Public transit subsidies, output effect and total factor productivity

This paper extends previous works on total factor productivity decomposition when firms receive both operating and capital subsidies. It shows that previous works considered either the lump-sum or substitution effects of these subsidies but not together. Using constrained cost minimization as the framework it offers formal proofs to show that cost increases are inevitable if the total effects of the subsidies are considered, and that total factor productivity growth results from increasing amounts of subsidies under economies of scale and in the absence of technical change. Applications of the decomposition equations derived to a sample of transit systems finds near constant returns to scale and negative contributions of these subsidies to total factor productivity growth. Technical change reverses this decline and results in total factor productivity growth. Further, it finds that the lump-sum effects of the subsidies reduce total factor productivity more than does the substitution effect.     

美军潜射无人机及其应用

基于美军潜艇作战使命任务的发展变化,介绍了不同时期美军潜射无人机的发展类型概况,分析了美军潜射无人机发展趋势及其作战使命任务、作战体系和作战使用样式以及无人机隐蔽发射适配性,并据此给出了对潜射无人机发展的启示。     

美国MK37鱼雷发射参数设置综述

基于MK37鱼雷的发展历程,指出了MK37鱼雷发射参数的同步设置与非同步设置种类划分情况,并针对不同作战使用需求,论述了MK37鱼雷发射参数的技术设置与战术使用要求方法。     

美国海军GCCS-M及其发展

作为美国海军网络中心战信息基础设施的联合计划网络，海军全球指挥控制系统(GCCS-M)提供C^4I能力和辅助指挥官制定作战决策。GCCS-M为海军部队建立和维护通用作战图(00P)，并与联合部队共享作战空间感知。从顶层体系结构的观点出发，综述GCCS-M计划发展概貌。     

Inventory,Classification, and Analysis of Special Management Areas Associated with U.S. Coastal Programs

Area-based management approaches may be beneficial in integrating sectoral, single-purpose laws and regulations; however, these benefits may not be attained if special area designations are equally sectoral or single-purpose in nature. Over 60 types of special management areas were documented under U.S. coastal programs, and a new classification scheme was developed to allow comparisons and analyses across programs. Results indicate that requirements and incentives for special area designations under the Coastal Zone Management Act did little to standardize or influence area-based management systems associated with state and territory coastal programs. Further, the absence of clear patterns within and between coastal programs with respect to special area policies suggests a limited commitment to this important aspect of coastal management. Continued research is needed to document the effectiveness of the various area-based management approaches presented in this article.     

美军联合空情图构思及其发展

美国JSSEO使用MDA^TM（模型驱动结构）方法研发IABM（集成结构行为模型），一种与平台独立的对等计算程序模型，是构造单一合成空情图（SIAP）的中心部件。它融合和处理多个本地和远程传感器数据，旨在确保多个IABM单元为所有用户创建和维护一个相同的协调一致、及时和准确的空中目标航迹图。     

美国卫星系统面临的问题及其对策

美国是目前拥有在轨卫星最多的国家，在充分利用卫星价值的同时，美国十分重视对卫星系统的防护。分析了美国卫星系统面临的三个问题，即：空间武器的威胁、空间武器以外的威胁和GPS星座的损失，并结合相关资料总结了美国的对策。     

美军军事通信卫星发展趋势分析及启示

文章讨论了美军先进的军事卫星通信系统,分析归纳了美军卫星通信的特点与发展趋势,并针对我国军事通信卫星发展现状阐述了需要解决的关键技术问题及发展思路。     

Engaging the paratransit sector in Cape Town on public transport reform: Progress,process and risks

The South African government in 2006 initiated an urban public transport reform programme reliant on the introduction of new bus rapid transit (BRT) systems. Affected paratransit operators can opt to be incorporated in these systems by forming new operating companies, but must withdraw their existing services from proposed routes. Cape Town's first phase of BRT operations came online in 2011, and operator engagement has focussed on this phase. The attitudes within this city's paratransit sector in relation to future phases, and to the broader reform policy, remain largely untested. In view of this sector's past resistance to government-led proposals, and the current phase avoiding areas with the highest concentrations of operators, the current engagement process's outcomes may not be adequate indicators of future prospects.     

U.S. import/export container flow modeling and disruption analysis

International containerized freight movement is a vital part of the supply chain for many companies, and a critical element of moving consumer goods to points of retail sale within the U.S. Containerized imports also present a clear security concern (e.g., terrorists attempting to ship “dirty bombs,” chemical, biological or even nuclear weapons, into the U.S. in a shipping container). The goal of the research presented here is to create a modeling tool for analyzing flows of U.S. imports and exports of containerized freight, and the potential changes in those flows under a variety of conditions (e.g., port disruptions, extensive security-related delays, etc.). Our focus is on movements through maritime container ports, and not overland movements between the U.S. and Canada or Mexico.The network model, referred to as the System for Import/Export Routing and Recovery Analysis (SIERRA), represents container movements between the U.S. and 46 other countries that account for the vast majority of U.S. imports and exports. The SIERRA model is a network equilibrium model that predicts flows between foreign countries and North American ports, the total volumes handled (import and export) by each port, the modal volumes (truck and rail) moving domestically into and out of each port, and volumes between each port and a set of transportation analysis zones within the U.S.     

