Inverse Analysis of Pre- and Post-Impact Dynamics for Vehicle Accident Reconstruction

In the dynamic analysis of the vehicular accident reconstruction, the vehicle motion is typically analyzed in three phases. These are pre-impact motion, impact motion, and post-impact motion, which are usually analyzed in reverse order of occurrence. Tire-ground forces are important during the pre- and post-impact motions, and less important during the impact. We present a vehicular dynamic model for pre- and post-impact as a rigid body which moves under the influence of tire-ground forces. Using a forward simulation analysis, we show how the initial sliding conditions can be computed with several final data points for vehicle's position and orientation, referred to as the inverse analysis algorithm for the accident reconstruction.     

Minimizing vehicle post impact path lateral deviation using optimized braking and steering sequences

This paper investigates the optimal control of a vehicle, after a light impact during a traffic accident. To reduce the risk of secondary events, the control target is set: to minimize the maximum lateral deviation from the initial path. In previous analysis path control was achieved by the active control of individual wheel braking. The present paper examines potential benefits from the additional control of front steering angles. Numerical optimization is used to determine optimal control sequences for both actuator configurations. It is found that steering provides significant control benefits, though not for all post-impact kinematics. For all cases considered, the optimal control operates at the boundary of the control domain of available forces and moments. This domain is expanded when steering is available, and there exists an expanded range of conditions for which coupled control of yaw moments and lateral forces is the most effective control strategy. The sensitivity of vehicle response to the individual actuator controls is studied; it reveals this sensitivity is related to the actuator bandwidth and the lack of any dynamic cost in the longitudinal direction. This motivates a further analysis which includes longitudinal and lateral dynamics in the cost function. This is broadly related to real-world crash risks. Further, different versions of such cost functions are compared as a basis for implementation in a closed-loop controller.     

汽车引擎盖碰撞升起机构对行人保护模拟

基于汽车碰撞行人的动态响应,使用了一个经过验证的行人数学模型,模拟碰撞事故中行人的动态响应,比较了行人模型的运动学响应及真实实验,计算了头、胸、下肢等人体各部分与损伤相关的参数,对汽车前部优化设计, 以减轻对行人的伤害,提供一个可参考的方案。     

利用小波变换对钢索公路护栏的拦截性能研究

实车与足尺护栏碰撞试验是研究公路护栏的安全性最直观和有效的方法,其本质上是以实际交通事故再现的方式分析碰撞前后汽车相对护栏的运动状态和乘员伤害情况。通过实车与足尺钢索护栏的碰撞试验,用小波变换方法分析碰撞过程中的非线性、非稳态信号,能够较为准确的研究护栏、汽车和乘员的动态响应特性。结果表明钢索护栏完全符合要求,为高速公路护栏的设计、施工以及在不同地点的设置提供有益的借鉴。     

结合伤情的事故再现新方法研究

采用FC-Crash对道路交通事故进行重构已是比较成熟的方法,从中可以获取事故车辆的三维加速度与角加速度波形,但无法模拟出乘员的伤情指标,而Madymo软件是建立包含车体、安全带、安全气囊、假人在内的约束系统模型,在给定的加速度下可以计算出人员的伤害指标。故将PC—Crash与Madymo进行耦合计算,即可获得事故车辆在事故过程中的运动参数,再现驾乘者的运动响应,进而得到人员的伤情指标。这一新的事故再现方法的研究结果表明:PC-Crash与Madymo的耦合计算可较为准确地再现事故车辆的减速和旋转运动状态,以及驾乘人员的响应运动状态,对结合致伤机理深入分析事故原因具有重要的意义,也可为交通事故鉴定提供新思路。     

道路交通事故分析发展研究

近些年,我国交通事故量一直居高不下,而事故发生时车辆运行速度是分析事故原因、认定事故责任的重要内容,涉及保险理赔、法院审判等各个环节。目前分析事故原因,进行事故再现的主要途径是委托具有相关资质的事故鉴定机构进行速度重建,使用的方法主要有基于经验公式的事故重建、基于视频图像技术的事故重建、基于车载记录数据的事故重建和基于模拟软件的事故重建。文章主要介绍了交通事故分析的基本方法和发展方向。     

Human body modelling for traffic accident analysis

A traffic accident is a complex phenomenon with vehicles and human beings involved. During a collision, the vehicle occupant is exposed to substantial loads, which can cause the occupant injuries that depend on the level of passive safety, as well as on the occupant's individual characteristics. Correct estimation of injury severity demands a validated human body model and known impact conditions. A human body modelling procedure for the purpose of accident analysis is introduced. The occupant body has been modelled as a multibody system with rigid body segments connected. Geometrical and inertial properties of individual body segments were estimated using computed tomography. Frontal impact conditions were simulated on a sled test facility, while the human body dynamic response was measured. Comparison of experimental data and computer simulation revealed an influence of joint resistive properties on the occupant motion in collisions. The difference between measured and simulated response was minimised using optimisation method. Individualised human body modelling procedure enabled better prediction of the occupant motion during vehicle collision and thus more precise estimation of possible injuries in real-life traffic accidents.     

