Constructing Paradise: The Impacts of Big Tourism in the Mexican Coastal Zone

Although coastal tourism is often looked to as a way of generating foreign revenue, it can also engender a range of social and environmental impacts. From an historical perspective, this article examines the growth of Cancún in the Mexican state of Quintana Roo since the late 1960s. The article documents a range of socioeconomic and environmental impacts associated with the rise of coastal tourism, and suggests that centralized planning and the provision of physical and financial infrastructure does not prevent those impacts. The principal causes of these impacts are also described, including changes in land-usage, population, tourism markets, foreign market penetration and control, an emphasis on short-term economic gain, weak regulatory enforcement, and an overall lack of integration of coastal zone management.     

Additions to Mexican freshwater copepods with the description of the female Leptodiaptomus mexicanus (Marsh)

A survey on 10 temporary and permanent water-bodies, located at more than 2000 m above the sea level in the central part of Mexico resulted in the presence of 17 cyclopoid and five calanoid copepods. From the total taxa found, seven are new to the country: Leptodiaptomus assiniboiaensis (Anderson), Microcyclops dubitabilis Kiefer, Ectocyclops rubescens Brady, Eucyplops cf. bondi Kiefer, Eucyclops cf. prionophorus Kiefer, Eucyclops pseudoensifer Dussart, and Eucyclops cf. solitarius. The female of Leptodiaptomus mexicanus, a species known only from a single male found near Mexico City in 1929, is here described for the first time. Copepod fauna for each of the systems was highly diverse, with up to 12 species co-occurring in temporary ponds. This study revealed a mixture of north and south American taxa in the area.     

Biological effects of Mississippi River nitrogen on the northern gulf of Mexico—a review and synthesis

The Mississippi River currently delivers approximately 1.82 Tg N year⁻¹ (1.3×10¹¹ mol N year⁻¹) to the northern Gulf of Mexico. This large input dominates the biological processes of the region. The “new” nitrogen from the river stimulates high levels of phytoplankton production which in turn support high rates of bacterial production, protozoan and metazoan grazing, and fisheries production. A portion of the particulate organic matter produced in the pelagic food web sinks out of the euphotic zone where it contributes to high rates of oxygen consumption in the bottom waters of the inner shelf, resulting in the development of an extensive zone of hypoxia each summer. In spite of the significance of this river system to the coastal ocean of the northern gulf, we do not have an adequate understanding of the inputs, processing and ultimate fates of river nitrogen. Here we review available literature on this important system and propose a conceptual model showing how biological processes evolve in the river plume between the point of discharge and the point where plume waters are fully diluted by mixing with oceanic water.     

Numerical experiments on the prediction of sea surface temperature anomalies in the Gulf of Mexico

The conservation of thermal energy equation applied to the mixed layer of the ocean, has been used to predict the sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) and the month-to-month changes in the Gulf of Mexico. The model includes the horizontal transport of heat by mean ocean currents and by turbulent eddies, as well as the heating by short and long wave radiation, evaporation and sensible heat given off to the atmosphere. A comparative study is carried out on the relative importance of the heating and transport terms. An objective verification of the skill of the predictions is presented for each season and for the whole period from March 1986 to February 1987. The predictions using only the heating terms have some skill over the control predictions (persistence and return to normal). The skill is substantially increased when the horizontal transport of heat by turbulent mixing is included in the model. The incorporation in the model of the Ekman wind drift current anomalies computed from the anomalous surface geostrophic wind improves appreciably the skill of the predictions in winter and fall.The mixed layer depth computed using the Kraus and Turner theory with dissipation, shows that the depths in summer and fall are shallower than in spring and winter. The effect of the shallow mixed layer depth in the model becomes apparent in summer and fall, improving the skill of the predictions in these seasons, with respect to the skill obtained using a constant mixed layer depth of 60 m.The incorporation in the model of the cooling in the mixed layer by turbulent entrainment of colder water from the thermocline, does not improve in an appreciable way the average skill of the predictions.     

