日照港工业用水替代水源研究

介绍了日照港的用水现状。指出了随着日照港的跨越发展,港口工业用水量逐年增长,港口的用水支出也在逐年递增。在水资源问题日益严重的今天,如何实现既加强洒水除尘、改善港口装卸环境,又节约自来水资源、降低港口成本支出的双重目的,是摆在港口面前的一个急需解决的问题。并介绍了面向港区供水系统改造的成功案例。     

港口的区域垄断和竞争:圆周模型

港口具有一定的地理垄断性,同时港口竞争也日益加剧,交叉腹地日益扩大。区域垄断和竞争成为港口共同的发展特征,协调两者之间的关系对于港口产业发展具有重要意义。圆周模型对于分析港口产业经济特性非常恰当。通过运用圆周模型来理解港口的区域垄断和竞争特性,可以为实现港口产业规模型竞争的公共政策制定提供基础性的理论依据。具体的政策建议包括港口业务的垂直分解及构建地主港模式、加快港口民营化进程、在放松规制的同时重建规制及推动形成区域内邻近港口间的协同竞争关系。     

Competition in transit markets

Despite regulatory reforms in a number of countries, competition in transit markets is still relatively rare. Moreover, where it does occur it tends to be small group in nature and the outcomes are difficult to predict. In this paper, simulation models of competition in inter-urban rail markets and urban bus markets are developed and applied in studies of Great Britain and Sweden. It is found that on busy routes head-on competition is commercially feasible (although for rail this assumes low access charges) but is not socially desirable. For routes with thin demand (or high access costs), competition may be limited to cream skimming. In most competed cases, there appears to be a tendency for the provision of too much service, at too high price and (at least for bus) at too low quality. Rather than classical Bertrand-Cournot oligopoly models, transit markets may be best described by models of oligopolistic competition based on horizontal product differentiation.     

Port co-opetition in concept and practice

The port industry has undergone a rationalization process over the last decade. An increasing proportion of port management and operations is being taken over by global port operating groups. Many port operators who previously ran only their local business now extend their business scope to the regional or global scale; today's port operators can be regarded as multinational corporations. In the era of global economy, a port no longer enjoys a natural monopoly, as was the case in the past. To cope with this changing business environment, a certain form of competition and co-operation among ports is necessary so as to provide services that fit into shipping lines' strategies. It is suggested that ports have to concentrate on new ways for co-operation in an effort to establish a countervailing power. This paper proposes a new strategic option known as co-opetition , the combination of competition and co-operation, for the port industry, and explains a case of co-opetition between the container ports in Hong Kong and South China. The results of this research will provide a useful insight into the port industry, which is currently required to carry out its business in an ever-changing business environment.     

Port co-opetition in concept and practice

The port industry has undergone a rationalization process over the last decade. An increasing proportion of port management and operations is being taken over by global port operating groups. Many port operators who previously ran only their local business now extend their business scope to the regional or global scale; today's port operators can be regarded as multinational corporations. In the era of global economy, a port no longer enjoys a natural monopoly, as was the case in the past. To cope with this changing business environment, a certain form of competition and co-operation among ports is necessary so as to provide services that fit into shipping lines' strategies. It is suggested that ports have to concentrate on new ways for co-operation in an effort to establish a countervailing power. This paper proposes a new strategic option known as co-opetition, the combination of competition and co-operation, for the port industry, and explains a case of co-opetition between the container ports in Hong Kong and South China. The results of this research will provide a useful insight into the port industry, which is currently required to carry out its business in an ever-changing business environment.     

The Elasticity of Supply of Transport

The tramp shipping markets are generally considered to operate under conditions approaching the textbook model of perfect competition. It is from this basis that an attempt is made to establish the marginal cost of a bulk carrier and thence the aggregate supply curve and elasticity of supply in respect of vessels operating in a given sub-market. As is generally known, when many vessels are laid up the supply tends to be very elastic and when vessels' output is severely strained, the supply is almost totally inelastic. What is perhaps not always appreciated is that between the two extreams the supply is elastic and virtually constant with a value in the region of 0.5.     

IGBT动态dv/dt控制电路实现方法

提出一种具体的IGBT动态dv/dt控制电路。该dv/dt控制电路通过改变调节电阻的值来调整门极-集电极电容的值,使dv/dt被控制在一个较宽的范围。该控制电路能独立控制开关电压上升率和下降率,并且电路采用一个统一的24V电源供电,也就避免了外加电源太多,各节点电压出现变化而导致镜像电流源工作失效情况的发生。通过仿真结果验证了该电路的可行性和有效性。     

Mumbai lunch box delivery system: A transferable benchmark in urban logistics?

