Experimental study of freak wave impacts on a tension-leg platform

This study investigates the freak wave impinging on a tension-leg platform through wave flume experiments. The freak waves are generated using the focused wave theory. By adjusting the wave focusing location, different incident wave scenarios at the structure location are produced. Simultaneous measurements of wave shape evolutions upon impingement, wave impact pressures on the platform deck, platform motions and tether forces are carried out for synchronized analyses of the wave kinematics/dynamics and structural responses. The variation of these parameters with the incident wave profile is studied. It is found that although applying less intensive local impact pressures as compared to the highly-breaking freak wave, the slightly-breaking or non-breaking freak wave imposes the same level of adverse effect on the platform's global stability in terms of motions and tether forces. In addition, the high-crest freak wave causes violent motions of the floating platform, which are likely to induce snap loads of large amplitude and high occurrence frequency in tethers. The published results would provide useful benchmarks for validating numerical and analytical models.     

群性波列作用下系泊船舶的水动力响应数值模拟

该文根据随机波群的模拟方法,模拟得到具有同一有效波高,有效周期但不同群性的随机波列,研究了不同群高参数GFH和群长参数GLF的波列作用下系泊船的运动响应及缆绳张力。数值计算结果表明,系泊船横移运动量和缆绳张力呈现随波浪群高的增大而增大的趋势,升沉运动量也略有增加,而波浪群长的变化对系泊船的运动响应及缆绳张力基本没有影响。     

Three-dimensional equivalent static analysis for design of submerged floating tunnel

Stress evaluation of a submerged floating tunnel (SFT) is an issue important for determining the section dimensions required to resist environmental loads. However, the complex interaction between an SFT and surrounding fluid has confined most research on SFTs to longitudinal global time-history analyses based on Morison's equation [1]. Even though these analyses give sufficient information in the longitudinal direction, too little information about the circumferential direction compels an SFT section to be designed conservatively. This means that SFT design requires additional information on the structural behavior of the tunnel in the circumferential direction for efficient design. Accordingly, a supplementary approach by which to obtain structural responses in the circumferential direction is introduced in this paper. Upon consideration of the static responses equivalent to the dynamic behavior, three-dimensional (3-D) finite-element analyses of an SFT were performed by application of static loads corresponding to dynamic loads equivalent to those of wave, current and earthquake. The validation of each equivalent static load was supported by the results from comparison of the tension forces in mooring lines obtained using OrcaFlex [2] and ABAQUS [3]. These were used mainly for longitudinal dynamic analysis and 3-D stress evaluation, respectively, of an SFT. Based on the stresses obtained in the longitudinal and circumferential directions, the selection of suitable section dimensions for an SFT is considered.     

Hydrodynamic experiment of submerged floating tunnel under regular wave and current actions during construction period

Submerged floating tunnel (SFT) is an innovative cable-supported structural system for crossing deep and long-distance ocean environments. In the complex ocean environment, the construction of SFT needs to consider wave and current forces. Specific construction measures and control also require in-depth study and understanding of the dynamic response of SFT under such environmental loads. In this study, the dynamic response of SFT and cable forces under the action of waves alone and wave-current interactions are investigated by using a large wave-current basin. A total of 138 regular wave and wave-current cases were conducted during the experiments, and the influence of waves and wave-current interactions on the dynamic response of SFT and cable forces are discussed in detail by combining experimental data with corresponding analysis. Results show that the wave height, current velocity, and ratio of wavelength to structure size are important factors affecting the dynamic response of SFT and cable forces. The multi-anchor cable arrangement used in the present experimental tests distribute cable force more effectively and reduce the potential safety hazard caused by cable breakage. This study can provide a useful reference for the construction and control of the single SFT segment under construction in a complex ocean environment, especially under the interaction of waves and currents.     

40万吨级超大型油轮船舶系泊动态响应的试验研究

为探讨超大型油轮在现有码头停靠、作业时的系泊情况,采用船舶系泊物理模型试验方法,分析研究了40万吨级油轮系泊作业时在长周期波及波浪、风、流联合作用下,系泊船舶的动态响应及对系缆力、护舷撞击力的影响。得出了40万吨级油轮在系泊作业过程中在不同波高及周期的波浪作用下运动量、缆力、撞击力的变化规律,提出在试验条件下40万吨级油轮停靠码头系泊作业的系缆方式及应注意问题。可为40万吨级油轮系泊作业提供依据。     

基于AQWA的双浮箱-双水平板浮式防波堤水动力分析

运用AQWA软件,针对双浮箱-双水平板浮式防波堤,建立不规则波作用下浮体锚链的耦合模型,研究时域情况下,改变水平板与浮箱的垂直间距,分析浮体运动响应以及锚链受力情况;并深入探讨了不同波浪周期和波高情况下水平板长度对浮体运动响应以及锚链受力的影响.结果表明,增加水平板与浮箱的垂直间距和水平板长度,可以有效减小浮体运动响应和锚链受力.波高和波浪周期是浮体重要的水动力因素,波高越大,波浪周期越长,浮体运动响应越剧烈;当浮体水平板长度达到21米左右时,整个防波堤达到最佳锚泊状态.     