公路建设中的水土保持措施

以茂湛高速公路观珠至坡心段工程为例，阐述了公路建设中水土保持的必要性、所采取的水土保持技术措施、以及该工程水土保持防治效果，对类似工程有一定的借鉴作用。     

A two-dimensional response to a tropical storm on the Gulf of Mexico shelf

Surface current data from drifting buoys and remotely sensed wind data recorded over the continental shelf in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico during the passage of tropical storm Josephine in October 1996 are examined. Drifter data show the existence of a strong surface jet (velocities reaching 1 m s⁻¹) that moves up the west Florida shelf and westward along the Louisiana–Texas shelf, and lasts for nearly 1 week. The coastal jet occurs during an intense synoptic scale wind event where wind speeds reach 15 m s⁻¹. A simple force balance and statistical analysis are performed to assess the role of strong wind forcing. The primary balance shows an Ekman-type current. The role of local acceleration is greatest when winds are directed along bathymetry. A simple two-dimensional strongly forced shelf response model developed from the linear steady-state momentum equations also indicates larger along-shore currents due to both Ekman-type forcing by cross-shore winds and a cross-shore pressure gradient arising from conservation of mass. Model parameters fit empirically are within 15% of theoretical values. The simple model explains 30% and 46% of the variance in the observed along-shore and cross-shore surface currents, respectively.     

超宽带技术在短距离无线接入中的应用

介绍了超宽带无线通信技术的特点,着重阐述了基于OFDM的超宽带通信技术,提出该技术在短距离无线接入的应用模式,给出其应用中的关键技术,并就超宽带无线通信技术应用前景作了简要介绍。     

Decommissioning forecast in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico, 2013–2033

One hundred and ten fixed, tensioned, and moored structures have been installed in the Gulf of Mexico in water depth greater than 400 ft, and through 2012, 15 structures have been decommissioned. Decommissioning is the final stage of an assets life cycle, where all wells are plugged and abandoned, the structure and associated production facilities are removed, and the seafloor cleared of all debris created by the operations. The purpose of this paper is to describe a decommissioning forecast for deepwater structures in the Gulf of Mexico. Three approaches (“simple models”) based on lease status, gross revenue, and production forecasting are applied to infer a short, medium, and long-term decommissioning forecast. Model assumptions are outlined along with a discussion of the limitations and uncertainty of analysis. About two dozen deepwater fixed platforms are expected to be removed over the next decade, but only 5 floaters are expected to be decommissioned through 2032.     

墨西哥湾漏油事件中溢油应对处理方案研究

伴随着我国能源需求及海上石油运输量的大幅增长,我国海上发生溢油事故的风险也不断加大,针对海上大型溢油事故制定有效的溢油应对处理方案已成为我国的当务之急.该文通过对2010年4月发生在墨西哥湾的英国石油公司“深水地平线”平台泄漏事件进行研究,分析收集了此次事故过程中美国采用的主要溢油应急处理方案及值得借鉴的手段,为我国研究海上溢油应急方案提供了重要的参考和依据.     

煤矿井下水泵和地面通风机交流调速装置的节能分析

目前,煤炭销售形式非常好,但有的煤矿经济效益并不如人们所期望的那样高,究其原因主要在于煤炭的生产成本比较高。而节能降耗是煤矿降低煤矿生产成本提高经济效益的主要途径,尤其是针对煤矿中大型机电设备的节能改造是煤矿降低生产成本的主要方式。因此,煤矿需要比较设备不同的运行方式,分析不同情况下的效率,制订节能的运行方案。     

Mixing in the surface boundary layer of a tropical freshwater reservoir

A combined observational-modeling study was conducted to investigate turbulence mixing, and the relation to surface forcing, in the surface boundary layer (SBL) of a tropical, high-altitude, freshwater reservoir. A suite of vertical profiles of temperature microstructure, collected at three different stations of one-day duration each, provided estimates of dissipation rates of turbulence kinetic energy, , and temperature variance, χ. Numerical simulations of and χ, using state-of-the-art, public domain, two-equation turbulence closure models, compared favorably with the observations and reproduced the dynamics of daytime wind mixing as well as the vertical and temporal turbulence structure during nighttime convective conditions.Two independent estimates of vertical eddy diffusivities in the stably stratified (daytime) SBL, computed from the microstructure measurements, agreed closely, and the near surface heat and buoyancy fluxes, computed from the diffusivities, were similar to those computed independently from surface meteorology. Model generated eddy diffusivities agreed closely with the observed values, except those generated by K profile parameterization (KPP) model simulations. The good agreement provides confidence that nutrient fluxes in the SBL may be accurately computed from the models when forced with regularly measured surface meteorological parameters. The consequences are important for estimation of daily primary productivity rates in the euphotic zone and the ability to predict algal blooms such as those observed in the present reservoir.     

