基于监测的宽窄抗冰锥体结构判据分析（英文）

Ice-induced structural vibration generally decreases with an increase in structural width at the waterline. Definitions of wide/narrow ice-resistant conical structures, according to ice-induced vibration, are directly related to structure width, sea ice parameters, and clearing modes of broken ice. This paper proposes three clearing modes for broken ice acting on conical structures: complete clearing, temporary ice pile up, and ice pile up. In this paper, sea ice clearing modes and the formation requirements of dynamic ice force are analyzed to explore criteria determining wide/narrow ice-resistant conical structures. According to the direct measurement data of typical prototype structures, quantitative criteria of the ratio of a cone width at waterline(D) to sea ice thickness(h) is proposed. If the ratio is less than 30(narrow conical structure), broken ice is completely cleared and a dynamic ice force is produced; however, if the ratio is larger than 50(wide conical structure), the front stacking of broken ice or dynamic ice force will not occur.     

冰区海上风电基础的抗冰性能分析

海上风电基础属于典型的柔性结构。由于冰与柔性抗冰结构相互作用的复杂性,长期以来尚未形成基于动冰力响应分析的结构设计。结构抗冰设计中大都是从极端荷载出发,只考虑最大静冰力或最大倾覆力矩。基于对渤海辽东湾柔性抗冰结构的多年监测,发现强烈的冰激振动引起柔性结构的风险性要远大于极端静冰荷载下结构的整体安全问题。为了明确冰区风电基础结构的抗冰性能及抗冰设计的合理性,文章结合基于多年现场冰与结构作用观测及冰荷载的研究成果,明确该类柔性结构与海冰作用形式及其动力特性;提出了柔性抗冰结构设计中应考虑的主要失效模式及评价方法。最后,以渤海某典型风电基础为例,对其抗冰性能进行评价。该文的研究可为寒区风电基础的抗冰设计及安全保障提供合理依据。     

自升式钻井平台的抗冰性能评价

自升式钻井平台属于典型的柔性结构。由于冰与柔性抗冰结构相互作用的复杂性,长期以来尚未形成基于动冰力响应分析的结构设计。结构抗冰设计中大都是从极端荷载出发,只考虑最大静冰力或最大倾覆力矩是否能推倒平台。基于对渤海辽东湾柔性抗冰平台的多年监测,发现强烈的冰激振动引起平台管节点疲劳失效、上部设施的非正常运行、作业人员不舒适等问题的风险性要远大于极端静冰荷载下结构的整体安全问题。文中基于多年现场冰与结构作用观测及冰荷载的研究成果,提出了柔性抗冰结构设计中应考虑的主要失效模式及评价方法。最后,以渤海某典型自升式钻井平台为例,对其抗冰性能进行评价。该文的研究可为寒区自升式平台的抗冰概念设计提供合理依据。     

不同敏感性参数下船舶-碎冰碰撞的船体结构响应

基于我国第七次北极科学考察获得的夏季北极海冰空间分布情况,模拟真实碎冰分布,采用LS-DYNA软件中的流固耦合方法,研究在船舶航速、碎冰尺度、碎冰厚度及碎冰密集度等因素影响下船舶-碎冰碰撞的船体结构响应。结合试验数据得到船体结构的应力、吸能和碰撞力。结果表明：船舶-碎冰的主要碰撞区域为艏部及舷侧的水线附近;在船舶航行于碎冰域时,船体结构的应力、吸能和碰撞力的峰值随碎冰域的船舶航速、碎冰尺度、碎冰厚度及碎冰密集度的增加而增加,但分布情况不同。研究结果为船舶在极地冰区航行提供一定的安全性参考。     

锥体海洋平台结构冰荷载的离散单元分析

在冰区油气开发中,锥体结构可以有效降低冰力,避免强烈的冰激振动,是目前渤海油气平台的主要结构形式。为研究海冰与锥体结构的相互作用过程,文章建立了适用于模拟海冰破碎特性的离散单元模型。该模型将海冰离散为若干个具有粘接-破碎功能的颗粒单元,并通过海冰弯曲试验确定了单元间的粘接强度;然后对海冰与锥体结构的作用过程进行了数值计算,获得了相应的动冰荷载及冰振响应;在此基础上讨论了不同锥角影响下冰荷载及结构振动响应的变化规律。结果表明,水平方向冰荷载及结构冰振响应随锥角的增加明显增加,而竖直方向冰荷载则显著降低。该离散单元模型还可进一步应用于不同类型抗冰结构的冰荷载分析,有助于解决冰区结构物的抗冰结构设计和冰致疲劳分析。     

冰激自升式钻井平台的动力响应分析

由于冰荷载研究的限制,冰区自升式钻井平台尚未形成基于动冰力响应分析的结构设计。为了合理地开展自升式平台结构的抗冰概念设计与安全评价研究,冰荷载下自升式钻井平台的动力响应分析是十分必要的。该文首先分析该类柔性结构在动冰荷载下的动力特性;其次,结合开展的自升式平台冰荷载模型实验研究,明确带齿条桩腿的自升式平台冰荷载作用形式;最后,对渤海某自升式钻井平台在典型冰况下进行冰振动力响应分析。文中的研究对冰区自升式钻井平台抗冰设计及冰振安全评估提供了合理的参考。     

