. The general status of animals was observed and the changes of Jacobs scoring were recorded in each group. Malondialdehydes (MDA), GSH, Glu and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in lumbar spinal cord tissues were determined using chemical colorimetry. The neuron number and deviation rate in spinal cord anterior horn were observed histopathologically. Results There was no significant difference between L Gin group and I/R group in behavior scoring, SOD activity, content of MDA and Glu, neuron number and deviation rate of spinal cord (P>0.05); however, there was a significant difference in GSH content of spinal cord (P<0.05). M Gln group and I/R group differed significantly (P<0.05) in behavior scoring, SOD activity, content of MDA, Glu, GSH, neuron number and deviation rate of spinal cord. Between H Gln group and M Gln group, there was no significant difference in behavior scoring, content of MDA and Glu, SOD activity, neuron number and aberration rate in spinal cord (P>0.05), whereas there was a significant difference in SOD activity and Giu content (P<0.05). Conclusion Pretreatment with medium-dose glutamine has a protective effect on spinal cord ischemia-reporfasion injury in rabbits, which may be related to the maintenance of GSH content, increase of SOD activity and reduction of MDA.     

缺血后处理对大鼠肾脏缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的探讨并比较缺血预处理与后处理对肾脏的缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法将30只雄性SD大鼠随机分为4组:假手术组(Sham)、模型对照组(I/R)、缺血预处理组(I-Precon组)、缺血后处理组(I-Postcon组)。后3组均切除右侧肾脏,左肾缺血60min,但I-Precon组在缺血60min前先将左肾缺血5min,再通血2min,循环3次后进行,I-Postcon组在缺血60min后再进行开放10s+阻断10s循环处理6次。各组处理之后,均再灌注4h。实验结束后检测血浆尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Cr)、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)含量,HE染色观察各组肾组织病理变化。结果 I-Precon组和I-Postcon组与I/R组比较,大鼠血浆BUN、Cr、MDA含量明显降低(P<0.05),SOD活性明显升高(P<0.05);形态学结果显示,I-Precon组和I-Postcon组大鼠肾损伤程度明显低于I/R组,且I-Postcon组肾损伤轻于I-Precon组。结论缺血预处理与后处理均对大鼠肾脏缺血/再灌注损伤有保护作用,其机制可能与抗氧化作用有关。     

缺血后处理对大鼠肝大部切除后残肝缺血再灌注损伤的影响

目的探讨缺血后处理对肝大部切除后残肝缺血再灌注损伤的影响。方法选取健康清洁级雄性SD大鼠115只,体重230～280g,其中25只随机分为5组:70%单纯肝切除1组(PH1)、70%肝切除合并缺血再灌注1组(PHIR1)、10s-10s循环3次后处理组(IPO1)、30s-30s循环3次后处理组(IPO2)和60s-60s循环3次后处理组(IPO3)。再灌注6h后取各组大鼠下腔静脉血及残肝组织,测定血清ALT、AST活性及肝细胞凋亡指数,选取保护效果最佳的后处理方案。剩余90只大鼠随机分为3组:PH2组、PHIR2组和IPO组,并于再灌注1、6、12、24、48h取各组大鼠下腔静脉血及残肝组织,每时点6只,测定血清ALT、AST活性及肝组织丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)、髓过氧化物酶(MPO)水平。结果与PH1组比较,PHIR1组、IPO1组、IPO2组和IPO3组血清ALT和AST活性、肝细胞凋亡指数均升高(P<0.05);与PHIR1组比较,IPO1组、IPO2和IPO3组血清ALT和AST活性、肝细胞凋亡指数均降低,但仅IPO2组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。选择IPO2组作为后处理方案,与PHIR2组比较,IPO组各时点ALT、AST活性和MDA、MPO表达水平降低(P<0.05),SOD表达水平升高(P<0.05)。结论缺血后处理可以减轻肝大部切除后残肝的缺血再灌注损伤,其机制与抑制氧化反应,减少自由基生成,减轻炎细胞浸润等有关。     