Time-domain coupled dynamic simulation for SFT-mooring-train interaction in waves and earthquakes

In this study, Submerged Floating Tunnel (SFT)-mooring-train coupled dynamics is solved in the time domain to investigate their dynamic and hydro-elastic interactions under wave and earthquake excitations. The SFT is modeled by the rod-FE (finite element) theory, and it is connected to mooring lines through dummy-connection-mass and linear and rotational springs. A 3D rigid-multi-body dynamic model is developed for train dynamics that consists of seven rigid bodies. The tunnel-train interaction is taken into consideration based on the wheel-rail correspondence assumption and the simplified Kalker linear creep theory. The developed computer simulation program is validated through comparisons with commercial programs and published results when possible. In the case of earthquake-induced dynamics of the coupled system, the effects of soil conditions, tunnel length, mooring interval, seismic-wave propagation, and seaquake are investigated. The magnitudes of the SFT downward motions induced by the moving train are small compared with the motions induced by earthquakes. The earthquake causes transient SFT responses especially at their lowest wet natural frequencies while high-frequency motions are induced by seaquake effect. Structural damping and seismic propagation play an important role in dynamic responses. The interaction of the tunnel and moving train is also evaluated for various train speeds in terms of the derailment and offload factors and riding-comfort criterion. For the given SFT and train designs, the offload factor and riding-comfort criterion can slightly exceed their limits at certain earthquake conditions with the speed as high as 70 m/s, which can be adjusted by reducing train speed.     

Experimental study on the wave-induced dynamic response and hydrodynamic characteristics of a submerged floating tunnel with elastically truncated boundary condition

Hydrodynamic load and motion response are the first considerations in the structural design of a submerged floating tunnel (SFT). Currently, most of the relevant studies have been based on a two-dimensional model test with a fixed or fully free boundary condition, which inhibits a deep investigation of the hydrodynamic characteristics with an elastic constraint. As a result, a series of difficulties exist in the structural design and analysis of an SFT. In this study, an SFT model with a one-degree-of-freedom vertical elastically truncated boundary condition was established to investigate the motion response and hydrodynamic characteristics of the tube under the wave action. The effect of several typical hydrodynamic parameters, such as the buoyancy-weight ratio, γ, the relative frequency, f/f_N, the Keulegan–Carpenter (KC) number, the reduced velocity, U_r, the Reynolds number, Re, and the generalized Ursell_s number, on the motion characteristics of the tube, were selectively analyzed, and the reverse feedback mechanism from the tube's motion response to the hydrodynamic loads was confirmed. Finally, the critical hydrodynamic parameters corresponding to the maximum motion response at different values of γ were obtained, and a formula for calculating the hydrodynamic load parameters of the SFT in the motion state was established. The main conclusions of this study are as follows: (i) Under the wave action, the motion of the SFT shows an apparent nonlinearity, which is mainly caused by the intensive interaction between the tube and its surrounding water particles, as well as the nonlinearity of the wave. (ii) The relative displacement of the tube first increases and then decreases with increasing values of f/f_N, U_r, KC number, Re, and the generalized Ursell_s number. (iii) γ is inversely proportional to the maximum relative displacement of the tube and the wave force on the tube in its motion direction. (iv) Under the motion boundary condition (as opposed to the fixed boundary condition), the peak frequency of the wave force on the SFT in its motion direction decreases and approaches the natural vibration frequency of the tube, whereas the wave force perpendicular to the motion direction increases. When the incident wave frequency is close to the natural vibration frequency of the tube, the tube resonates easily, leading to an increased wave force in the motion direction. (v) If the velocity in the Morison equation is substituted by the water particle velocity measured when the tube is at its equilibrium position, the inertia coefficient in the motion direction of the tube is linearly related to its displacement, whereas that in the direction perpendicular to the motion direction is logarithmically related to its displacement.     