中美海洋科考船对比分析

海洋科考船作为人类认识海洋的重要手段之一,尤其是对中远海海域的科考发挥着不可替代的作用。本文通过中美海洋科考船统筹规划、运营管理、船龄分布以及规模、性能设计和搭载科考设备等方面的对比,分析了我国海洋科考船发展中存在的不足,为我国海洋科考船提出了参考性建议。     

美国及中国军用无人机的新发展与性能分析

文章介绍了美国军用无人机的一些新发展以及中国军用无人机的发展情况,并对各自发展的方向和趋势作了简要概括。通过对中美几种军用无人机性能参数的对比和分析,指出了中国军用无人机的差距。     

Comparison of Beach Nourishment along the U.S. Atlantic,Great Lakes,Gulf of Mexico,and New England Shorelines

The U.S. national beach nourishment experience is summarized for the East Coast barrier islands, the Gulf of Mexico, New England, and the Great Lakes. A total of 1,305 nourishment episodes on 382 beaches are recorded at a total estimated cost of approximately $1.4 billion ($2.5 billion in 1996 dollars). In terms of both volume and costs, nourishment has been the most extensive by far on the East Coast barrier islands. Depending on the region, between 65% and 85% of all nourishment projects have a federal funding component. Annual expenditures and sand volumes for beach nourishment are increasing, especially on East Coast barriers. At present, total annual national beach nourishment costs (excluding the Pacific Coast) are on the order of $100 million per year. The cost per cubic yard of nourishment sand as expressed in 1996 dollars has remained more or less constant over time. Additionally, the volumes of sand needed for subsequent nourishment episodes on individual beaches do not decrease, despite contrary assumptions in the shoreface-profile-ofequilibrium concept that subsequent nourishment volumes should diminish. In light of the historical experience of beach nourishment identified in this study, individual state and local coastal communities should reevaluate their plans for future beach nourishment programs. The complete listing of all the data on nourished beaches from this survey is available at www.geo.duke.edu/Research/psds/psds.htm     

美国海军雷达动态频率管理技术进展及启示

文章介绍了美国海军在雷达动态频率管理方面取得的研究成果,包括雷达动态频率管理的仿真架构、动态频率管理模式及其性能比较、扩展动态频率管理应用场景的复杂协商方法等。     

美国军船入级策略及其带来的积极影响

通过对军船入级的起源、美国军船入级历程和经验的研究,可以更好地了解军船入级的目的、程序和方法。本文首先对美国军船入级组织机构、运作方式及管理模式进行分析。在此基础上,对美国《海军高速舰艇指南》和《海军舰船规范》2个军船入级标准的架构及应用情况进行研究。剖析军船入级在小型高速巡逻艇、鱼雷回收艇及新一代大型水面舰船DDG1000入级过程中的实际应用效果。指出美国船级社及美国海军技术委员会在军船入级过程中所发挥的核心作用。通过研究认为军船入级是一项战略性决策,将在舰船建造管理及全寿命保障中收到事半功倍的良好效果。     

Comparing operator and users costs of light rail, heavy rail and bus rapid transit over a radial public transport network

A model to compare three alternative forms of public transport - light rail, heavy rail and bus rapid transit - is developed for an urban network with radial lines emanating from the borders to the city centre. The theoretical framework assumes an operation aimed at minimising the total cost associated with public transport service provision, which encompasses both operator and users costs. The decision variables are the number of lines (network density) and the frequency per period for each mode. This approach has no prejudices a priori in respect of whether a specified delivery scenario is aligned with existing modal reputation. Rather, we establish the conditions under which a specific transit mode should be preferred to another in terms of the operator (supply) and user (demand) side offerings. The model is applied using data from Australian cities, suggesting that in most of the scenarios analysed a high standard bus service is the most cost-effective mode, because it provides lower operator costs (infrastructure, rolling stock and operating cost), access time costs (due to a larger number of lines) and waiting time cost (due to larger frequencies of operation). A rail mode, such as light rail or heavy rail, may have a lower total cost only if it is able to run faster than bus rapid transit, and the difference in speed is enough to outweigh the bus advantage on operator cost and access and waiting times.     

中美日板桩码头抗震设计方法比较研究

板桩码头是一种国内外常用的码头结构形式,其中抗震计算和设计是一项重要内容.对中国、美国和日本码头规范中板桩码头抗震设计的方法进行了对比分析,通过一个实例具体说明了按中国、美国和日本规范进行板桩码头抗震设计的步骤,可供修订中国码头抗震设计规范或工程设计人员参考.     

Widening the Panama Canal and U.S. ports: historical and economic impact analyses

ABSTRACT

The economic history of the U.S. illustrates how the role of many cities has been changed by being seaports or located on navigable rivers or lakes. Based on the widening of the Panama Canal in 2016, the West Coast ports that include the west coast seaports of California, Oregon, and Washington were expected to become less important, while the freight shares of the East Coast and Gulf ports would increase. By how much it has been not easy to measure or predict so far, but this study attempted to define some of the key parameters in the measurement. As well as several relevant background topics, both the demand- and supply-side versions of the National Interstate Economic Model, have been applied for the measurement of economic impacts. U.S. port authorities and policy makers at the local and national levels who respond and develop plans for coping with the new realities of the Panama Canal are able to understand the extent to which changes in shippers’ and land-mode transporters’ behaviors would undermine the logistics and the costs of their activities. Therefore, this study is important for a diverse spectrum of port development strategies in the U.S. to respond to the Canal expansion.     

美国舰船复合材料的无损检测技术及评价

由于舰船特殊的服役环境,舰船复合材料在水中环境下的无损检测技术显得尤为重要.本文研究了美国海军在水中环境和非水中环境下的舰船复合材料无损检测技术,对这些技术进行了评价,并归纳了不同技术的适用范围.最后,介绍了美国海军为舰船复合材料检测开发的“结构损伤评估系统”.     

美国舰艇用结构钢的开发与应用研究

概述了近20年来美国海军舰艇结构钢及其焊接材料与工艺的开发应用现状和发展动向。