局部振动对家兔脂质过氧化的影响

目的　探讨局部振动对脂质过氧化的影响及其在振动病发病中的作用和意义。方法　测定不同接振强度和时间的家兔血浆中丙二醛 (MDA)浓度、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 (GSH Px)和超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)活力。结果　振动实验后 ,实验组血浆MDA、GSH Px和SOD均高于对照组 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 1)。随接振时间的延长和接振剂量的增大 ,血浆中MDA、GSH Px和SOD均有升高趋势 ,但SOD/MDA的比值却呈下降趋势。结论　局部振动能致使家兔脂质过氧化增强 ,可能是振动性血管损伤与神经损伤的机制之一     

山奈酚对四氯化碳致小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用

目的研究山奈酚对四氯化碳(CCl4)致小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用并探讨其作用机制。方法昆明种雄性小鼠随机分为空白对照组、模型组、阳性对照组(水飞蓟宾组)和低、高剂量山奈酚组。前2组给予溶剂蒸馏水灌胃,其余组分别给予0.1g/(kg·d)水飞蓟宾或6mg/(kg·d)、18mg/(kg·d)山奈酚,连续7d。末次灌胃2h后,空白对照组腹腔注射花生油,其余各组腹腔注射1.5mL/L CCl4花生油混合液,制备急性肝损伤模型。测定并比较各组小鼠血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和谷草转氨酶(AST),肝组织丙二醛(MDA)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的含量或活力及肝脏病理学变化的差异。结果与模型组比较,山奈酚低、高剂量均可明显降低小鼠血清ALT和AST含量(P<0.05或P<0.01),降低肝组织MDA含量(P<0.01),增加SOD活力(P<0.05或P<0.01),水飞蓟宾对上述指标有相似作用(P<0.05或P<0.01)。病理切片显示,与模型组比较,水飞蓟宾组和低、高剂量山奈酚组的肝细胞坏死范围及程度均明显减少,炎细胞浸润程度明显减轻,其中高剂量山奈酚组的效果最好。结论山奈酚对CCl4致小鼠急性肝损伤有保护作用,其机制可能是山奈酚减少自由基的生成。     

磷酸肌酸预处理对糖尿病大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用及其机制

目的探讨磷酸肌酸(PCr)预处理对糖尿病大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用及其机制。方法诱导糖尿病大鼠模型,2周后随机分为3组:假手术组(D1),缺血再灌注组(D2),缺血再灌注+PCr给药组(D3);观察缺血区心肌线粒体超微结构,计算凋亡指数(AI),测定心肌匀浆中磷酸腺苷和PCr的含量,并计算能荷值(EC)。结果与D2组相比,D3组线粒体肿胀变性的损伤较轻,AI降低,ATP、PCr含量和EC均升高(P<0.05)。结论 PCr通过维护心肌线粒体结构和功能的完整性,提高心肌组织内能量物质的含量,减少心肌细胞的凋亡,从而对糖尿病大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤起到保护作用。     

人参皂苷Rg1对大鼠脊髓缺血再灌注损伤中survivin蛋白表达及细胞凋亡的影响

目的观察人参皂苷Rg1预处理对于大鼠脊髓缺血再灌注损伤后的survivin蛋白表达及细胞凋亡的影响,探讨人参皂苷Rg1对脊髓缺血再灌注损伤后大鼠运动功能恢复的可能机制。方法选取成年健康的SD大鼠120只,构建大鼠脊髓缺血再灌注损伤模型,随机分为假手术组、缺血组、缺血再灌注组及药物组。采用后肢神经运动功能(BBB)评价大鼠后肢神经运动功能;免疫组化法观察survivin蛋白及凋亡诱导因子(apoptosis-inducing factor, AIF)表达;Western blot及RT-PCR方法分析各组survivin及Caspase-9的表达和活性。结果人参皂苷Rg1的干预可以使大鼠后肢神经运动功能评分升高,AIF阳性细胞数减少、survivin蛋白阳性细胞数增多、survivin及Caspase-9的表达减少、神经细胞凋亡减少。结论人参皂苷Rg1可能通过促进survivin蛋白的表达来抑制Caspase-9表达以及降低胞质AIF的水平介导大鼠脊髓缺血再灌注损伤造成的细胞凋亡。     

