Implementation of sustainable urban transport in Latin America

Transportation provides vital support to the economic and social development of Latin America cities, but current growth patterns and trends are not sustainable. While non-motorized and public transport modes have the largest shares in passenger transport, there is a strong increase in ownership and use of cars and motorcycles. In Latin America in 2010 there were 2.5 new motor vehicle registrations for every new child being born.     

Comparisons of urban transport sustainability: Lessons from West and North Africa

The diagnosis for urban transport sustainability depends on the context of different regions worldwide. We focus in this paper on West and North Africa which reveal similarities but also structural differences which are explored further. The importance of paratransit in its various forms is strongly observed in sub-Saharan Africa and to a lesser extent in North Africa. The attempts to regulate and organise this sector have been difficult; one interesting experience in Dakar occurred during a programme of fleet renewal. In parallel it is observed that there are positive but insufficient experiences of public transport authorities in some cities (Dakar, Abidjan) and similar projects postponed in other cities because of the institutional problems. One also observes the constant difficulties of designing sustainable schemes for bus companies. An answer to this crisis has been found in North Africa, through investment in new mass transport systems. However, mass transport projects in West Africa are very weak in comparison. The gap between public transport costs and income levels there remains a major obstacle to sustainable mobility exacerbated by the poverty of a significant part of the urban population in West Africa. Two other critical factors are also identified affecting sustainable mobility requirements, namely, the urban sprawl and increasing energy costs. Finally the conclusion recommends the use of research and expertise networks in order to help the design and the implementation of suited solutions.     

离子迁移谱技术发展趋势和应用前景

离子迁移谱(IMS)最初是作为化学实验室分析技术发展起来的。近年来,这一技术日臻完善,目前已经应用在多个领域,其中包括国家军事领域的化学战剂监测,各级安全部门的爆炸物监测,海关和机场入口安检部门对毒品、麻醉剂等违禁物品的监测以及环境监测部门对有毒有害气体的监测。随着应用范围的拓宽,IMS技术引起了世界各国专家的研究兴趣,因此使得这一技术不断得到更新和发展。本文系统地介绍了IMS技术的广泛应用前景及当前的发展趋势。     

Research on vibration characteristics of L-shaped plate using a mobility power flow approach

L-shaped plates have become an important focuses in structural vibration research. To determine their vibration characteristics, this paper applied a mobility power flow method. Firstly, the L-shaped plate was divided into two substructures to simplify analysis. The coupled bending moment was then deduced by applying a continuous vibration property on the common edge. Next, the response on any point of the plate and the input and transmitted power flow formulas were calculated. Numerical simulations showed the distribution of the coupled bending moment and the response of the whole structure. The validity of this method was verified by the SEA approach.     

Discussions on rail in urban areas and rail history

This paper includes discussions on rail in urban areas and railway history. More specifically commonly used terms and definitions for rail services, policy and practice in urban areas are discussed followed by an overview of railway developments around the world.     

The impact of compliance measures on the operation of a bus system: The case of Transantiago

In a regulated bus system operated by private companies, pecuniary incentives can be of primary importance to ensure the quality of the operation and the level of service, especially when there are only a few companies and basically no competition among them. The case of Transantiago, in the capital city of Chile, provides a good example of this. The very ambitious Transantiago project, implemented in 2007 in Santiago, integrated the bus and the subway systems, changing the route structure of the bus services, introducing a common and integrated fare system and electronic payment device, and tendering the operation of approximately 4,600 buses (which by the launch of the system in February 2007 had increased to 5600) to 10 private companies replacing some 4000 small operators which owned 8000 buses. In the beginning, the system faced huge difficulties. Operators' revenue formula basically consisted of a fixed payment, which changed slightly with the actual patronage. This quickly turned out to be a problem, and as technological support became available (several months after the launch), compliance measures were implemented, directly affecting the operators' revenue. The first measure considered the seat/standing places per hour of the buses in operation, for each company, and compared it to the theoretical figure. As a result, buses operating during peak hours increased from 4600 to 5600 in just two months. Subsequent indexes included service frequency and regularity, as well as effective bus-km, aggregated by company first and later by service. This paper shows how the successive implementation of these performance indexes had an impact on the operation of Transantiago in the first years, discusses the difficulties faced to implement them and highlights the importance of technological support to make possible the application of adequate compliance measures.     

Private sector involvement in urban rail: Experience and lessons from South East Asia

Various models for competition and ownership of urban rail systems have been used in South East Asia cities since the early 1990s. The paper reviews and classifies the approaches used in Bangkok, Kuala Lumpur, Manila and Singapore. The planning, financing, procurement, implementation and operation of these systems, and the institutional context for them, are examined. All of the systems that have used private sector finance for the development of the initial systems have faced financial problems. Optimism bias in demand forecasts and unrealistic expectations for cost recovery of capital intensive systems have been contributing factors. Lessons to be learned include the importance of clear government leadership and sound institutional arrangements, and the need for improved understanding of the best manner in which the private sector can be used to achieve efficient and effective rail projects.     

Competing for level of service in the provision of mobility services: Concepts, processes and measures

One of the most striking problems societies currently deal with is to assure adequate quality standards while improving accessibility within and between cities. In addition there is also a growing awareness that, to achieve a sustainable balance between private and public means of mobility, policies have to be able to send the correct signals in order to induce users adaptive behaviour, which in turn will provide the system with a reliable feedback on the needs for further investment and expansion of transport facilities. The definition and measurement of quality of service of the transport system is thus an objective aimed by both users and producers and it is often represented by the rather holistic concept of Level of Service (LoS). However, the LoS concept is not consciously used by users, on the contrary the user concentrates her comparative evaluation on what is simply known as quality. It is the planner that translates planned quality into LoS concept. So, LoS is a concept at the interface between the provider and the user. Given the interface character of the LoS concept an accounting framework for LoS should thus take into account the need to segregate the evaluation for passengers and freight transport and also distinguish between types of travellers in the case of passenger transport and types of commodities or logistic families in the case of freight transport. Moreover the bridge between the planner and the user view must be ensured. This paper reports the results of a research work dedicated to this topic.     

