柴油机可变涡流进气流动的数值模拟研究

为1台2.0L的4气门柴油机设计了可变涡流进气系统,利用三维CFD软件AVL-Fire分别对柴油机的3种气道型式的气体流动进行了数值模拟计算,得出了不同型式进气道的流通特性和涡流特性。提出了两种涡流控制阀方案,在切向和螺旋进气道分别设置旋转阀片进行调节,可以改变涡流比,并经比较研究选出了较优方案。研究结果表明,螺旋进气道在大气门升程下的流通能力优于切向进气道,但小气门升程下切向进气道流通能力较好,且产生涡流能力较强;双进气道由于气流的干涉会导致进气能量的损失,但涡流扭矩有所增加;涡流控制阀能在一定范围内改变进气涡流比,且设置在螺旋气道侧的方案具有更好的变涡流效果,能够保证较好的流通性和较大的涡流比变化范围,满足发动机不同工况对流通性和涡流强度的要求。     

现代缸内直喷式汽油机(十一)

(接2010年第11期)(二)丰田涡流-壁面导向分层燃烧直喷式汽油机1.前言继1996年三菱汽车公司推出世界上第一款4G93型GDI现代缸内直喷式汽油机后,日本丰田公司紧接着也推出了一款2.0L双顶置凸轮轴四气门直喷式汽油机。这种新型的直喷式汽油机采用了多项新技术,例如:采用涡流控制阀调节进气涡流强度的螺旋进气道、活塞顶具有渐开线形状的燃烧室凹坑以及采用先进的电子节气门的发动机管理系统等。     

新福特嘉年华车发动机检修要点

新福特嘉年华轿车采用了1.3L和1．5L两款DOHC发动机,在其上面都装备有可变气门正时（VCT）系统,通过优化气门正时,实现了各转速下的高充气效率,另外,采用了进气涡流控制（IMSC）阀和进气道长度控制（IMRC）阀,进一步获得最佳的燃烧状态,从而可以更加有效地提高转矩和降低油耗。     

4气门柴油机进气道布置及气体流动CFD模拟

不同的发动机气道组合对进气流量和进气涡流有重要的影响。研究了YZ4102 4气门柴油机螺旋气道和切向气道的布置方案,并对气道—气门—气缸系统中的气体流动进行了三维数值模拟,得到了螺旋进气道单开和两进气道全开状态下气道内部详细的速度场和湍动能等信息,为气道结构优化提供了理论依据。     

基于CFD的柴油机进气流动瞬态数值模拟与试验研究

采用经压缩修正的Jj}噌双方程湍流模型对一台车用4气门6缸柴油机的单缸换气过程、进气压缩过程进行了CFD瞬态模拟计算.结果表明,对于该柴油机,其气门叠开期发生了废气倒流入进气道现象;切向气道和螺旋气道的气流之间存在着相互影响;进气结束时在涡流以外还存在纵向的涡,在压缩行程中这些涡在高速转动的同时能量发生耗散.并将能量传递给周围流场,诱导出一个反方向的纵涡.气道稳流试验结果表明,对流量系数和涡流比的模拟计算结果与试验结果吻合较好.     

高喷射压力燃烧过程的组织

本文论述采用高压喷射,适当减少进气涡流,以增加高速时的充气量。由于进气涡流减小,应设法减少余隙容积(包括顶间隙、气门凹入缸盖底平面的容积和避阀坑等),使涡流在进气和压缩过程中尽量减少损失,才能在油气混合过程中发挥作用,同时采用收口燃烧室强化压缩挤流,以弥补低速时混合能量的不足。初步实践表明上述措施有利于同时提高发动机高低速性能。     

可变涡流进气系统及其对柴油机性能和排放的影响

研制具有控制涡流副气道的可变涡流进气系统,是用于研究如何控制进气流入气缸的角动量,同时研究这种可变涡流进气系统对直喷式柴油机性能及排放量的影响。 较低的涡流可以减少初始阶段的燃烧量(在整个发动机转速和负荷范围内,这一阶段燃烧,是与NOx徘放量,最大气缸压力和缸内压力升高率有关的)。因此,在高速或部分负荷时,低涡流可提高燃料消耗率并降低NOx排放量。 带有这种可变涡流进气系统的涡轮增压中冷发动机,根据发动机的不同情况,选择最佳涡流强度,可以得到较高的低速扭矩、较高的功率和较好的冷起动性能。     