基于优化思想的事故再现碰撞模型研究

建立碰撞模型求解碰撞速度是交通事故再现的关键步骤，现有的大多数碰接模型不具备对冗余的输入参数信息进行优化的能力。本文基于优化思想，充分利用来自事故现场的信息，建立了对应的事故再现碰撞模型，可以实现冗余信息的优化，提高了事故处理的鲁棒性。该方法可用于分析典型的交通事故碰撞速度。     

基于有限元模型的汽车-行人碰撞事故重构研究

利用Hypermesh和Pamcrash软件,建立第50百分位行人下肢有限元模型和简化的厢式货车有限元模型,重构厢式货车倒车时与行人碰撞的交通事故案例,通过将模拟得到的行人损伤情况,比较韧带和骨骼的损伤,与医院给出的伤者诊断结果进行对比来确定初始参数,得出有限元仿真模拟碰撞事故的有效方法.结果表明,通过有限元仿真进行碰...     

汽车碰撞事故再现估算速度的不确定度分析

不确定度分析是一种考察人试验测量输入值得到计算结果输出之间不确定度传播的数学方法。本文中将不确定度分析方法引入汽车碰撞事故再现的模型算法中，推算碰撞前速度的不确定度，给出了在汽车正面斜碰撞事故再现中的一个应用实例。通过对计算结果的分析，初步得到了不确定度的传播规律，并指出了相关问题和发展方向。     

汽车撞行人模拟计算研究

用计算机模拟车撞行人运动过程具有十分重要的实际意义，本文从一个新的角度描述多体系统，建立了一种以刚体质心加速度和刚体角加速度为待解变量，以较间广义坐标为积分变量的多体系统动力学方法，以该方法为理论基础，开发了汽车碰撞人体运动响应三维模拟计算软件系统ＭＵＬ３Ｄ。运用该软件系统对汽车撞行人运动响应进行了模拟计算，对比模拟计算结果，真实交通事故和著名的ＭＡＤＹＭＯ软件计算结果，初步证实该方法和该软件系统     

基于EDR数据的无轮胎印迹交通事故重建方法研究

交通事故重建是交通事故分析、交通事故司法鉴定、交通事故深度调查的重要手段。传统的交通事故重建方法对现场轮胎印迹及车体痕迹依赖程度较高,随着汽车主动安全技术的发展,交通事故中的轮胎印迹越来越少,交通事故重建的技术难度逐渐增大。与此同时汽车ECU数据处理能力不断提高,以EDR为代表的数据记录装置为交通事故重建提供了新途径。     

电动二轮车驾驶人头部损伤再现不确定性方法

为了减少交通事故中不确定性信息在受伤害者损伤再现中造成的不利影响,采用拉丁超立方(LHS)试验设计和响应面蒙特卡洛相结合的方法对电动二轮车驾驶人头部损伤再现进行损伤不确定性分析。首先采用多体系统动力学方法对具有详细事故信息(含视频信息)和损伤记录的2起电动二轮车事故中的汽车碰撞速度进行再现和不确定性分析,并对比事故信息(视频信息、最终位置、电动二轮车驾驶人的运动学),进而验证事故再现结果的有效性。在此基础上,应用有限元方法将获得的电动二轮车驾驶人头部碰撞的边界条件加载至THUMS人体头部有限元模型,分析电动二轮车驾驶人头部损伤参数的不确定性与简明损伤准则AIS累计频率的分布关系,并对比电动二轮车事故案例中电动二轮车驾驶人的头部损伤法医鉴定记录。研究结果表明:蒙特卡洛不确定性分析方法能够较准确地预测电动二轮车事故中的汽车碰撞车速,采用该分析方法获得的电动二轮车驾驶人头部损伤等级与法医鉴定的脑部损伤记录高度吻合;蒙特卡洛不确定性分析方法可以适用于评估电动二轮车事故中电动二轮车驾驶人的头部损伤等级,研究结果可为电动二轮车驾驶人头部损伤研究提供理论依据和实证方法。     

A dynamic wheel–rail impact analysis of railway track under wheel flat by finite element analysis