Optimization of submerged floating tunnel cross section based on parametric Bézier curves and hybrid backpropagation - genetic algorithm

The cross-section geometry of a submerged floating tunnel (SFT) has a large effect on hydrodynamic characteristics, structural behavior and service level, making the tunnel cross section the primary factor in optimizing efficiency. Minimizing the mean drag and the dynamic variability in the lift of the SFT cross section under bi-directional (i.e., tidal) flow has a dramatic impact on the reduction of structural displacements and mooring loads. Based on a parametric Bézier curve dynamically comprising the leading-edge radius, tunnel height and width to define the SFT geometry, a sensitivity analysis of the Bézier curve parameters for a fixed aspect ratio with prototype dimensions under uniform flow conditions was conducted by applying Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), and the pressure distribution around the SFT cross-section surface was analyzed. A theoretical method comprising the Kármán vortex street parameters was employed to verify the CFD simulation results. In order to determine the SFT cross section with optimal hydrodynamic properties, the mean drag and Root Mean Square (RMS) lift coefficients were selected as optimization objectives, and four Bézier curve parameters were the input variables, in a neural network and genetic algorithm optimization process (a hybrid BP-GA structure), which is less likely to become trapped in local minima. The results show the optimal tunnel cross section has a mean drag and a RMS lift coefficient reduced by 0.9% and 6.3%, respectively, compared to the original CFD dataset.     

风浪流作用下单船艏艉锚泊允许波高的试验研究

研究风浪、浪流和风浪流联合作用对275HP拖网渔船单船艏艉双锚锚泊时锚泊力和运动量的影响。试验结果表明,风浪作用下的锚泊力和横摇角度均大于纯浪作用的情况;流速小于1.0 m/s时浪流作用下的锚泊力大于纯浪作用的情况,而横摇角度则略小于纯浪作用的结果;风浪流联合作用下的艏艉拉力均大于风浪或浪流作用下的拉力值。由于渔船艏艉受风和受流面积的区别,导致艏拉力时流的影响较大,而艉拉力时则风的影响较大。由于流作用时渔船具有的初始横摇角度对其运动具有抑制,从而风浪流联合作用时的横摇角度要略低于风浪作用下的角度值。在本次试验范围内,当港内同时有10级左右风和小于1.0 m/s流速的流共同作用时,建议允许有效波高取0.6 m比较合适。     

基于标准系缆力反演的系船柱结构安全评估方法

为保障系船柱结构安全,提出基于标准系缆力反演的系船柱结构安全评估方法,将固定系缆高度和系缆角度下的系缆力作为标准系缆力,分析系缆力对系船柱表面应变的影响,并将系船柱表面应变作为表征系缆力的参数,建立系船柱标准系缆力反演模型。针对现有系船柱结构,利用有限元方法分析系船柱结构表面应变分布特性。选取有限测点应变反演标准系缆力,与有限元仿真结果进行对比。结果表明,反演结果具有较高精度,可监测复杂系泊情况下的系船柱的受力特性;将标准系缆力与设计系缆力进行比较,能够评估系船柱结构安全。     

Simplified analysis for estimation of the behavior of a submerged floating tunnel in waves and experimental verification

To achieve rational design in waves for a submerged floating tunnel which has emerged as a new offshore transportation infrastructure, it's necessary to understand its hydrodynamic behavior. For simple but accurate estimation of hydrodynamic forces, a theoretical method is proposed and the tests with physical models in a wave flume were carried out for verification. Morison's equation was used to estimate wave loads composed of inertia force and drag force. Forces calculated by applying the linear wave theory to Morison's equation coincided well with those measured by the tests. The test results showed that mooring systems played a significant role in the movement of the submerged floating tunnel in waves. A pendulum model could be used to describe the motion of the submerged floating tunnel with a single vertical mooring. Based on the verified relations, a simple slack condition which causes the submerged floating tunnel to be unstable was also proposed. The simplified approach proposed by this study proved to be useful in designing the submerged floating tunnel in the initial stage.     

浮标系泊结构的参数优化匹配方法研究

针对浅海浮标系泊结构姿态控制问题,进行系统参数优化匹配计算方法研究.首先进行系泊结构力学分析,建立系统的力和力矩平衡方程,推导出系泊系统状态的描述方程;采用系泊系统起锚角和检测设备舱的倾斜角度为约束条件,取锚链型号和重物球质量作为设计变量,建立锚链的垂直高度相对误差最小为目标的系统参数优化匹配的数学模型;用最小二乘法求解非线性方程组,进行分层变量优化计算.所提出的系泊系统结构参数优化计算方法可为浮标系泊系统结构设计提供理论依据.     

