水下爆炸空化效应作用下全船响应的并行计算(英文)

As well as shock wave and bubble pulse loading, cavitation also has very significant influences on the dynamic response of surface ships and other near-surface marine structures to underwater explosive loadings. In this paper, the acoustic-structure coupling method embedded in ABAQUS is adopted to do numerical analysis of underwater explosion considering cavitation. Both the shape of bulk cavitation region and local cavitation region are obtained, and they are in good agreement with analytical results. The duration of reloading is several times longer than that of a shock wave. In the end, both the single computation and parallel computation of the cavitation effect on the dynamic responses of a full-scale ship are presented, which proved that reloading caused by cavitation is non-ignorable. All these results are helpful in understanding underwater explosion cavitation effects.     

Free Surface Flow Generated by Submerged Twin-cylinders in Forward Motion Using a Fully Nonlinear Method

The free surface flow generated by twin-cylinders in forced motion submerged beneath the free surface is studied based on the boundary element method. Two relative locations, namely, horizontal and vertical, are examined for the twin cylinders. In both cases, the twin cylinders are starting from rest and ultimately moving with the same constant speed through an accelerating process. Assuming that the fluid is inviscid and incompressible and the flow to be irrotational, the integral Laplace equation can be discretized based on the boundary element method. Fully-nonlinear boundary conditions are satisfied on the unknown free surface and the moving body surface. The free surface is traced by a Lagrangian technique. Regriding and remeshing are applied, which is crucial to quality of the numerical results. Single circular cylinder and elliptical cylinder are calculated by linear method and fully nonlinear method for accuracy checking and then fully nonlinear method is conducted on the twin cylinder cases, respectively. The generated wave elevation and the resultant force are analysed to discuss the influence of the gap between the two cylinders as well as the water depth. It is found that no matter the kind of distribution, when the moving cylinders are close to each other, they suffer hydrodynamic force with large absolute value in the direction of motion. The trend of force varying with the increase of gap can be clearly seen from numerical analysis. The vertically distributed twin cylinders seem to attract with each other while the horizontally distributed twin cylinders are opposite when they are close to each other.     

Wave load computation in direct strength analysis of semi-submersible platform structures

A wave load computation approach in direct strength analysis of semi-submersible platform structures was presented in this paper. Considering the differences in shape of pontoon, column and beam, the combination of accumulative chord length cubic parameter spline theory and analytic method was adopted for generating the wet surface mesh of platform. The hydrodynamic coefficients of platform were calculated by the three-dimensional potential flow theory of the linear hydrodynamic problem for platform with low forward speed. The equation of platform motions was established and solved in frequency domain, and the responses of wave-induced loads on the platform can be obtained. With the interpolation method being utilized, the pressure loads on shell elements for finite element analysis(FEA) were converted from those on the hydrodynamic computation mesh, which pave the basis for FEA with commercial software. A computer program based on this method has been developed ,and a calculation example of semi-submersible platform was illustrated. Analysis results show that this method is a satisfying approach of wave loads computation for this kind of platform.     

3D numerical modeling of wave forces on tandem fixed cylinders using the BEM

In this paper a 3D numerical model was developed to study the complicated interaction between waves and a set of tandem fixed cylinders.The fluid was considered to be inviscid and irrotational.Therefore,the Helmholtz equation was used as a governing equation.The boundary element method（BEM） was adopted to discretize the relevant equations.Open boundaries were used in far fields of the study domain.Linear waves were generated and propagated towards tandem fixed cylinders to estimate the forces applied on them.Special attention was paid to consideration of the effect on varying non-dimensional cylinder radius and distance between cylinders,ka and kd on forces and trapped modes.The middle cylinder wave forces and trapped modes in a set of nine tandem cylinders were validated utilizing analytical data.The comparisons confirm the accuracy of the model.The results of the inline wave force estimation on n tandem cylinders show that the critical cylinder in the row is the middle one for odd numbers of cylinders.Furthermore the results show that the critical trapped mode effect occurs for normalized cylinder radiuses close to 0.5 and 1.0.Finally the force estimation for n tandem cylinders confirms that force amplitude of the middle cylinder versus normalized separation distance fluctuates about that of a single cylinder.     