涡流比对非单坡屋顶型燃烧室发动机燃烧性能的影响

鉴于在中型发动机市场对柴油机排气后处理的费用较为敏感,计划将John Deere 4045柴油机转换成具有较高EGR水平的汽油机。这一转换出现了一些轻型汽油机中从未遇见过的挑战,因为扁平式气缸盖中需要适应柴油机的气道,所以不能产生最佳的缸内紊流。随着气缸尺寸的增加,还容易发生爆燃和不完全燃烧现象。另外,用于减少爆燃的高度稀燃措施会使燃烧速率减缓。为了提高燃烧速率,采用不同的涡流水平进行了试验研究。用1种能实现不同气道遮蔽度的四气门缸盖进行的试验表明,提高涡流比可以缩短燃烧持续时间,但是,为了达到要求的涡流比,所需要的泵气功会相应增加。采用两气门缸盖可以克服四气门缸盖气道遮蔽时中出现的喘气问题。两气门缸盖采用低涡流气道设计可产生类似的涡流比,而采用高涡流气道设计时产生的涡流比是低涡流气道的2倍。试验结果阐明了1种涡流比与传热之间的折衷办法。虽然高涡流气道能稍微提高EGR的裕度和燃烧速率,但会使传热和泵气功显著增加,从而导致总效率下降。存在1个最佳的涡流比,可以通过改善燃烧速率和EGR裕度来克服泵气功和传热损失。     

基于DSP的柴油机进气涡流控制系统

基于TMS320F240 DSP开发的进气涡流控制系统,通过对节气门开启角度的自动控制并与切向气道或螺旋气道配合使用来组织有效的进气涡流,同时对进气涡流的强度进行自动控制,有效地改善了发动机的燃烧,从而优化了发动机动力性、经济性等性能指标。系统对节气门开启角度的控制精度较高,具有较强的抗干扰能力。     

可变涡流控制直喷式柴油机排放的试验研究

研制了一种向螺旋进气道入口处喷射空气的可变涡流进气系统———控制涡流型可变涡流进气系统 ,试验研究了该系统对直喷式柴油机排放性能的影响。结果表明 ,该系统在不影响进气充量的情况下 ,可以明显改变直喷式柴油机颗粒 (PM)和 NOx 的排放量     

Efficiency improvement for an unthrottled SI engine at part load

Variable valve timing (VVT) and cylinder deactivation (CDA) are promising methods in reducing fuel consumption and emission at part load in SI engines. An SI engine which uses electromagnetic valvetrain (EMV) will eliminate flow restriction from the throttle valve and produce higher indicated mean efficiency pressure (IMEP) due to the disabling of some of the working cylinders at part load. Therefore, pumping loss can be significantly reduced at part-load conditions. In addition, duration and timing of valve events are variably controlled at different operating conditions. This contributes to the improvement of engine efficiency. In this study, a dynamic model of an unthrottled SI engine has been developed to simulate the engine cycle. The model uses an EMV system that allows valvetrain control and cylinder deactivation techniques to be carried out in simulation flexibly. The simulated results find the optimal valve timing for different engine speeds. The optimal timing of intake valve closing depends on engine speed linearly, while the intake valve opening insignificantly influences engine performance. Additionally, this study also shows that cylinder deactivation modes can be successfully applied in improving engine efficiency at different engine loads. Different cylinder deactivation strategies have been applied for the full range of engine loads. It is concluded that the two-cylinder deactivation mode (50% CDA) considerably improves fuel consumption at low engine load. Meanwhile, one-cylinder deactivation (25% CDA) is an optimal fuel economy mode at medium engine load. With proper uses of VVT and CDA strategies, the efficiency of an SI engine can be increased more than 30% at low engine load and 11.7 % at medium engine load.     

Effects of valve timing and intake flow motion control on combustion and time-resolved HC & NOx formation characteristics

In SI engines, valve events have a major influence on volumetric efficiency, fuel economy and exhaust emissions. Moreover, swirl and tumble motions in the intake charge also improve combustion speed and quality by stratifying the mixture as well as intensifying the mixing rate of air and fuel. This paper investigates the behaviors of an engine and the combustion phenomenon for various intake valve timings and intake charge motions using CVVT system and port masking schemes. Test condition includes a part load and a cold idle condition inclusive of a cold start of the engine. Time-resolved HC and NOx emissions were also measured at an exhaust port to examine their formation mechanisms and behaviors with fast response HC/NOx analyzers. In conclusion, the fast burning of fuel and improved combustion quality by enhanced charge motions reduced unburned HC emissions, and advancing the intake valve opening reduced HC as well as NOx. Furthermore, HCs during the cold transient phase and idle conditions decreased with recalibrated start parameters such as lean air-fuel ratio and spark retardation via the enhancement of intake charge motions.     