Research on short-term dynamic ice cases for dynamic analysis of ice-resistant jacket platform in the Bohai Gulf

Jacket platforms in the Bohai Gulf are often victims of random ice-induced vibrations. Their design originally did not account for dynamic ice loading on the jacket structures and significant ice-induced vibrations have been observed during winters. So it is urgent to find out as to how to consider the dynamic ice loading in the design stage of an ice-resistant jacket platform in the Bohai Gulf. In this paper, based on the state-of-art developments of dynamic ice load and ice–structure interaction, the authors proposed two different approaches to determine the short-term dynamic ice cases for dynamic analysis of ice-resistant jacket platform in the Bohai Gulf, named as the failure probability-based approach and the expected loss-based approach. Considering the variation of the ice environments and the variability of ice-resistant structure's properties, the random ice spectrum and the pseudo-excitation method (PEM) are employed to improve the efficiency of the procedure. Through finite element method (FEM) modeling of the real ice-resistant jacket platforms in the Bohai Gulf, such as MSW, MUQ and NW, the characteristics of the two proposed approaches have been investigated and compared. This paper provides an open and universal framework to assist designers and owners for determining the short-term dynamic ice cases in the Bohai Gulf, in which more information can be considered in the procedure to update and modify the results if available.     

抗冰海洋平台的全寿命优化设计I-理论与模型

文章基于投资—效益准则,建立了抗冰平台全寿命总费用最小的优化设计模型;考虑了多种类型的性能要求(结构、设备、人员),并建立了相关判据;提出了包括结构的初始费用、维修费用和期望损失费用的冰区海洋平台全寿命总费用评估模型;提出了平台结构主要功能的确定及描述方法、相应的功能失效损失值估计模型。     

高桩墩台结构冰力试验研究

基于某工程冰力物理模型试验,对高桩墩台结构群桩冰力进行分析。结果表明,桩之间的冰力折减、前桩对后桩冰力的掩蔽、冰在各桩前非同时破坏的情况是客观存在的,计算结构冰力时应考虑折减。边缘两侧桩冰力折减较小,中间桩冰力折减较大;随着桩间距减小,冰力呈下降趋势;随冰功角的增加,首迎冰桩的冰力折减水平开始下降,后排桩的掩蔽效应逐渐削弱,本次试验冰的非同时破坏系数为0. 5左右。群桩冰力的折减需要考虑因素较多,是一个复杂的课题,建议在设计时进行模型试验。     

基于国际标准的强震作用下高桩结构LNG码头桩基布置

LNG码头抗震等级要求高,抗震分析是高桩结构LNG码头需要重点研究的问题。按国际标准采用振型分解反应谱法,通过有限元软件,对不同桩基布置形式的高桩结构进行地震动力响应分析。结果表明不同桩基布置形式对结构自身刚度影响较大,从而改变结构自振周期,使结构承受不同的地震荷载;斜桩控制地震作用下的水平位移效果较好,但桩力偏大;对于具有多排多列的高桩墩式结构,桩基宜对称布置,同时边桩与内侧桩基可采用不同斜率来改善桩基受力分布情况。     

渤海单立柱桶型基础平台冰振分析

桶形基础平台是一种新型的海洋结构,由于目前对该结构的研究集中在桶基失效及承载力方面,其抗冰振性能还很模糊。文章基于对渤海单立柱式桶基平台的多年现场监测,发现其冰振加速度响应显著,明显高于导管架平台结构。利用谱分析方法对一实际桶基平台进行了冰振疲劳寿命分析,计算结果表明,关键点疲劳寿命符合规范要求。最后,提出此类结构冰振抑制策略,为其结构抗冰设计提供依据。     

Repeatability of ice-tank tests with broken ice

This study investigates the repeatability of ice-tank tests with broken ice. Ice-tank test campaigns normally do not perform multiple repetitions of tests with the same initial conditions. Therefore, the repeatability of ice-tank tests with broken ice is not well understood. Data from two test campaigns are analysed. The first test campaign studied the interaction between a 4-legged structure with a vertical waterline and several broken and intact level ice conditions. In the second test campaign, a ship hull geometry was tested. We analyse selected test cases from each test campaign. The ice-tank tests are reproduced using a 3-D discrete element method (DEM) model. Each analysed test case is simulated 20 times. The only difference between each simulation is the initial position of the ice floes. The numerical simulation results show that changes in the initial floe positions can cause large changes in the statistical properties of the ice load. Often, a single random interaction event can be identified that is responsible for the change in the results. Such interaction events can cause additional floe accumulation ahead of the structure, thereby influencing the load statistics for a large portion of the interaction length. The observed events occur both in the numerical simulations and in the physical ice-tank tests. This result indicates that ice-tank tests with broken ice have a poor repeatability; a change in an uncontrolled condition, such as the exact initial floe positions, can lead to a large variation in the experimental results.     