Numerical simulation of nonlinear wave force on a quasi-ellipse caisson

A three dimensional numerical model of nonlinear wave action on a quasi-ellipse caisson in a time domain was developed in this paper. Navier-Stokes equations were solved by the finite difference method, and the volume of fluid (VOF) method was employed to trace the free surface. The partial cell method was used to deal with the irregular boundary typical of this type of problem during first-time wave interaction with the structure, and a satisfactory result was obtained. The numerical model was verified and used to investigate the effects of the relative wave height H/d, relative caisson width kD, and relative length-width ratio B/D on the wave forces of the quasi-ellipse caisson. It was shown that the relative wave height H/d has a significant effect on the wave forces of the caisson. Compared with the non-dimensional inline wave force, the relative length-width ratio B/D was shown to have significant influence on the non-dimensional transverse wave force.     

A second order volume of fluid （VOF） scheme for numerical simulation of 2-D breaking waves

Among all environmental forces acting on ocean structures and marine vessels, those resulting from wave impacts are likely to yield the highest loads. Being highly nonlinear, transient and complex, a theoretical analysis of their impact would be impossible without numerical simulations. In this paper, a pressure-split two-stage numerical algorithm is proposed based on Volume Of Fluid (VOF) methodology. The algorithm is characterized by introduction of two pressures at each half and full cycle time step, and thus it is a second-order accurate algorithm in time. A simplified second-order Godunov-type solver is used for the continuity equations. The method is applied to simulation of breaking waves in a 2-D water tank, and a qualitative comparison with experimental photo observations is made. Quite consistent results are observed between simulations and experiments. Commercially available software and Boundary Integral Method (BIM) have also been used to simulate the same problem. The results from present code and BIM are in good agreement with respect to breaking location and timing, while the results obtained from the commercial software which is only first-order accurate in time has clearly showed a temporal and spatial lag, verifying the need to use a higher order numerical scheme.     

桩倾角对导管架平台斜桩响应影响的参数研究（英文）

Offshore jacket-type platforms are attached to the seabed by long batter piles. In this paper, results from a finite element analysis, verified against experimental data, are used to study the effect of the pile's inclination angle, and its interaction with the geometrical properties of the pile and the geotechnical characteristics of the surrounding soil on the behavior of the inclined piles supporting the jacket platforms. Results show that the inclination angle is one of the main parameters affecting the behavior of an offshore pile. We investigated the effect of the inclination angle on the maximum von Mises stress, maximum von Mises elastic strain, maximum displacement vector sum, maximum displacement in the horizontal direction, and maximum displacement in the vertical direction. Results indicate that the pile's operationally optimal degree of inclination is approximately 5°. By exceeding this value, the instability in the surrounding soil under applied loads grows extensively in all the geotechnical properties considered. Cohesive soils tend to display poorer results compared to grained soils.     

1/4 圆弧面沉箱防波堤设计分项系数研究(英文)

The quarter-circular caisson breakwater (QCB) is a new type of breakwater, and it can be applied in deepwater. The stability of QCB under wave force action can be enhanced, and the rubble mound engineering can be less than that of semi-circular breakwaters in deepwater. In order to study the wave force distribution acting on the QCB, to find wave force formula for this type of breakwater, firstly in this paper, the distribution characteristics of the horizontal force, the downward vertical force and the uplift force on the breakwater were gotten based on physical model wave flume experiments and on the analysis of the wave pressure experimental data. Based on a series of physical model tests acted by irregular waves, a kind of calculation method, which was modified by Goda formula, was proposed to carry out the wave force on the QCB. Secondly, the reliability method with correlated variables was adopted to analyze the QCB, considering the high correlation between wave forces or moments. Utilizing the observed wave data in engineering field, the reliability index and failure probability of QCB were obtained. Finally, a factor Q=0.9 is given to modify the zero pressure height above SWL of QCB, and wave force partial coefficient 1.34 to the design expressions of QCB for anti-sliding, as well as 1.67 for anti-overturning, were presented.     