系泊油轮与海上平台的碰撞力分析

考虑风、浪、流的联合作用以及平台护舷非线性恢复刚度,研究船舶系泊状态与平台的撞击力及其分布规律。针对不同的风、浪、流的作用方向以及不同的风速、波高及流速,计算波浪和海流的载荷,建立系泊船舶的分析模型,采用频域与时域分析方法,进行系泊船舶运动及其与平台之间碰撞力的仿真,得到系泊船舶与平台的碰撞力时间历程,并分析不同碰撞力发生的概率,确定发生最大碰撞力的风、浪、流方向,比较常量护舷刚度与非线性护舷刚度的计算结果。结果表明,橡胶护舷刚度的选取对于碰撞力的计算结果影响显著,选取非线性护舷刚度计算靠泊碰撞力十分必要,用目前的经验公式计算得到的碰撞力偏差较大。     

Development of study on the dynamic characteristics of deep water mooring system

To meet the needs of those exploiting deepwater resources, TLP and SPAR platforms are used in some areas and are considered excellent platforms in deep water. However, many problems remain to be resolved. The design of mooring systems is a key issue for deep water platforms. Environmental loads in deep water effect the physical characteristics of mooring line materials. The configuration and analysis of mooring systems involve nonlinearity due to this fluid-solid coupling, nonlinear hydrodynamic forces, and their effects on stability of motion. In this paper, some pivotal theories and technical questions are presented, including modeling of mooring lines, the theory and method of coupled dynamics analysis on the mooring system, and the development of methodologies for the study of nonlinear dynamics of mooring systems. Further study on mooring systems in deep water are recommended based on current knowledge, particularly dynamic parameters of different materials and cable configuration, interactions between seabed and cable, mechanisms of mooring system response induced by taut/slack mooring cables, discontinuous stiffness due to system materials, mooring construction, and motion instability, etc.     

Fatigue analysis of the bow structure of FPSO

The bow structure of FPSO moored by the single mooting system is rather complicated. There are many potential hot spots in connection parts of structures between the mooting support frame and the forecastle. Mooting forces, which are induced by wave excitation and transferred by the YOKE and the mooting support frame, may cause fatigue damage to the bow structure. Different from direct wave-induced-forces, the mooting force consists of wave frequency force (WF) and 2nd draft low frequency force (LF) , which are represented by two sets of short-term distribution respectively. Based on two sets of short-term distribution of mooting forces obtained by the model test, the fatigue damage of the bow structure of FPSO is analyzed, with emphasis on two points. One is the procedure and position selection for fatigue check, and the other is the application of new formulae for the calculation of accumulative fatigue damage caused by two sets of short-term distribution of hot spot stress range. From the results distinguished features of fatigue damage to the FPSOs bow structure can be observed.     

水中悬浮隧道受撞击作用的数值分析

针对水中悬浮隧道在偶然状况下受到的潜艇撞击问题,文章采用流固耦合方法,建立了撞击作用下浮筒式悬浮隧道的有限元动态模型,分别撞击跨中、隧道四分之一跨、浮筒,分析隧道变形、撞击力、连接钢管拉杆力、隧道端部约束力、隧道动能情况。结果表明:撞击作用下,隧道整体变形明显,结构内力大。不同撞击位置处,悬浮隧道在水下的结构变形和受力行为区别明显。对此,有必要考虑撞击位置进行悬浮隧道的抗撞击设计。     

船舶码头系泊的耦合动力响应分析

以码头系泊船舶为研究对象,利用水动力软件 AQWA,分析不同浪向角对其运动响应幅值算子和一阶波激力的影响,并在时域耦合分析的过程中,对系泊系统进行优化,从船舶运动响应和系泊缆张力2个方面,对沿型深方向优化和尾横缆优化的结果进行分析。计算结果表明,不同的优化方案对船舶的运动响应和系泊缆张力的影响不同。     

关于浮桥式游艇码头系泊允许波高的探讨

本文结合我国游艇码头设计规范,对比澳大利亚、英国、美国、日本等国家的规范、标准,综述分析各标准中关于游艇码头系泊条件的规定,探讨浮桥式游艇码头的系泊允许波高,成果可为游艇码头设计提供参考.我国现行规范与澳大利亚标准(AS 3962:2020)的最大允许波高基本相符,较其他国外标准略偏宽松.建议在游艇码头设计时,浮桥式游...     

Efficient time-domain approach for hydroelastic-structural analysis including hydrodynamic pressure distribution on a moored SFT

This study investigates the hydroelastic analysis of a moored SFT (submerged floating tunnel) and the corresponding hydrodynamic pressure distribution under wave excitations. Time-domain discrete-module-beam (DMB) method, in which an elastic structure is modeled by multiple sub-bodies with beam elements, is employed to express the deformable tunnel with multiple mooring lines. Moreover, the top-down scheme is also adopted for detailed structure analyses with less computational cost, which applies the calculated hydrodynamic pressure distribution over SFT's surface to the three-dimensional finite element model. The hydrodynamic pressure includes both wave-induced diffraction pressure and motion-induced radiation pressure. For the validation of the developed numerical approach, comparisons are made with computationally intensive hydroelastic-structural direct-coupled method, two-dimensional wave flume experiment, and independently developed inhouse moored-SFT-simulation program. Furthermore, the influences of flexural motions with buoyancy-weight ratio (BWR) (or bending stiffness) and regular/irregular wave conditions on the dynamic pressure distribution and the resulting local stresses are investigated.