异丙酚对兔肝缺血再灌注损伤时内皮素-1和一氧化氮的影响

目的探讨异丙酚对兔在体肝缺血再灌注损伤时内皮素-1(ET-1)和一氧化氮(NO)的影响。方法40只家兔随机分为4组,每组10只,分别为缺血再灌注组(A组)、缺血再灌注加生理盐水2 mL/(kg.h)组(B组)、缺血再灌注加异丙酚8mg/(kg.h)组(C组)和假手术对照组(D组)。各组于再灌注后306、0 min测定肝组织和血浆中ET-1与NO水平以及血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)的水平,并进行肝组织形态学观察。结果与D组比较,A、B、C组于再灌注后30 min及60 min时,肝组织和血浆中ET-1均呈上升,但C组的上升程度明显低于同时间点的A、B两组(P<0.01);同时肝组织和血清中NO呈下降,但C组的下降程度明显低于同时间点的A、B两组(P<0.01);血清ALT、AST均升高,但C组的升高程度明显低于同时间点的A、B两组(P<0.01);肝细胞形态学发生异常改变,C组的肝脏淤血明显较A、B两组轻,肝细胞变性坏死不明显。结论异丙酚通过保护肝窦内皮,降低机体内ET-1水平,提高NO水平,改善肝脏微循环障碍,对HIRI有保护作用。     

缺血预处理对大鼠小肠移植后肠黏膜的保护作用

目的探讨缺血预处理(ischemic preconditioning,IPC)对缺血-再灌注(ischemia-reperfusion,I/R)大鼠肠黏膜屏障的保护作用。方法建立SD大鼠小肠移植模型;实验分为3组(n=8):假手术组(S)、缺血-再灌注组(I/R)组和缺血预处理组(IPC);观察小肠病理组织形态学变化,检测比较各组大鼠肠黏膜丙二醛(malondialchehyche,MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)和髓过氧化物酶(myeloperoxidase,MPO)的活性以及肠黏膜细胞凋亡发生率与分布及其凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2、Bax的表达变化。结果与I/R组相比,IPC大鼠小肠组织病理形态学明显改善(P<0.05),肠组织MDA含量和MPO活性均显著降低(P<0.05),而SOD活性则明显升高(P<0.05);肠黏膜细胞凋亡率明显下降(P<0.05);凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2表达明显增加(P<0.05);而Bax蛋白表达明显减少。结论 IPC可减轻移植大鼠I/R损伤,与抗氧化作用增强和小肠肠黏膜细胞凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2和Bax表达调控而抑制肠黏膜细胞凋亡有关。     

神经干细胞经脑室移植后在损伤脊髓的早期动态分布

目的观察神经干细胞经脑室移植后在损伤脊髓的早期动态分布。方法取转录有绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)基因的孕16 d SD鼠胚脑海马组织,培养成神经干细胞球,注射到脊髓损伤鼠第四脑室,通过免疫染色和电镜,观察其在脊髓的存活、分化状况。结果移植细胞在脊髓表面形成细胞团,大多分布于损伤区头侧的腹、背侧两面。细胞团面积背侧小于腹侧;数目背侧多于腹侧,并于术后5 d达到高峰。这种分布和增殖形式见于损伤脊髓正常部分和无损伤脊髓(对照组)。1周时细胞侵入损伤区,分化并表达神经胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)。2~3周时与宿主细胞良好融合。结论通过脑脊液移植细胞对于损伤性脊髓进行干细胞移植是一种实用、有效的方法。