海岸桩结构布置对波浪参数影响的数值模拟研究（英文）

In this study, the passage of waves through pile groups with different arrangements is investigated using a three-dimensional(3D)numerical model. For the simulations, waves of three different heights of 36, 58, and 81 mm, a fixed period of 0.88s, and a fixed wave length of 1.128 m were used. To simulate the waves and flow pattern through the piles, Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes(RANS) equations of fluid motion were solved based on the finite volume method(FVM). Piles were defined as obstacles in the rectangular domain using the fractional area/volume obstacle representation(FAVOR) method. The volume-of-fluid(VOF) and re-normalization group(RNG) methods were used to simulate the free surface and turbulence phenomenon, respectively. By performing different numerical simulations, the effect of coastal pile arrangements on wave pattern was studied and was compared with existing experimental data, and an acceptable agreement was achieved.     

游艇码头定位桩桩长的确定方法

针对温州瓯江港区浮式游艇码头在接近35 m淤泥质土的地质条件下全直定位桩桩长确定和地基承载能力的问题,采用数值模拟方法,在波浪力和水流力作用下,对不同定位桩长的码头结构进行三维全尺度数值模拟分析和地基承载力校验,得到不同定位桩长的剪力和弯矩的内力分布特征、桩顶最大位移、桩身最大应力随不同桩长变化趋势。再根据定位桩自重和桩侧土极限侧摩阻力标准值确定桩底应力,与地基承载能力进行对比分析。研究表明,对于类似工程,可采用以地基承载力和桩顶位移为主、以桩身应力控制为辅助的控制方法来确定桩长。     

株洲二线船闸深基坑双排桩结构的受力特性

对株洲航电枢纽二线船闸高挡土环境中的双排桩结构变形及内力特征,采用数值计算和工程观测相结合的方法,分析不同桩径、不同开挖深度时结构的变形及受力形态。结果表明:双排桩排距取3倍桩径时,不同开挖深度的前排桩最大位移值呈现二次抛物线形态;前排桩内力呈现单锚板桩的受力特征,后排桩内力呈现悬臂板桩的受力特征;通过设置卸荷板、采用抗剪强度大的材料回填可有效控制结构变形及内力。     

强浪条件下高桩码头夹桩结构的高程设计

针对目前没有规范为高桩码头夹桩结构的设计与施工提供系统性指导的问题,依托某工程实例,对强浪条件下的夹桩结构高程选取进行研究,通过物理模型试验测定不同高程的夹桩结构所受的波浪力,并根据实际施工进度安排,使用有限元分析软件计算确定了两个阶段的夹桩结构高程,在工程实施中取得了较好的应用效果,可为类似工程提供参考。     

考虑流固耦合影响的桩基波浪力简化计算方法

离岸深水全直桩码头,由于其桩基的自由高度大、柔度增加、自振周期长,且位于无掩护开敞海域,波浪与结构相互作用问题突出。如何考虑流固耦合作用对桩上波浪力的影响,并建立便于工程应用的计算方法,是工程实践提出的亟待解决的课题。文中利用有限元软件ADINA建立了水体和桩基结构相互作用的三维有限元数值模型,并采用有限元数值模型对考虑流固耦合影响的改进Morison波浪力计算公式进行了验证。采用改进Morison波浪力计算公式研究了流固耦合对桩身波浪力的影响,并给出了考虑流固耦合影响的波浪力放大系数图表。在此基础上,提出了考虑流固耦合影响的波浪力简化计算方法。     

刚性承台下柔性单桩复合地基工作特性分析

基于变形协调条件,运用力学理论,对带台柔性单桩复合地基的承载特性进行了系统的分析,得到了桩土应力比、桩身轴力分布及荷载-沉降关系等系列解析算式.计算表明,柔性桩在更多的情况下不可能像刚性桩那样将荷载传递到桩端,而存在一个有效桩长;同时,桩土应力比随荷载变化的趋势与桩体刚度、桩侧剪切刚度及桩端土的抗压刚度有很大关系.计算还显示,如果以相对变形s/b=0.004～0.01所对应的承载力作为复合地基承载力特征值的话,当桩体刚度增加一倍,复合地基承载力将增加1/3～1/2.为验证所提出方法的可行性,将模型实验的结果与计算结果进行了对比,对比表明,该方法对柔性桩复合地基的设计计算有指导意义.     