圆锥壳和圆柱壳声辐射模态特性比较

单层加筋圆锥壳和圆柱壳是舰艇结构中最常见的结构,其噪声的辐射也受到广泛关注.本文以有限元法和边界元法为基础,在中、低频段研究比较了水中单层加筋圆锥壳和圆柱壳声辐射模态特性.对于相同尺寸的圆锥壳和圆柱壳而言,圆锥壳前10阶模态占主导时的频率f0高于圆柱壳的f0,并且辐射效率随着阶数的衰减要比圆柱壳的衰减快;圆锥壳的辐射效率总体高于圆柱壳的辐射效率;圆锥壳和圆柱壳的声辐射模态振速分布有着相同的规律,为振动噪声的主动控制提供了一些参考.     

破冰船冲撞式破冰模拟及结构损伤分析

提出一种适用于船冰碰撞的海冰材料模型。基于该材料模型,通过非线性有限元模拟冰台撞击刚性墙,验证该模型的正确性,并成功将其运用于某PC3冰级破冰船冲撞式破冰过程数值模拟中。研究破冰船冲撞不同厚度层冰的动响应结果,总结船冰相互作用过程中碰撞力和能量的变化、船体结构损伤特性和破冰能力,研究成果可为破冰船结构设计提供参考。     

The use of operational modal analysis and mode tracking for insight into polar vessel operations

Accurate dynamic models of flexible ship structures are required to predict structural vibration caused by environmental loads. Knowledge of dynamic or modal properties are important, for example, to study fatigue damage. In this paper, operational modal analysis (OMA) is used to identify the vibration characteristics of a polar vessel from full-scale acceleration measurements. Five modes are tracked over a range of different operating and environmental conditions, including calm, open water, two ice cases and an open water storm. Compared to the calm, open water conditions, vertical bending modes were generally affected the most by the operating environment, with natural frequency and damping increasing up to 3.7 and 349 %, respectively, in ice. Severity of two-node and three-node vertical bending responses, quantified using a root-mean-square value, were found to be especially large during the open water storm case. Temporal behaviour of two-node and three-node vertical bending due to wave-slamming further contained multiple whipping responses, pointing towards possible cumulative damage over a large number of stress cycles occurring at the midship. Higher damping in ice resulted in responses with lower magnitudes and shorter durations.     

高桩+低宽承台结构方案设计

高桩+低宽承台结构为非常规码头结构,兼有板桩的挡土护岸和高桩的桩基特性,对此,现有规范未给出成熟、系统的计算标准,较难实现结构设计。基于实际工程,探讨计算泥面线等设计条件和结构设计内容,基于弹性地基梁法采用ANSYS有限元软件进行结构计算,分析各构件的受力特点,得出"低桩承台卸荷效果优于高桩承台、前板桩的内力与承台的宽度和高程直接相关,而受承台刚度、承台桩基结构和布置的影响不大"等结论。     

前板桩高桩码头结构形式的应用

提出一种适用于陆域狭窄、码头悬臂段大、地震液化条件下的前板桩高桩结构形式,主要结构特征为:前板桩选用钢管型组合钢板桩,其后结合PHC叉桩锚碇设高桩梁板结构,高桩结构后方设挡土板和减压棱体,钢板桩在极端低水位处设泄水孔;可液化的粉砂层地基土进行水下振冲密实处理。     

海冰对港口作业的影响及应对措施

渤海和北黄海每年冬季都有结冰现象。海冰能够封锁港口、堵塞航道、破坏近海结构物、使航行中的船舶受损,给船舶进出港航行、操纵及靠离码头作业等带来极大困难,对港口运营也有较大的影响,严重情况会导致重大海难事故。从港口建设决策者及运营管理者的角度出发,多方面阐述了海冰对港口作业的影响,并重点论述了港口应对海冰灾害的措施,为冰况区港口能够延长作业天数及安全生产提供参考。     

考虑平台—群桩—水流—土体相互作用的导管架式海洋平台振动特性研究

文章分别采用平台—群桩—水流—土体相互作用模型和考虑附加水质量的等效桩模型,对三维平台结构在地震作用下的响应结果进行了比较研究。研究表明,等效桩模型的动力响应结果要大于考虑平台—群桩—水流—土体相互作用模型。分别采用平台—群桩—水流—土体相互作用的三维分析模型和简化模型计算平台的固有频率,通过比较两种模型的计算结果,对简化模型进行了频率修正,提出修正系数关系曲线。这种方法节省计算时间,提高计算精度,可为海洋平台的振动特性计算提供参考。     

冰区航行船舶电力推进轴系机电耦合的扭振分析

通过螺旋桨桨叶与冰块的相互作用过程,建立单冰块对螺旋桨扭转振动的激励函数;同时建立机电耦合振动数学模型,推导得到机电耦联动力学方程,研究电机电磁激励力对扭转振动的影响。以3500吨科考船电力推进轴系为研究对象,基于冰载荷激励力和电磁激励力对轴系扭转振动进行分析,为复杂的船舶电力推进轴系在冰区航行时的振动研究奠定了基础。