This paper presents findings of a freight transport study carried out for Mumbai city (India). Based on the case study of lunch box delivery system organized by the Mumbai dabbawalas, demonstrated that an informal sector was capable of developing an urban logistics system that was precise, reliable and affordable to the middle class society in Mumbai. These facts suggest an approach based on adapting logistics solutions harmoniously to the urban landscape, public policy, infrastructure and skill sets of the company’s employees in order to be attractive to the end customer, offering a good match between supply and demand i.e., consumer and producer satisfaction. At the same time logistics solutions should evolve continuously in order to be attractive to the core customer base and should be customer driven. These basic management principles can be applied in the management of other urban logistics companies in the world over.     

海滨电厂桥墩式取水口局部冲淤变化的工程计算方法

针对大型电厂海域取排水工程中桥墩式取水口的局部冲淤问题,从势流理论和柱状坐标系下床面变形方程出发,推导单个取水口的冲淤强度理论计算公式,并利用有限差分法离散笛卡尔坐标系下的床面变形方程,提出便于求解的冲淤场数值模拟方法.以某工程的海水冷却系统取水口为例,应用该理论公式和数学模型估算取水口附近的泥沙淤积情况取得较好效果,...     

Equality of bargaining power in contracts for international liner shipping

Mandatory rules exist in contracts for international liner shipping primarily because of imbalances and non-equity in the allocation of contract responsibilities. The superior bargaining position owned by the carriers depends largely upon liner market monopoly levels, the supply and demand balance between the shipper and carrier, and the cargo volume size of the shippers. With the development of shipping technologies, mode of transport, and shipping competition policy, the unequal comparison of bargaining forces between shippers and carriers changes. When the existing mandatory rule was deemed no longer necessary due to changing circumstances, legislation requirements to restore freedom to contract became apparent. When both sides have equal bargaining power, adoption of the principle of freedom of contract for their business relationships is suitable. The Rotterdam Rules concerning freedom of volume contract construction is based on equal bargaining powers between both sides and responds to the evolving situation of the industry. The Rules represent the development trend of today’s theory of contracts for international liner shipping and the demand for legal and institutional changes.     

基于CPC的造船敏捷供应链研究

本文针对一个船厂同时建造多艘船舶时存在的多项目和多供应链的情况，按敏捷制造和多项目管理的要求阐述了按建造计划执行的各舰船供应链工作流程之间的层次、交叉和动态变化的关系。为了使这些供应链能按协同产品商务(CPC)和敏捷制造的要求来有效实现，则每个项目供应链管理都应组建优化的动态联盟；并且能通过Web将制造商、供应商、合作伙伴及客户连接起来，协调涉及船舶建造及与全寿命相关的活动。     

基于供应链的现代集装箱码头管理

在全球供应链下,作为国际物流重要节点的集装箱码头也面临着激烈的竞争和挑战。在此情形下,以集装箱码头为中心,整合国际海运物流渠道,构建集成化的集装箱码头供应链,将现代供应链管理的思想应用到集装箱码头生产营销中,无疑是集装箱码头走出当前困境、提升自身竞争力的关键。     

面向复杂环境的LNG码头合理布局规模仿真案例分析

LNG船舶通过限制性航道进出港时须采取一定的管控措施,具有显著的排他性,布局LNG码头时须确定合理的码头规模,以保障港区各类船舶通航效率。基于多智能体复杂系统的混合模拟仿真建模方法,以宁波舟山港六横港区南侧岸线新布局LNG码头研究为例,建立不同的仿真情境,通过设定的指标进行评价分析,研判在一定通航管控措施条件下六横港区南侧LNG码头合理布局规模,为港口码头布局和岸线合理利用提供决策依据。     

基于均值-CVaR 的供应链协调保险契约机制

在条件风险估值风险度量准则下,以权衡期望利润和CVaR利润（均值-CVaR ）,建立具有风险规避特性零售商的决策目标函数,分析了零售商的最优决策行为。研究结果表明普通的批发价格契约下,零售商的最优订货量小于整个供应链的最优订货量,无法实现供应链的协调,且最优订货量与零售商、供应商和整个供应链的期望利润都随着风险规避程度和权重系数的增大而呈现不减趋势。此外还分析了传统的保险契约也无法实现供应链的协调,需对契约参数进行调整,并给出了保险契约参数与权重系数满足的条件。数值分析结果表明了调整后的保险契约可以实现供应链的完美协调。     

Economic policies and seaports: Are port authorities necessary?