Market role and regulation of extensive urban minibus services as large bus service capacity is restored - Case studies from Ghana, Georgia and Kazakhstan

In some cities, the degeneration and collapse of formal bus services has allowed large-scale minibus operations to become established but, over time, city authorities and municipal bus operators regain at least part of their operating capacity and seek to regain their market share. This paper examines and compares three case studies: Accra, Tbilisi, and cities of Kazakhstan. It examines the development of the urban minibus services market as conventional bus services went into decline, the gradual re-emergence of large buses, how the authorities have viewed the minibuses as circumstances change, and market and regulatory strategies followed by city authorities.     

重庆水运可持续发展能力分析

重庆内河运输条件优越。大力发展重庆水运,将极大地促进重庆经济迅猛发展。结合重庆水运的实际情况,从可持续发展的角度,建立了一套科学、有效、全面的评价重庆水运可持续发展能力的指标体系。采用层次分析法确定指标权重,对重庆水运进行综合评价。通过实例分析验证了指标体系对重庆水运可持续发展能力评价的合理性,为重庆水运走可持续发展道路提供决策依据。     

The bending vibration response and approximate calculation of elastic cylindrical shell

Useful structure characteristics of elastic cylindrical shells have led them to being widely applied in virtual projects, so it is important to conduct vibration research on the shells and find it＇s a simpler corresponding compact calculation method. Utilising the input and transfer point mobility of a thin plate structure, a theoretical expression of the cylindrical shell＇s bending vibration responsewas deduced and numerical simulations were done to simplify the theoretical expression within an acceptable error margin, greatly reducing the amount of computations. Furthermore, whole vibration response distributions of the cylindrical shell were analyzed. It was found thathe vibration energy propagates in helical form under mono-frequency excitation, while under bandwidth frequency excitation, it attenuates around in term of fluctuation. The axial attenuation rate of the vibration energy is larger than the circumferential attenuation rate.     

油码头管理措施

阐述了现阶段油码头存在的问题,着重介绍了航运公司的整改措施,简单介绍了海事管理部门的整改措施,以期减少油码头溢油风险概率,保护海洋环境。     

Four decades of changing transport policy in Santiago,Chile

During the last forty years, Santiago has experienced a series of drastic changes in public transport policies. These changes have ranged widely, from total deregulation to processes that concentrated the management of public transport within the hands of the public sector.     

设备安装对基座导纳测量的影响研究

裸基座导纳是隔振设计的重要参数.工程中常需要在设备安装状态下测量基座的导纳,这会给基座导纳测量带来误差.本文针对单个安装点的情况(低频时成立)从理论上证明了这种误差在某些条件下是可以忽略的,即设备刚性安装时基座阻抗应远大于设备机脚阻抗;弹性安装时若基座阻抗远大于隔振器阻抗,则在远大于设备安装频率的频段可忽略这种误差;若基座阻抗远大于机脚阻抗,则在设备无共振的频段亦可忽略这种误差.这些条件在工程中比较容易得到满足,因此本文结论对工程中导纳的测量具有实际指导意义.     

痕量爆炸物探测仪研制

介绍了离子迁移谱仪的基本原理及在爆炸物监测方面的应用.提供的自制离子迁移谱仪可定量分析TNT、黑索金等样品.采用液体和固体2种方式进样,快速有效,定量准确,适用性广,对TNT和黑索金的检测限达到10 ng.对离子迁移谱仪的离子门、迁移电场设计进行了详细探讨.     

Transantiago: A tale of two cities

The Chilean government decided to modernize Santiago's entire public transport system, integrating the underground and the private bus networks based on a structure of trunk and feeder services, and a fare-payment by touchless smart card. The new, integrated transit system, known as Transantiago, very soon ran into serious problems that alienated much of its user base and significantly lowered the government's approval ratings. This paper recounts how Transantiago was planned and designed and then discusses its evolution after implementation. It concludes with suggestions for the Transantiago authorities and lessons to be learned from this traumatic process.     

城市垃圾填埋场渗滤液的处理技术

城市垃圾对环境的影响越来越严重，本文结合国内外现状，对城市垃圾填埋场渗滤液的处理技术和控制对策进行了分析和探讨。     

高桩码头震害分析及减震措施

基于日本宫城县冲地震和阪神大地震中高桩码头结构震害调查的结果,分析了2次地震中高桩码头出现震害的原因,探讨了其破坏机理。通过对现有高桩码头结构导入减震橡胶支座后的地震反应分析得出,采用减震支座将使桩上部固定端处的最大弯矩减小到减震前的三分之一,有利于提高高桩码头的抗震能力。     

浅谈当前外派船员市场的可持续发展

文中通过对我国和国外船员发展情况现状的研究,分析我国海员外派存在的问题及原因,提出整改建议和发展方向,以便于船员市场能够可持续、健康地发展。     

线激励下船舶混合构型加筋板的振动特性

文章对某船发电机舱纵向混合构型加筋板的导纳特性进行了研究,运用模态叠加法求解了结构在线激励作用下各特征线上的等效导纳。计算结果显示,根据振动能量在结构上的分布,可按频段将导纳特性分为输入主控区和传递主控区。输入主控区导纳呈现带通特性,三个通频带与相应的筋条结构对应。通过改变筋条的参数可以单独控制加筋板某个频段的导纳特性。