Wheel–rail interaction is one of the most important research topics in railway engineering. It involves track impact response, track vibration and track safety. Track structure failures caused by wheel–rail impact forces can lead to significant economic loss for track owners through damage to rails and to the sleepers beneath. Wheel–rail impact forces occur because of imperfections in the wheels or rails such as wheel flats, irregular wheel profiles, rail corrugations and differences in the heights of rails connected at a welded joint. A wheel flat can cause a large dynamic impact force as well as a forced vibration with a high frequency, which can cause damage to the track structure. In the present work, a three-dimensional finite element (FE) model for the impact analysis induced by the wheel flat is developed by the use of the FE analysis (FEA) software package ANSYS and validated by another validated simulation. The effect of wheel flats on impact forces is thoroughly investigated. It is found that the presence of a wheel flat will significantly increase the dynamic impact force on both rail and sleeper. The impact force will monotonically increase with the size of wheel flats. The relationships between the impact force and the wheel flat size are explored from this FEA and they are important for track engineers to improve their understanding of the design and maintenance of the track system.     

道路交通事故再现模拟分析系统的研究

本文研究开发了道路交通事故再现模拟分析系统。基于现实世界中事故形态千差万别的特点，采用人工智能技术、使用不同于其它系统的参数子集建立模型，根据特定事故形态特点进行模型假设。采用虚拟现实技术，以Opengl接口开发了三维动画演示模块，在虚拟世界中演示车辆运动，允许用户改变场景元素。系统中还开发了车辆技术参数数据库。并用此系统对实际的事故进行了模拟分析，与PC－CRASH系统的结果进行了对比，结果基本一致。     

基于PC-Crash的轿车-行人高速碰撞仿真模型

利用PC-Crash模拟高速条件下轿车与行人后部的碰撞过程,试验假人选择PC-Crash标准成年假人模型,碰撞后汽车驾驶员未采取紧急制动措施,仍然按照碰撞时刻的车速行驶,试验车速区间选择75~155 km/h。研究了不同碰撞车速下行人的第一落地点和最终静止点抛距变化规律,分析了行人头部在事故中所受到的碰撞接触力的变化规律,在此基础上建立汽车行人高速碰撞模型并进行对比验证。     

基于轮胎印迹的事故再现方法研究

首先建立了相机的三维摄影测量模型,用于轮胎印迹的准确勘测和建模。然后建立了车辆运动及碰撞过程中的动力学模型,用以模拟车辆在碰撞前、碰撞过程及碰撞后的运动轨迹,和摄影测量得到的轮胎印迹模型比较,采用轨迹优化的方法实现交通事故在计算机上的三维模拟再现。最后通过在典型事故再现中的应用阐述此方法的应用价值。     

Lateral Stability of Towed Flexible Vehicles

The highway transport of mobile homes is a matter of concern for the increasingly safety-minded driving public. The low speeds of towed vehicles necessary to maintain stability, together with the requirements for excessive lane widths due to clearance for the lateral motion, result in increased likelihood of traffic accidents, impeded traffic flow, and reduced highway capacity. A safe increase in the stable cruising speed, coupled with a decreased amplitude in the pendular motion helps alleviate all three of the aforementioned problems. Energy input at hitch point and lateral forces between the road and tires permit lateral vehicular motions, which occur above a critical speed, to increase in amplitude until possibly a limit cycle or instability is reached. One would expect that structural dynamics could have a pronounced influence on the lateral response of towed vehicles with large and relatively flexible chassis, such as mobile homes. The objective of this research is to determine the influence of chassis structural parameters on the lateral stability of towed flexible bodies during transport. The mass of the towing vehicle is assumed infinitely large, thus eliminating any dynamic interconnection between the towing and towed vehicles. The assumed modes method is used to describe the lateral deflection of the flexible towed vehicle. Results of the study of this model indicate that increase in structural rigidity of towed vehicle increases the critical towing speed whereas increase in the tire cornering coefficient reduces the safe towing speed, which is true only for this simplified model where the dynamic interaction with the towing vehicle is not included.     

旧路改造期间运营安全评价

旧路改造期间不断交施工,交通量较大,应对其运营安全预先分析评价。通过对沿线设施预先危险性分析可知,危险因素等级均为Ⅱ级,并提出防范措施。通过对改建期运营预先危险性分析可知,危险因素中车辆伤害、起重伤害等级为Ⅲ级,对可能造成人员重大伤亡及设施严重破坏的灾难性事故,应立即采取防范对策。     

我国公路桥梁汽车荷载演变与比较

对国内三个历史阶段的公路桥涵设计通用规范中有关公路桥涵汽车荷载的形式、量值、折减系数、冲击系数等以及其作用、在选定结构上的响应进行了较为系统的分析与比较。对现有规范中汽车荷载的合理性做了初步探讨。最后提出了今后可能的发展趋势。