This paper first presents arguments for having public sector port authorities. They can deal, flexibly and permanently, with property rights within their own areas. They can plan and regulate port areas comprehensively. They can provide 'public goods'. They can deal, in various ways, with externalities. They can promote efficiency, whether their own (if they operate as a comprehensive port) or that of the private sector (if they are largely landlords). For example, if their policy is to rely on the private sector to produce efficiency through competition then they can see to it that there actually is competition and not any kind of cartel or monopoly. Examples are cited where this last function has not been performed. The exception for single-user ports is noted.

Against them are the general disadvantages of public authorities (or bureaucracies)—though examples are cited where port authorities had very small staffs. The common instances of 'market failure' may thus be contrasted with those of 'government failure'. Finally, a pragmatic approach is advocated, tailored to the needs and resources of the country in question. The increasing effect of the economies of scale in port technology, and its limitation on competition, is, however, noted and to be discussed in the next paper.     

Shipper's councils: role and responsibility—a western view

This paper first presents arguments for having public sector port authorities. They can deal, flexibly and permanently, with property rights within their own areas. They can plan and regulate port areas comprehensively. They can provide ‘public goods’. They can deal, in various ways, with externalities. They can promote efficiency, whether their own (if they operate as a comprehensive port) or that of the private sector (if they are largely landlords). For example, if their policy is to rely on the private sector to produce efficiency through competition then they can see to it that there actually is competition and not any kind of cartel or monopoly. Examples are cited where this last function has not been performed. The exception for single-user ports is noted.

Against them are the general disadvantages of public authorities (or bureaucracies)—though examples are cited where port authorities had very small staffs. The common instances of ‘market failure’ may thus be contrasted with those of ‘government failure’. Finally, a pragmatic approach is advocated, tailored to the needs and resources of the country in question. The increasing effect of the economies of scale in port technology, and its limitation on competition, is, however, noted and to be discussed in the next paper.     

Assessment of fatigue strength of steel butt-welded joints in as-welded condition – Alternative approaches for curve fitting and mean stress effect analysis

Experimental fatigue data for butt-welded joints in as-welded condition and under constant amplitude tensile loading (secondary bending included) were analyzed using the nominal stress system and the notch stress system. Two approaches were used; a standard fitting procedure and minimization of the sum of squared perpendicular distances from a line with a fixed and free slope. In all cases, the latter method gave better agreement between the experimental and predicted fatigue life and fatigue strength. The analyses showed both with all broken specimen data included and with reduced data that the FAT225 curve, as recommended by IIW, might be too optimistic for the notch stress approach in the case of butt-welded joints in as-welded condition. It was also found that use of the local stress ratio instead of the applied stress ratio might explain many issues concerning current observations and apparent inconsistencies in reported literature.     

Competition model of cruise home ports based on the cruise supply chain – based on China cruise market

This paper addresses issues of cruise home port competition based on the cruise supply chain. A pricing model of the cruise market is developed considering the competitive cooperation behaviors of the participants in the cruise supply chain. Furthermore, a model of cruise home port competition is developed to investigate the impacts of subsidy participants in the cruise supply chain on cruise home ports. The results indicate that subsidy policies change the market equilibrium, promote the upstream and downstream integration of cruise supply chain, and enhance cruise home port competitiveness. Subsidies to cruise line increase the payoffs of cruise supply chain and ports’ profit. Subsidies to travel agency decrease passenger costs and improve all ports’ profits. For the long-term development of cruise home port, the consequents can be used as policy suggestions.     

频率跟踪移相PWM控制下串联谐振式逆变器运行模式分析

结合DBD型臭氧发生器负载的特性,详细分析逆变器在各种运行模式下的工作过程。定性地分析了逆变器在各种工作模式中功率器件所受的电磁应力与开关损耗,由此得出适合于DBD型臭氧发生器负载和IGBT功率开关的逆变器运行模式,为确定DBD型臭氧发生器电源的运行方式提供了理论依据。     

电动轮胎吊供电设计要点

针对南京龙潭港区集装箱码头电动轮胎吊的供电方案,结合负荷计算、交直流供电、电压等级、变电所与滑触线受电点设置、中性点接地方式的比较,介绍了不同供电方案的优缺点。在满足装卸作业要求下,各码头应根据自身具体情况,采用合适的供电方案,做到经济性与可靠性相协调。