海上风电大直径单桩基础固有频率影响因素的数值分析

针对海上风电整机结构其低阶固有频率的控制问题,基于有限元分析技术开展小直径桩土相互作用的数值模拟分析,与试验结果、API规范计算结果进行对比,验证了数值模型的适用性,分析大直径单桩结构桩内土芯、冲刷深度、表层土置换措施对整机固有频率的影响,结果表明,基于有限元实体单元计算所得一、二阶整机固有频率要明显大于传统p-y方法计算结果;桩内土芯对一、二阶整机固有频率影响很小;在一定范围内,随着泥面冲刷深度的增加,一、二阶固有频率降低不明显,认为传统p-y方法对于大直径单桩的适用性有待研究;在实际工程设计中,桩内土芯的影响可忽略;对于大直径单桩,在一定范围内可以忽略冲刷的影响。     

基于地基系数折减法的全直桩高桩排架计算

基于地基系数折减法,提出了全直桩高桩排架的一个计算思路。与假想嵌固点法计算结果比较可知,地基系数折减法考虑了桩的非线性变形与群桩效应,其内力与变形与工程实际更吻合。此方法可以供高桩码头设计参考使用。     

Influence of different combinations of impact mass and velocity with identical kinetic energy or momentum on the impact response of RC piles

Marine engineering structures may be subjected to various levels of vessel collisions, causing different degrees of damage to the RC piles. However, the influence of different combinations of impact mass and velocity under the same initial kinetic energy or momentum on the impact behavior of RC piles has not been explored. A numerical investigation of the impact responses of RC pile structures (including plumb piles and inclined pile groups) considering the material strain rate effect is carried out using the software ABAQUS/Explicit in this paper. Parametric studies are conducted based on the validated finite element models of RC piles subjected to horizontal impact. The internal force distributions, as well as the effect of the impact kinetic energy and the momentum (including different combinations of impact mass and initial velocity) on the impact response of RC piles, are discussed. The results indicate that the development path of the bending moment‒overall structural displacement curves in the plastic hinge regions of RC piles are almost identical under both impact and static loading conditions. Compared to momentum, the impact response of RC piles is insensitive to the variation of impact kinetic energy with different combinations of impact mass and velocity. Therefore, the impact kinetic energy is more suitable for evaluating the structural deformation of RC piles after impact. Finally, a performance-based impact-resistance design framework for RC piles is proposed.     

跨海桥梁基础波浪(流)力计算问题探讨

在收集国内外海洋桩柱结构物波浪(流)力研究资料的基础上,对桩柱波浪力计算的现状进行了归纳总结。结合已建多座跨海大桥工程实践,通过桥梁基础波浪(流)力模型试验结果与采用现行规范方法所得计算结果进行对比分析,分别对跨海桥梁基础波浪力特点、小尺度桩基波浪力计算、大尺度沉井(承台、桥墩)波浪力计算、横向波浪(流)力计算及波流共同作用下的波浪(流)力计算等问题进行探讨,提出目前桥梁基础波浪(流)力计算存在的问题及解决措施与方法,并针对存在的问题,提出了跨海桥梁基础波浪(流)力进一步深入研究的思路、研究技术路线及研究内容。     

桩土作用下斜桩对高桩码头岸坡稳定性的影响

考虑船舶撞击力、堆货荷载等外荷载对码头岸坡与后方桩台的作用,利用ABAQUS有限元软件对高桩码头布置斜桩的后方桩台与岸坡土体进行模拟,并对其桩土相互作用和结构稳定性进行分析。对位移场、应力场等云图中的模拟结果进行分析,结果表明：斜桩承受水平荷载能力优于竖向荷载,与直桩可以很好地形成遮帘作用,保证岸坡土体和结构物稳定。