气门开启过程对压缩终了缸内涡流运动的影响

首先采用进气道稳流试验和数值模拟方法对两款柴油机进气道的稳态流动进行研究对比,然后利用Converge软件对两款柴油机在标定工况下的进气和压缩过程进行了瞬态数值模拟研究,并对该过程中各个时刻的缸内和燃烧室内涡流运动通过无量纲参数瞬态涡流比来进行分析。结果表明,柴油机实际工作过程中进气道在气门小开度及中等开度下形成涡流的能力对压缩终了时燃烧室内的涡流强弱有很大影响。现有的稳态评价方法不足以体现这一特征,稳态评价方法有待改进。     

TJ376Q二气门汽油机准均质稀混合气燃烧实验研究

本文对夏利TJ376Q汽油机进气系统进行了改造，大大提高了涡流和滚流比，强化空气运动的结果有利于组织燃料在缸内的浓度分布，从而为在二气门汽油机上实现稀燃烧打下基础；原发动机油器式供油系统被改为电控气道内燃油喷射系统。在此基础上，采用了两次燃油喷射技术。通过对这两次喷油时刻、喷油量的分别调节，在缸内形成精细分层的混合气即所谓准均质混合气，从而优化了油耗和排放指标，成功地在产品二气门汽油机上实现了稀薄燃烧。     

柴油机螺旋进气道稳流试验与CFD计算的对比分析

对某柴油机螺旋进气道进行传统的气道稳流试验,得到了涡流比和流量系数。在与试验条件对等的边界条件下,应用仿真软件FIRE建立了气道的三维仿真模型,对不同气门升程下进气道内的流场进行了CFD计算;对比试验与计算的结果,两者吻合良好。结果表明,仿真计算省时,成本低,便于方案对比,可以获得气道内的流场分布规律;在柴油机螺旋进气道设计开发与性能评价中具有实用价值。     

柴油机进气道性能试验与评价方法

进气道性能（涡流强度、流量系数）对柴油机的动力性，经济性和排放有重要影响，介绍了目前常用的进气道稳流试验装置，其数据的采集由计算机完成，着重介绍了可适应不同应用范围的6种进气道试验与评价方法，阐述了每种方法中进气道空气流量及涡流比的计算方法，为燃烧过程模拟计算提供了初始条件。     

柴油机进气流动的数值模拟

利用CFD软件对载重车用4气门6缸直喷水冷柴油机进气系统进行三维气体流动数值模拟计算,模拟结果给出了气道及气缸内三维流场的分布。从流场切面图可看出,切向气道和螺旋气道的气流之间存在着相互作用,这种作用有利于形成较大的进气湍流;在进气结束时,发现除了涡流以外还存在纵向的涡,在随后的压缩行程中,这些涡在高速转动的同时能量不断耗散,并将能量传递给周围流场,诱导出一个反方向的纵涡;最后给出了TKE(湍流动能)随曲轴转角的变化图。     

Effect of intake valve swirl on fuel-gas mixing and subsequent combustion in a CAI engine

A fully three-dimensional model was used to investigate the optimal value for intake valve lift in a CAI engine. Uniform mixing in the engine is a key parameter that affects the auto-ignition reliability and thermal efficiency. The method of intake of the air supply often determines the uniformity (or quality) of the fuel-air mixture. In this paper, four strategies were applied for controlling the swirl intensity of intake air. The variation of the intake valve lift induces different swirling and tumbling intensities. Both experimental data and 1D WAVE software (Ricardo, Co.) were coupled with the 3D model to provide pressure and temperature boundary conditions. The initial condition of the EGR mass fraction was also provided by the 1D model. The benchmark scenario (Case 1) was considered as a valve lift with 2 mm for all intake valves. We found that an intake valve lift of 6 mm with the other intake valve closed (i.e., Case 5) yielded the largest swirling (helical motion in the axial direction) and tumbling, which in turn rendered optimal fuel-gas mixing. We also found that fuel distribution affected the auto-ignition sites (or spot). The better the mixing, the greater the gas temperature and combustion efficiency achieved, as seen in Case 5. The NOx level, however, was increased due to the gas temperature. The optimal operating condition is selected from the viewpoints of environmental protection and combustion efficiency.