Simulated responses of the Gulf of Mexico hypoxia to variations in climate and anthropogenic nutrient loading

A mathematical model was used to simulate monthly responses of the Gulf of Mexico hypoxia to variations in climate and anthropogenic nutrient loading over a 45-year period. We examined six hypothetical future scenarios that are based on observed and projected changes in the Mississippi River discharge, Mississippi River nitrate concentrations, and ambient water temperatures. In particular, we investigated the implications of a 30% decrease in the Mississippi River nitrogen flux, which was recently proposed by the Mississippi River Watershed/Gulf of Mexico Hypoxia Task Force as a measure to reduce the size of the hypoxic zone. Model simulations suggest that the frequency of hypoxia in the northern Gulf of Mexico is highly sensitive to variations in riverine nitrate flux, but also to variations in freshwater discharge and ambient water temperatures. A 30% decrease in the Mississippi River nitrate flux, for example, would reduce the frequency of hypoxia by 37%. Nevertheless, a 20% increase the Mississippi River discharge, which may occur under some climate change scenarios, would produce an increase in the frequency of hypoxia of the same magnitude. Thus, if the potential climatic variations are taken into account, a 30% decrease in the nitrogen flux of the Mississippi River may not be sufficient to accomplish the proposed hypoxia management goal.     

基于历史保护的老城区公共交通改善研究

受历史保护等诸多因素制约,我国许多城市的老城路网条件较差,交通拥堵严重,公共交通发展水平滞后。如何改善老城交通环境,构建宜居、活力、创新的老城,是社会各界共同关注的焦点。文中以佛山老城为例,提出基于历史保护的老城公共交通改善策略。对公交线网、公交场站、公交资源整合、配套管理等方面进行了研究。     

涡街流量计的选型与应用

本文首先介绍了涡街流量计的工作原理,并对涡街流量计的优缺点进行了分析;其次结合采油平台实际工况进行了流量仪表选型;并且介绍了针对涡街流量计的防振措施;最后通过计算对比分析,证明涡街流量计是一款相对节能的流量计。     

利用相关分析实现低信噪比信号的相位差测量

介绍了低信噪比情况下,利用相关分析法实现相位差测量的原理以及计算机仿真。实验表明,利用相关分析法能够实现高噪声环境下的相位差测量,测量结果能达到一定的精度。     

Multisite,Interdisciplinary Applications of Science to Marine Policy: The Conservation International Marine Management Area Science Program

This special issue provides insight into global conservation science by analyzing a 5-year, $12.5 million global marine conservation science and policy program that included over 50 studies in four priority regions involving over 100 scientists and numerous partners. In doing so, it provides reflections on critical challenges for any conservation science program that is intended to inform policymaking, including how to (1) ensure that science process and products influence conservation actions, (2) build global learning from a network of site-based projects, (3) strengthen in-region capacity, and (4) manage relationships across scales among scientists, conservationists, headquarters, and field-based staff. Information is presented on the development and progress of the program as a whole in addition to specific articles covering each of four focal geographic areas: Belize, Brazil, the Eastern Tropical Pacific Seascape, and Fiji.     

基于锂电池放电曲线的发热功率研究

本文针对锂电池的发热问题,依据能量守恒定律,通过对电池在放电过程中电压、容量等数据的采集和计算,建立了锂电池发热功率的计算方法,并通过等温量热仪对锂电池放热进行了试验验证.此计算方法只需测试锂电池单体的电性能参数即可计算其发热功率,无需引入热测试系统,是一种简单快速有效的锂电池发热评估方法.试验结果表明,计算结果与试验...